Sociology- Chapter 5: Society, Social Structure, and Interaction
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the process by which people act toward or respond to other people
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Social Interaction
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framework of societal institutions and social practices that make up a society and organize and limit people's behavior
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Social Structure
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economy, politics, and religion
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Social Practices
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socially defined position in society characterized by certain expectaions, rights and duties
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Status
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social position based on attributes over which the individual has little or no control, such as race/ethnicity, age, and gender
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Ascribed
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most important status a person occupies Dominates all of the individual's other statuses and is the overriding ingredient in determining a person's general social position
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Master Status
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material signs that inform others of a person's specific status
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Status Symbols
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dynamic aspect of a staus, a set of behavioral expectations associated with a given status
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Roles
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group or societies definition of the way a specific role ought to be played
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Role Expectation
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how a person actually plays a role
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Role Performance
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occurs when incompatible demands are placed on a person by two or more statuses held at the same time
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Role Conflict
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occurs when incompatible demands are built into a single status that the person holds
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Role Strain
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when people leave a role central to thier identity
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Role Exit
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2 or more people who interact frequently and share a feeling of interdependence
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Groups
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small, less-specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time
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Primary Group
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larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time
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Secondary Group
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highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals
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Formal Organization
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set of beliefs and rules that establishes how a society will meet its basic social need
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Social Institutions
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family, religion, education, government/politics
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5 Basic
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5 tasks of social institutions 1. Replacing members 2. Teaching new members 3. producing, distributing, and consuming goods and services 4. preserving order 5. providing and maintaining a sense of purpose
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Functionlists
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simple technology for hunting animals and gathering vegetation
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Hunting and Gathering
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-shift from collecting food to producing food -caused by: depletion of large game animals, increase in population, dramatic weather and environmental changes
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Horticulture and Pastoral
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-use technology of large-scale farming, including animal-drawn or energy powered plows and equipment -farming made it possible for people to spend their lives in one place
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Agarian
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-based on technology that mechanizes production -application of scientific knowledge to the technology of production, making it possible for machines to do work previously done by people or animals
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Industrial
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-technology supports a service and information based economy -characterized by an economy in which large numbers of people provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs
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Postindustrial
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Social solidarity is based on social structure, which is based on division of labor -mechanical: people are united by traditions and shared values -organic: people are united by mutual dependence on one another
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Durkheim's Typology of Social Solidarity
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-Gemeinschaft: traditional society with social relationships are based on personal bonds of friendship and kinship and on intergenerational stability -Gesellschaft: large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships with little long-term commitment to the group or consensus on values
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Toennies' Types of Societies
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process by which our perception of reality is largely shaped by the subjective meaning that we gice to an experience
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Social Construction of Reality
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false belief or prediction that produces behvior that makes the originally false belief come true
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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study of the commonsense knowledge that people use to understand the situations in which they find themselves
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Ethnomethodolgy
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-daily interactions are similar to dramatic productions -members of our "audience" judge our performance and are aware that we may reveal our true character -most of us attempt to control the impressions we give to others -Impression Management: refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image
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Goffman's Dramaturgical Analysis
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standards that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation
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Feeling Rules
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Transfer of information between persons without the use of words
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Nonverbal Communication
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supplements verbal communication, regulates interaction, establishes relationship among people in terms of their power over one another
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Functions
