Sociology: Chapter 3 Study Guide Eagles – Flashcards
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Max Weber
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sociologist who developed the model of bureaucracies still in use today
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exchange
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an interaction undertaken in an effort to receive a reward in return for actions
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accommodation
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a state of balance between cooperation and conflict
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achieved status
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a status acquired through direct efforts of special skills, knowledge, or ability such as husband or wife, high school graduate, college graduate, member of Beta Club, etc.
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role
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the behavior-the rights and obligations-expected of someone occupying a particular status
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bureaucracy
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ranked authority structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
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out-group
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any group to which a person does not belong or identify with
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postindustrial society
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a society characterized by the production of information and provision of services
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rationalization
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involves subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control
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Emile Durkheim
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sociologist who compared societies by using the concepts of organic solidarity and mechanical solidarity
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conflict
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the deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, harm, or resist the will of another
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secondary group
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a group in which interaction is impersonal and temporary
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hunter-gatherer
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type of society characterized by collection of plants and animals
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triad
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a group of three
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ascribed status
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a status assigned according to qualities beyond a person's control such as gender, race, age, etc.
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dyad
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two-person group
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cooperation
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type of social interaction when two or more people work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many
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role strain
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occurs when a person has difficulty meeting the role expectations of a single status
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barter
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the exchange of goods and service
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horticultural
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society in which the subsistence strategy is growing vegetables in a garden plot
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What are the five characteristics of a bureaucracy?
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a. division of labor b. ranking authority c. employment based on formal qualifications d. written rules and regulations e. specific lines of promotion and advancement
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How are status and role related?
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Role is the behavior attached to a status.
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What role does reciprocity play in exchange?
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Reciprocity-the give and take- is the basis for exchange.
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What are the functions of a group?
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a. define boundaries so that members can tell who belongs and who does not. b. select leaders c. set goals, assign tasks, and make decisions d. assign tasks for its members e. control members' behaviors
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What did the study at the Hawthorne, Illinois plant tell sociologists about bureaucracies?
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The study told sociologists that informal groups within a formal structure or bureaucracy can affect member's behaviors more than formal rules.
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How do exchange theorists view social interaction?
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Social interaction is based on people doing things mostly for rewards.
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What are the four types of accommodation?
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a. compromise b. truce c. mediation d. arbitration
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What according to sociologist, David Orenstein, is the importance of groups?
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Groups are the foundation on which social life is structured.
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In what ways do groups differ?
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a. size b. time c. organization
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How might conflict have a positive impact on society?
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a. Conflict reinforces group boundaries. b. Conflict strengthens group loyalty. c. Conflict can lead to social change.
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What is the situation called in which contradictory expectations arise from a single status held by an individual?
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role strain
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What is the term used when a bureaucracy adopts a new goal such as organization survival that replaces its original goal?
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goal displacement
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What is a master status?
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A master status is a status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determining his or her social identity.
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What types of leadership do groups need to be successful?
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Groups need instrumental leadership to achieve goals and expressive leaders to keep morale high.
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What are the four requirements for groups to exist?
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a. have two or more people b. interaction among members c. have a common identity d. share expectations
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How does cooperation benefit society?
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Cooperation benefits society by allowing shared goals to be accomplished by groups.
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Identify and describe the three broad categories of societies used by sociologists.
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a. preindustrial societies-food production is the main economic activity b. industrial societies-production of manufactured goods is the main economic activity c. postindustrial societies-providing information and services is the main economic activity
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What terms did Ferdinand Tonnies use to describe how societies differ?
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Gemeischaft and Gesellschaft
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What feature do sociologists tend to use to classify societies?
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subsistence strategies
