Sociology Chapter 20 – Flashcards
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social change
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the alteration, modification, or transformation of public policy, culture, or social institutions over time
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collective behavior
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voluntary, often spontaneous activity that is engaged in by a large number of people and typically violates dominant-group norms and values
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organizational behavior
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found in corporations and voluntary associations
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collectivity
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a number of people who act together and may mutually transcend, bypass, or subvert established institutional patterns and structures
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crowd
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a relatively large number of people who are in one another's immediate vicinity
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mass
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a number of people who share an interest in a specific idea or issue but who are not in one another's immediate vicinity
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dominant emotion
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the publicly expressed feeling perceived by participants and observers as the most prominent in an episode of collective behavior
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aggregates
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a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but who share little else in common
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casual crowds
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relatively large gatherings of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time; if they interact, it is only briefly
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conventional crowds
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made up of people who come together for a scheduled event and thus share a common focus
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expressive crowds
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provide opportunities for the expression of some strong emotion
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acting crowds
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collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior
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mob
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highly emotional crowd whose members engage in, or are ready to engage in, violence against a specific target- a person, a category of people, or physical property
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riot
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a violent crowd behavior that is fueled by deep-seated emotions but is not directed at one specific target
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panic
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a form of crowd behavior that occurs when a large number of people react to a real or perceived threat with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior
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protest crowds
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engage in activities intended to achieve specific political goals
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civil disobedience
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nonviolent action that seeks to change a policy or law by refusing to comply with it
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contagion theory
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focuses on the social-psychological aspects of collective behavior; people are more likely to engage in antisocial behavior in a crowd because they are anonymous and feel invulnerable; a crowd takes on a life of its own that is larger than the beliefs or actions of any one person
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circular reaction
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the interactive communication between persons such that the discontent of one person is communicated to another, who, in turn, reflects the discontent back to the first person
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convergence theory
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focuses on the shared emotions, goals, and beliefs that many people may bring to crowd behavior
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emergent norm theory
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emphasizes the importance of social norms in shaping crowd behavior; crowds develop their own definition of a situation and establish norms for behavior that fit the occasion
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mass behavior
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collective behavior that takes place when people (who often are geographically separated from one another) respond to the same event in much the same way
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rumors
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unsubstantiated reports on an issue or subject
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gossip
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refers to rumors about the personal lives of individuals
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mass hysteria
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a form of dispersed collective behavior that occurs when a large number of people react with strong emotions and self-destructive behavior to a real or perceived threat
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fad
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a temporary but widely copied activity enthusiastically followed by large numbers of people
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fashion
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currently valued style of behavior, thinking, or appearance
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public opinion
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consists of the attitudes and beliefs communicated by ordinary citizens to decision makers
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propaganda
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information provided by individuals or groups that have a vested interest in furthering their own cause or damaging an opposing one
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social movement
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an organized group that acts consciously to promote or resist change through collective action
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reform movements
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seek to improve society by changing some specific aspect of the social structure
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revolutionary movements
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seek to bring about a total change in society
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religious movements (expressive movements)
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concerned with renovating or renewing people through "inner change"
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millenarian
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forecast that "the end is near" and assert that an immediate change in behavior is imperative
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alternative movements
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seek limited change in some aspect of people's behavior
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resistance movements (regressive movements)
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seek to prevent change or to undo change that has already occurred
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preliminary (incipiency) stage
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widespread unrest is present as people begin to become aware of a problem
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coalescence stage
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people begin to organize and to publicize the problem
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institutionalization (bureaucratization) stage
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an organizational structure develops, and a paid staff begins to lead the group
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relative deprivation
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the discontent that people may feel when they compare their achievements with those of similarly situated persons and find that they have less than they think they deserve
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unfulfilled rising expectations
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newly raised hopes of a better lifestyle that are not fulfilled as rapidly as the people expected or are not realized at all
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Value-Added Theory
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Smelser asserted that six conditions are necessary and sufficient to produce social movements when they combine or interact in a particular situation
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resource mobilization theory
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focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause
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frame analysis
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our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them
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diagnostic framing
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identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group or entity so that the social movement has a target for its actions
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prognostic framing
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pinpoints possible solutions or remedies, based on the target previously identified
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motivational framing
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provides a vocabulary of motives that compel people to take action
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frame alignment
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the linking together of interpretive orientations of individuals and social movement organizations so that there is congruence between individuals' interests, beliefs, and values and the movements ideologies, goals, and activities
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frame bridging
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the process by which movement organizations reach individuals who already share the same worldview as the organization
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frame amplification
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movements appeal to deeply held values and beliefs in the general population and link those to movement issues so that people's preexisting value commitments serve as a "hook" that can be used to recruit them
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frame extension
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movements enlarge the boundaries of an initial frame to incorporate other issues that appear to be of importance to potential participants
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frame transformation
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the process whereby the creation and maintenance of new values, beliefs, and meanings induce movement participation by redefining activities and events in such a manner that people believe they must become involved in collective action
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political opportunities
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government structure, public policy, and political conditions that set the boundaries for change and political action
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political opportunity theory
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people will choose those options for collective action that are most readily available to them and those options that will produce the most favorable outcome for their cause
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ecofeminism
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based on the belief that patriarchy is a root cause of environmental problems
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environmental racism
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the belief that a disproportionate number of hazardous facilities (including industries such as waste disposal/treatment and chemical plants) are placed in low-income areas populated primarily by people of color
