Sociology Chapter 2 Study – Flashcards
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Language
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The organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system.
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Values
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Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable.
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Subculture
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A group that shares values, norms, and behaviors that are it shared by the entire population.
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Culture
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A shared, learned, way of life.
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Society
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A group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity.
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Norms
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The shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in certain situations.
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Folkways
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Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but don't have moral significance attached to them.
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Mores
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Norms that have great moral significance attached to them.
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Cultural Universals
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Certain features that are developed to ensure the fulfillment of some needs in society and are common to all cultures.
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Cultural Reletivism
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The belief that all cultures should be judged by their own standards rather than by applying the standards of another culture.
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Material culture
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Physical objects that people create and use
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Ethnocentrism
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Tendency to view one's own culture as superior
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Margaret Mead
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The anthropologist that conducted a now-classic study of cultural variation in the 1930s
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Folkways and mores
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Sociologists distinguish between these two types of norms
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Counterculture
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Some groups in society share values, norms, and behaviors that are not shared by the entire population. The unique cultural characteristics of these groups form a _______________?
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nacirema
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In the 1950s anthropologist Horace Minor examined some of the rituals of which culture group?
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Arapesh and Mundugamor
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A study of which two groups provided examples of how different value systems produce different cultures?
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d
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A norm that exists in our society is a. Financial responsibility b. restrictions against campfires c. not paying bills d. not killing a human being
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a
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Folkways include all of the following except: a. Murder b. not putting food in your mouth with a knife c. shaking hands when you are introduced to someone d. getting to class on time
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Culture complex
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The game of basketball is considered a ____________ _________.
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Cultural Relativism
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___________ helps sociologists and anthropologists understand practices that seem strange or different from those of their own culture.
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A cluster of interrelated traits
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What is a culture complex?
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It's common features in all human cultures
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Why do cultural universals exist?
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Laws
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Written rules of conduct
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New Guinea
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Where did Margret Mead live in the 1930s to conduct her study of cultural variation?
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The clash of cultures.
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What is cultural discontinuity?
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Experiences
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Those who argue Sapir's theory claim that language may NOT determine culture, but simply reflect the ______________ of the people using the language.
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Marvin Harris
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Who is the author of Cannibals and Kings?
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Edwin Sutherland
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Criminologist ________________ developed the concept of subcultures.
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Chicago School of Sociology
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According to what school of sociology is it important to look at the make-up of society and study the role played by each part.
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Emile Durkheim, Anomie
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Who argued that when members of society fail to fulfill their function, a breakdown will occur? What did he call this breakdown?
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Interdependent
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Structural functionalists believe that the various occupations in society are __________ of each other.
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Social psychologists
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What group of social scientists besides sociologists, would claim to use symbolic interaction to study group behavior?
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Sender, Reciever
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In order to understand the meanings of symbols, both the ____________ and the __________ must understand the meanings of those symbols.
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Symbolic Interaction
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The modern theory that would explain the rising divorce rate in the U.S. based on the fact that divorce no longer carries the stigma that it once did is:
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Structural functionalism
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The modern theory that would explain the rising divorce rate in the U.S. based on the fact that the family no longer seems needed for such activities as "child rearing, medical treatment, or socialization" is:
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Comte
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Harriet Martineau is most remembered for translating the works of what sociologist?
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Culturally, biologically
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Man differs from man in that man changes both ____________ and _____________, while animals only seem to change biographically.
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Archeologist
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Scientists that study ancient cultures are called ______________.
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Ethnologist
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Scientists that study living cultures are called ________________.
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Culture traits
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What are the smallest element of culture?
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The existence of many cultures within a society
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What is cultural diversity?
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George Murdock
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Who examined hundreds of cultures to help determine what general traits all cultures have?
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Culture shock
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What is the feeling of disorientation caused by contact with a culture in which our assumptions don't work.
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William Sumner
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Who developed the term ethnocentrism?
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Ray Croc
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Who turned Mcdonnald's into a franchise?
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George Ritzer
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Who did the Mcdonaldalization study?
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Mcdonaldization
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Efficiency, Calculability, Uniformity and predictability, control through automation are the four characteristics of what?
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Cultural unity
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What is a pro about ethnocentrism?
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Idioms
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What are words/phrases that are the same from one culture to another but with different meanings?
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Amondawa
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Who is the group out of Britain that don't have a sense of time?
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Quebecois
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Who are the french people who live in Canada?
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American Black Language
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What is Ebonics?
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illiteracy
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What is a problem with Ebonics?
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Instinctive and Arbituary Communication
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What are the two linguistic relativities?
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Temperent
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How we respond to our environment
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Cultural Items
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Tangible traits are also called:
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Culture complex
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A set of interrelated traits
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Culture pattern
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A bunch of cultural complexes
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Robert Edgerton
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Who wrote sick societies?
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Robert LaFollete
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Who was the Wisconsin governor that introduced the Wisconsin idea?
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Culture
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What is considered to be the social heritage of humans?
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Symbols
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In order to create and transmit culture we must create and use ___________.
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Amodowa
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What tribe from Brazil has no sense of time?
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Learned
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Arbituary communication has to be ____________.
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Proxemics
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Social, spacial relations
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Chambri
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What is the tribe where the women are aggressive and he men are not?
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Hammurabi's code
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first written set of laws
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Deism
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God made all principles, but then he just lets things operate under natural laws
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Auguste comte
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Who is credited with using the scientific method
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positivism
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Using the scientific method to study social problems.
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social statics
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social stability =
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social dynamics
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social change =
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Cerebral Hygiene
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What is the act of not listening to others ideas or theories; blocking them out to focus on your own work?
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Herbert Spencer
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Who opposed social legislation?
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Karl Marx
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Who did not see himself as a sociologist?
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Karl Marx
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Who agreed with Comte that people should take active steps to bring about social reform?
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Karl Marx
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Who coined the terms bourgeoise and proletariat?
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Bourgeoise
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The haves
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Proletariat
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The have nots
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Revolution
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Karl marx believed that only _______________ would bring about reform.
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Government, Religion
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_____________ and ____________ is a tool of the bourgeoise.
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Emile Durkheim
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Who believed that society needed to be recognized?
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Emile Durkheim
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Who said that too much individualism was anime?
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Emile Durkheim
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Who said that once anomie was recognized, sociologists needed to intervene?
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Max Weber
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Who claimed that religion is what brought about capitalism?
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Max Weber
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Who coined the term verstehen?
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Verstehen
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Means "to understand"
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Structural functionalism
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What looks at the make up of society?
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functions
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things that we are supposed to; positive
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Manifest
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What type of function is the positive intended?
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latent
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What type of function is the positive unintended?
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dysfunction
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things we are not supposed to do
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symbolic interaction
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What focuses on daily communication/ interaction?
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symbols
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meaning not fixed by nature
