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- What seems natural or normal to a given group of people - Human society - How groups interact with one another

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Sociology is the study of:

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create an image of how people in other societies live

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Using the sociological imagination helps sociologists:

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Creating different hypotheses to explain an individual's behavior

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Which of the following is an example of using one's sociological imagination?: - Creating different hypotheses to explain an individual's behavior - Creating a story to explain unfamiliar social customs - Being comfortable in unfamiliar surroundings - Thinking about why people in a particular country green each other in a certain way

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A way that they define themselves in relation to groups they are a part of or groups they choose not to be a part of

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People's social identity is:

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A group of social positions connected by social relations, that perform a social role

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A social institution can be described as:

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- Government - Education system - Marriage

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Examples of social institutions:

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Auguste Comte

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Which contributor to the development of sociology argued for the importance of identifying scientific laws that govern human behavior?

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class conflict

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According to Karl Marx, throughout history, social chance has been sparked by:

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Max Weber

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Which of the "founding fathers" of sociology put forth the idea that sociologists should examine social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in the behavior?

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the environment in shaping people's behavior

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The Chicago School of American Sociology emphasized the importance of

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W.E.B. DuBois

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Which American sociologist applied Emile Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain African American crime rates?

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double consciousness

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Adekunle enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Adekunle is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is an example of what sociological concept?

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feminist

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Allison is concerned with the messages that her little sister receives from her elementary school teacher about suitable careers. For example, class lessons portray nurses and secretaries as female, while doctors and engineers are male. Allison's concern is that she is a:

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symbolic interactionism

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Examining the interactions between people with a focus on how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an example of which theory?

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Exploring the role of church in rural areas

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Which of the following is an example of an application of midrange theory?: - Exploring the role of churches in rural areas - Examining the origins of World War II in terms of class conflict - Analyzing how a shopkeeper interacts with customers - Analyzing how a dictator rose to power

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All phenomena have multiple meanings and no one meaning can be valid than another

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Postermodern theorists argue that

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Detect patterns in how different societies respond to similar phenomena

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Sociology is distinct from other academic disciplines in its attempt to:

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interpretive sociology

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The focus on what social phenomena means to individuals is

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Microsociology

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Justin decides to conduct research for a class project by recording and assessing how people choose where to sit on a public bus. What type of sociology is this?: - Feminist - Positivist - Microsociology - Macrosociology

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Conducting a survey of how often people read

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Which of the following is the best example of a quantitative research method?: - Interviewing people about the last book they read - Conducting a survey of how often people read - Observing children as they learn to read - Analyzing the language style of newspaper ads

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inductive reasoning

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A researcher observes that most women entering a café choose to sit near other occupied tables, whereas most men choose a table that is farther away from other customers. The researcher then theorizes that women like to feel part of a larger group of people, whereas men are more comfortable being alone. This is an example of which kind of research approach?: - Deductive reasoning - Inductive reasoning - Quantitative research - A case study

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a relationship between two variables

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A correlation is:

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1. Correlation 2. Time order 3. Ruling out alternative explanations

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What three factors are needed to establish causation?

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A proposed relationship between two variables

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In social research, a hypothesis is defined as:

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How often children misbehave in school

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Hypothesis: Children in families that eat dinner together as least four times per week experience fewer behavior problems in school. In this hypothesis, what is the dependent variable?: - The number of times per week that a family eat together - How much time children spend with their families - How often children misbehave in school - The types of behavior children exhibit in school

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employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work

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Which of the following is an example of a negative relationship between a independent and a dependent variable?: - Employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work. - Employees with more responsibility are more likely to receive promotions. - Healthier employees are more likely to receive promotions. - Employees with lower incomes miss fewer days of work.

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A factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

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What is a moderating variable?

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Low reliability

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In his experiment, Duncan Watts created a website where respondents could rate songs. His sample size was 14,341 respondents. If Watts selected a new sample of 14,341 different respondents and their average ratings of each song were significantly different than the first sample, what problem would Watts's research suffer from?: - Reverse causation - Low reflexivity - Low reliability - Low response rate

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Reliable but not valid

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A thermometer that consistently gives reading that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is: - Valid but not reliable - Reliable but not valid - Neither reliable nor valid - Both reliable and valid

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Being aware of the effects that researchers have on the processes and relationships they are studying

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What is the meaning of the term "reflexivity" with regard to social research?

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1. Observing female and male behaviors that traditional social scientists have not thought significant 2. Taking the role of the researcher into account 3. Engaging in research that may bring about policy changes to help improve women's lives

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Feminist approaches to social research:

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historical methods, participant observation, interviews

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What data collection methods are commonly used in social research?

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A study of 1,000 high school seniors who are then contacted every 2 years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey

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Which of the following is an example of a panel survey?: - A survey of 1,000 high school seniors that is repeated with a new group of seniors every year for 10 years - A onetime survey of 25 percent of each of the four grades in a particular high school Correct! - A study of 1,000 high school seniors who are then contacted every 2 years for a 10-year period to participate in a follow-up survey - A survey of 1,000 high school seniors conducted by a panel of sociologists with different specialties

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Content analysis

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Amber is conducting research on the negative portrayal of Hispanics in the media. She searches through newspapers to document instances of discriminatory language toward Hispanics. What type of research is Amber conducting?: - Participant observation - Content analysis - Cross-sectional survey - Comparative research

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Two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest

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Comparative research usually involves studying which of the following?: - Two or more units of analysis that have almost nothing in common in order to determine why they are so different - Two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest - Several subgroups in a given country or culture to identify how and why they are similar or different - A minority and majority group in a particular country

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describe whether to participate in a study

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Voluntary participation is the right of a search subject to:

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informed consent

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In an interview with the text's author, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?: - Informed consent - "Do no harm" - Participant observation - Reflexivity

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Segments of the population that a researcher may need special approval to study

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In social research, the term "protected populations" refers to:

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public sociology

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Social research that tries to engage a nonacademic audience and influence society is often referred to as:

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the natural environment

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Which of the following is NOT a definition of the term "culture"?: - The natural environment - A set of beliefs, traditions, and practices - Social categories, ideologies, and symbolic representations that a group of people embrace and identify with - Anything that humans create

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values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms

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Nonmaterial culture includes:

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spirituality

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Which of the following is an example of nonmaterial culture?: - A Buddhist temple - A garden - A music website - Spirituality

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a system of concepts and relationships

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Ideology can be described as

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Recognizing differences across cultures without judging those differences as positive or negative

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What is cultural relativism?

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You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast.

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Which of the following is an example of using cultural relativism to think about cultural differences?: - You read about an indigenous group in South America that still hunts with bows and arrows, and you think that they should use better technology. - You are greatly offended when a classmate from Bangladesh describes her sister's arranged marriage, and you think that you would never let your parents choose your spouse. - You see a news story about a country where people often eat spicy seafood dishes in the morning and then wonder what people there would think of eating chocolate-flavored cereal and milk for breakfast. - You love sushi and see the influence of Japanese culture on the United States as a positive thing.

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cultural scripts

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Your friend Jerome tells you he believes that culture is an innate biological aspect of human societies. Having already taken an introductory sociology class, you argue that modes of behavior and understanding are not universal or natural. Your supporting argument is based on the idea of:

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subculture

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Can be described as a group that shares distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture of society:

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moral beliefs

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Sociologically speaking, values can be defined as:

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Reinforcement of a cultural norm

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Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post a sign that reads, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." This is an example of which of the following?: - Reinforcement of a cultural norm - Enforcement of a subculture - Establishment of a shared value - Manifestation of material culture

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internalize the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society

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Socialization is the process by which people:

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Reflection theory

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The idea that culture is a projection of social structures that relationships is fundamental to which of the following theories?

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1. Reflection theory does not explain why the same product changes meaning over time 2. Reflection theory does not consider culture's impact on society 3. Reflection theory does not explain why some cultural productions stick around while others fall to the wayside

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Limitations of the reflection theory:

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printing press

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What invention can be said to have led to the first truly mass medium?

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hegemony

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A process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures the voluntary "consent" of the masses"

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Antonia Gramsci

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Which political theorist developed the concept of hegemony?

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textual analysis

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For a research project in your introductory sociology course, you decide to compare the coverage of health and beauty topics to that of career and professional topics in magazines created for women. You are conducting: - Cultural jamming - Textual analysis - Cultural production - Media scanning

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short-term, unintended media effect

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A television ad campaign for a new car starts playing nationwide. Within weeks, people are bombarding the manufacturer for information about a song that is featured in the ad and trying to find it online. This is an example of a: - Long-term, negative media effect - Short-term, positive media effect - Long-term, intended media effect Correct! - Short-term, unintended media effect

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Ignoring complex, underlying issues that are difficult to talk about

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The use of stereotypes allows people to: - Better understand cultural differences - Classify individuals based on facts from the media - Ignore complex, underlying issues that are difficult to talk about - Share information about who is to blame for societal problems

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Centralized in the hands of a few big companies

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In the U.S., media ownership is: - Centralized in the hands of a few big companies - Owned mainly by private stakeholders - Spread among a large number of public and private companies - In a constant flux

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Symbolic indulgence

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In her interview with Conley, Allison Pugh notes that low-income families generally will purchase a few of the "in" toys for their children. This is an example of what concept?: - Consumer culture - Culture jamming - Symbolic indulgence - Materialism

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The enduring worldwide popularity of Michael Jordan

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Which of the following is an example of soft power?: - The enduring worldwide popularity of Michael Jordan - The dominance of American military power around the world - Requiring the use of English in immigrant communities in South Texas - The expansion of American corporations into the global Third World

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