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nature vs nurture

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inherited genetic characteristics vs. environmental and social learning

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ex of aptitude

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natural talent for music or art

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exs of parental characteristics that can influence a child's personality...

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lv of education, religious orientation, economic status, cultural heritage and occupational background

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Ik of northern Uganda

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powerful ex of the effects of cultural env. before WW2, hunter-gatherers/small farmers. after, govt turned much of land into national park. Ik resettled on barren land. Ik's social structure soon collapsed-> turned on eachother. today children are thrown out of house at 3 and survive by forming age bands. no parent help. only the strongest and most clver survive.

question

feral children research

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Kingsley Davis studied Anna and isabelle

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institutionalization

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Rene Spitz studied the effects of institutionalization on a group of infants living in an orphanage with little human contact. 1/3 of children died within 2 years. could do little

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John Locke

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an English philosopher from the 1600s insisted that each newly born human being is a tabula rasa, or clean slate, on which just about anything can be written. John B watson made same claim

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Cooley's 3 step process for the development of the looking-glass self

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1- we imagine how we appear to others 2-based on their reactions to us, we attempt to determine whether others view us as we view ourselves 3- we use our perceptions of how others judge us to develop feelings about ourselves

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George Herbert mead

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Another founder of the interactionist perspective, developed ideas related to Cooley's theories. Seeing ourselves as others see us is just the beginning. Eventually we not only see ourselves as others but actually take on or pretend to take the roles of others

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Examples of total institutions

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Prisons, military bootcamps, monasteries and psychiatric hospitals

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Difference between total institutions and resocialization

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total institution are primarily concerned with resocializing their members. resocilization involves a break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms

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resocialization is directed toward changing an individual's ___ and ___

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personality and social behavior

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adolescence

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the period between the normal onset of puberty and the beginning of puberty

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puberty

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the physical maturing that makes an individual capable of sexual reproduction

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T/F: adolescence as a distinct life stage is the creation of modern industrial society

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true

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T/F: puberty does not exist as a concept in many parts of the world; however, puberty occurs in all human societies

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false; otherway around

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in many ___ societies, young people go directly from childhood to adulthood once they have taken part in formal ceremonies known as ___ rites

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preindustrial; puberty

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the adolescent experience has become an acknowledged stage of _____ _ _____ _____ in only the past century

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development in industrialized countries

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3 factors important in the development of adolescence as a distinct life stage in the US

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1-education 2-the exclusion of youth from the labor force 3-the development of the juvenile-justice system

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5 characteristics of adolescence

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1- biological growth and development 2- an undefined status 3-increased decision making 4-increased pressures 5-search for self

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2 things that control biological development

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brain and the endocrine system (a group of glands that produce various hormones)

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Anticipatory socialization

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involves learning the rights, obligations, and expectations of a role to prepare for assuming that role in the future

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3 common forms of anticipatory socialization during adolescence

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part-time job, club membership, and dating

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dating

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the meeting of people as a romantic engagement. most commonly found in societies that allow individuals to choose their own marriage partners

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courtship

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express purpose is eventual marriage. roles were strictly defined. young many was expected to meet her parents and ask their permission. conducted in the parlor of the woman's house under close supervision.

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2 technological developments that have young people added freedom leading to dating increase

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telephone and automobiles

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Willard Waller

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conducted analyses of American dating patterns. studied Penn students' dating habits. concluded that casual dating was a form of entertainment that had little to do with mate selection.

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based on Willard Waller, 2 centers of the dating process

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status attainment and excitement

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Based on Waller, individuals dated people of ___ ___ ___

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similar social rank

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homogamy

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the tendency of individuals to marry people who have social characteristics similar to their own

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5 functions of dating

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1- form of entertainment 2-a mechanism for socialization 3-dating fulfills certain basic psychological 4- dating helps individuals attain status 5- in the later stages of dating, spouse selection becomes an important issue

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traditional dating patterns

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-found in small towns and rural areas -responsibility for arranging a date fell to the man -both parties knew what was expected of them bc the rules of conduct were well defined by the group to which they belonged

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contemporary dating patterns

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-no set stages of dating -both men and women now activitely initiate dates -either partner pays for the date or each pays for own way -based on friendship and the group more than a couple (compared to traditional)

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courting buggy

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horse-drawn carriage. Amish men customarily receive one.

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sexual revolution

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development of birthcontrol, a youth counterculture and the feminist movement... sexuality became a topic that was openly discussed and explored.

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social and economic factors found to influence early sexual activity

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1- family-income lv 2- parents' marital status 3-religious participation

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consequences of early sexual activity

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-babies lower birth weights and more likely to die within first year -teenagers less likely to finish highschool and college -lower lifetime earnings -children more likely to experience learning difficulties -mothers emotional stress -children increased risk of becoming teenage parents themselves

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AIDS

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a fatal disease caused by a virus that attacks the human immune system, laving the person vulnerable to a host of deadly infections.

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drug

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any substance thatr changes mood, behavior, or consciousness. exist in any forms. medicines, alcohol, cigarettes, marijuana, cocaine and heroin

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___ ___ is the principal cause of the dramatic rise in drug-violence

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crack cocaine

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____ most widely used illegal drug among high-school seniors

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marijuana

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chief influences on teenage drug use

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-having friends who regularly engage in drug use -having social and academic adjustment problems -living in a hostile and rejecting family setting

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EMile Durkheim

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studied Suicide. interested in why some societies or groups within a society have higher rates of suicide than others. variations in suicide rates can be explained by the level of social integration in a group or society

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social integration

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the degree of attachment people have to social groups or to society as a whole.. extreme high or low lvs will have high rates of suicide

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Brad L. Neiger and Rodney W. Hopkins

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studied the social factors that are important to suicide

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7 social factors important to suicide

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1-alcohol or drug use (low lv of self-control/easily frustrated, more likely to act on impulse and use drugs and alcohol as the method to commit suicide) 2- triggering events3 -age (risk increases with age) 4-sex (women 3 times more likely) 5-population density (higher rates in underpopulated areas) 6-family relations 7-cluster effect (other suicide attempts results in suicide)

sociology chp 5and 6 cont.

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