question

the term for the value that occurs most often in a series of numbers

answer

mode

question

Which research method asks subjects to respond to a series of items on a questionnaire or in an interview?

answer

the survey method

question

Which of the founding sociologists urged sociologists to understand a social setting from the point of view of the people in it?

answer

Max Weber

question

If you were to conduct sociological research that closely follows the logic of science, which research method would you MOST likely use?

answer

the experiment method

question

When did sociology become established as an academic discipline in the United States?

answer

about 1900

question

Interpretive sociology is sociology that...

answer

focuses on the meaning people attach to behavior

question

Sociologists cannot identify "laws of society" that allow us to precisely predict the behavior of an individual because

answer

human behavior may be patterned, but it is also spontaneous

question

If marginality encourages sociological thinking, we would expect people in which category listed below to make the most use of the sociological perspective?

answer

politicians

question

Racial discrimination in professional sports is evident today in

answer

the positions typically played by white and black players

question

Three campus roommates are talking about why they are in college. A sociological view of going to college highlights the effect of

answer

only class, because college students tend to come from families with above-average incomes

question

Which pioneering sociologist founded Chicago's Hull House to assist immigrants and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize?

answer

Jane Addams

question

Identify the three sociologists who played a part in the development of sociology's structural-functional approach

answer

-Auguste Comte -Herbert Spencer -Emile Durkheim

question

The theoretical approach in sociology that assumes society is a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity is the

answer

structural-functional approach

question

Which term is based on a symbolic-interaction analysis of sports?

answer

Stacking

question

E. Digby Baltzell's historical study, Puritan Boston and Quaker Philadelphia, illustrates which research method?

answer

the existing sources method

question

Most of today's sociologists agree with Auguste Comte's claim that science has an important place in

answer

Sociology

question

The chapter's sociological analysis of childbearing around the world suggests that the number of children born to a woman reflects

answer

whether she lives in a poor or rich society

question

which example illustrates a micro-level focus?

answer

2 people on a plane

question

If you read a study that draws conclusions about all of humanity based on research using only males as subjects, you would correctly point to the problem called

answer

androcentricity

question

In the United States, which gender has a high suicide rate?

answer

white males

question

Sociological research may be interesting, but

answer

it is of little use in shaping public policy, including legislation

question

studying other societies is a good way to learn

answer

about our own way of life

question

To say that a social pattern is "dysfunctional" means that

answer

it has more than one function for the operation of society. FALSE

question

People with lower social standing are usually more likely to

answer

see the world from a sociological perspective than people who are well off. TRUE

question

Auguste Comte was a positivist who believed that there were laws of society

answer

in the same way that there are laws of physics that describe the operation of the natural world. TRUE

question

In the US, secondary schools place students

answer

in college preparatory tracks that partially reflect the social background of their families. TRUE

question

What are 3 basic theoretical approaches

answer

-structural-functional -symbolic-interaction -social-conflict

question

using the symbolic-interaction approach, sports

answer

becomes less a system than an on-going process

question

Following the thinking of C. Wright Mills, we would expect the sociological imagination to be more widespread in a population

answer

during times of social crisis

question

Qualitative research has special appeal to investigators who favor the _________ approach.

answer

symbolic-interaction

question

A statement that explains how and why specific facts are related is called a(n)

answer

theory

question

What process involves deciding exactly what is to be measured when assigning value to a variable?

answer

Operationalizing

question

_____ is a way of understanding the world based on science.

answer

positivism

question

Herbert Spencer described human society as a complex system having much in common with

answer

the human body

question

What is an accurate criticism of the structural-functional approach?

answer

it ignores inequality

question

A small number of people that are used to represent a much larger population is called a

answer

sample group

question

sociological generalizations, unlike stereotypes, are:

answer

- not applied to all individuals in a category - based on all available facts - offered fair-mindedly with an interested in the truth

question

An apparent, although false, association between two variables that is caused by a third variable is called

answer

spurious

question

The social-conflict approach sometimes receives criticism for

answer

being openly political

question

William Foote Whyte's study of Cornerville (Street Corner Society) used which sociological research method?

answer

participant observation

question

Which of the following is a manifest function of sports?

answer

providing recreation and physical conditioning

question

In the process of measurement, reliability refers to

answer

whether repeating the measurement yields consistent results

question

Which sociological research method is MOST likely to produce quantitative data that will identify cause-and-effect relationships?

answer

existing sources is most likely

question

Comte described the earliest human societies as being at which stage of historical development?

answer

theological stage

question

A criticism of the symbolic-interaction approach is that it

answer

ignores the influence of factors such as culture, class, gender, and race

question

If you were to attend a New York Ballet performance, you would be experiencing

answer

high culture

question

The claim that U.S. culture is wrongly dominated by European, and especially English, way of life characterizes our culture as

answer

eurocentric

question

The chapter's opening story of the diversity initiative at Charles Schwab & Co. shows us that

answer

learning more about cultural diversity can help a company boost sales

question

This is true about technology

answer

Advanced technology improves life in some ways, but also threatens life in other ways.

question

Cultural change is set in motion by these 3 ways:

answer

invention discovery diffusion

question

multiculturalism

answer

a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equality of all cultural traditions

question

a good example of cultural lag is

answer

gaining the ability to modify genetic patterns in humans before understanding the possible social consequences of doing so

question

ethnocentrism refers to:

answer

judging another culture using the standards of your own culture

question

homo sapien =

answer

"intelligent person"

question

The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.

answer

real; ideal

question

Low-income countries have cultures that value

answer

survival

question

The United States is the most _______ of all countries.

answer

multicultural

question

Core values of U.S. culture

answer

are sometimes in conflict with one another

question

the term for the ways of thinking, ways of acting, and material objects that together form a people's way of life

answer

culture

question

an act of kindness, such as opening the door for an elderly man, illustrates conforming to

answer

folkways

question

Elements of social control in everyday life include:

answer

-shame -guilt -sanctions, including the response of other people

question

the spread of cultural traits from one society to another is called:

answer

diffusion

question

cultural transmission refers to the process of

answer

passing cultural patterns from one generation to another

question

sociologists define a symbol as

answer

anything that carries meaning to people who share a culture

question

the intangible world of ideas created by members of a society is referred to as

answer

nonmaterial culture

question

subculture is more at odds

answer

with dominant culture than counterculture. FALSE

question

Most of the people in the US share the value that everyone should not only have equality of opportunity

answer

but also equality in all aspects of social standing. FALSE

question

mores

answer

norms that have great moral significance

question

for at least 12,000 years

answer

humans have used culture as a strategy for survival TRUE

question

experiencing an unfamiliar culture can generate

answer

culture shock

question

The Census Bureau reports that only ten

answer

different languages are spoken in the US FALSE

question

standards that serve as broad guidelines for social living

answer

values

question

cultural change results from

answer

invention, discovery, and diffusion TRUE

question

cultural universals refer to

answer

patterns that are held by everyone in a society FALSE

question

People in the US tend to view

answer

the past as being better than the present FALSE

question

Businesses in this country can profit from recognizing the _________ ________ of the US population

answer

cultural diversity

question

values

answer

standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable, good and beautiful

question

other than English, which is the most widely-spoken language in the US?

answer

Spanish

question

__________ is an example of nonmaterial culture

answer

religion

question

about how many adults in the US speak a language other than English at home?

answer

60 Million

question

Experts have documented almost _______ languages around the world.

answer

7,000

question

__________ are rules about everyday, casual living; __________ are rules with great moral significance.

answer

mores; folkways

question

Culture acts as a constraint, limiting human freedom because

answer

much culture is habit that drives members of a society to repeat troubling patterns

question

Which theoretical approach is linked to the philosophical doctrine of materialism?

answer

the social-conflict approach

question

This is a statement that represents the emerging value in our society?

answer

"Work is important, but I want more time for leisure and personal growth."

question

subculture

answer

cultural patterns that set off a part of a society's population

question

understanding another culture on its own terms and using its own standards is called

answer

cultural relativism

question

Eating disorders are a result of how

answer

our society defines success and attractiveness among women TRUE

question

From a sociological point of view, "health" is sometimes

answer

a matter of having the same diseases as one's neighbors TRUE

question

Jonathan Kozol

answer

considers tracking as one of the "savage inequalities" of U.S. education.

question

About half of U.S. adults

answer

are now college graduates FALSE

question

Rather than creating violence, in most cases

answer

violence spills into schools from the surrounding society TRUE

question

gonorrhea and syphilis can be cured with

answer

penicillin

question

AIDS kills more people in the U.S. each year

answer

than diseases caused by cigarette smoking FALSE

question

About half of all physicians in the U.S.

answer

are women FALSE

question

most people with HIV begin to display symptoms

answer

about one month after being infected FALSE

question

In the United States, the infant mortality rate among low-income children

answer

is about the same as the rate for children of the wealthy FALSE

question

euthanasia

answer

assisting in the death of a person suffering from a terminal illness

question

Talcott Parsons

answer

claimed that society responds to illness by using the "sick role" to relieve ill people of many daily responsibilities

question

the most widespread health problem related to eating is

answer

obesity

question

an example of the advantage of cultural capital in the U.S. schooling is parents who

answer

-spend more time reading to their children -value schooling and encourage their children -encourage the development of imagination in their children

question

the greatest preventable cause of death in the U.S. is

answer

cigarette smoking

question

Assume that you support the school choice movement. What are you likely to say is the reason that U.S. public schools perform poorly?

answer

schools have no competition

question

Getting into college in Japan, compared to the United States, is more a matter of

answer

performance on achievement tests

question

Which world region is experiencing the most severe epidemic of AIDS?

answer

sub-Saharan Africa

question

There is a shortage of ________ in the U.S. which is an important medical issue.

answer

nurses

question

In _____ the government controls most of the health care.

answer

China

question

According to the World Health Organization, about how many of the world's people suffer from serious illness caused by poverty

answer

1 billion

question

Which concept refers to the practice of including people with disabilities in regular educational classes and programs?

answer

mainstreaming

question

A symbolic-interaction approach to health and medicine emphasizes

answer

the meaning people attach to health and illness

question

People over the age of twenty-five now account for about what percentage of all people in degree granting programs?

answer

40 percent

question

On which of the following continents do we find the MOST countries with high rates of illiteracy?

answer

Africa

question

Scientific medicine typically develops in

answer

industrial societies

question

magnet schools encourage

answer

students to specialize in specific areas of study

question

What is a latent function of schooling?

answer

providing child care

question

holistic medicine asserts that

answer

patients should rely on themselves-not just physicians-to ensure their health

question

The concept "socialized medicine" refers to

answer

a medical system mostly owned and operated by the government

question

_______ gradually led to dramatic improvement in human health

answer

industrialization

question

Regardless of the levels of school's funding, students who benefit from more _______ _____ would still do better

answer

cultural capital

question

The extent of schooling in a society is closely tied to its level of _______ ________

answer

economic development

question

More students graduate from high school in _____ than in the U.S.

answer

Japan

question

Heart disease and cancer are

answer

the leading killers in low income nations FALSE

question

From a social-conflict perspective, schooling in the United States transforms social privilege into

answer

personal merit

question

Social-conflict analysis claims the profit motive enhances the quality of

answer

medical care in the United States...FALSE

question

These factors have a strong link to life expectancy

answer

race gender social class

question

In 2009, men accounted for what share of all US undergraduate college students?

answer

43%

question

In poor nations around the world, about what percentage of children die before their first birthday?

answer

10%

question

What is the MOST common way people in the US pay for medical health care

answer

private insurance programs

question

The problem of functional illiteracy means that

answer

many young people leave school without having learned basic skills

question

What category of people in the US is especially likely to smoke cigarettes?

answer

divorced people

question

Comparing school performance, researcher have found that the main cause of the achievement gap between rich and poor children is

answer

differences in home environment

question

The topic of _________ _______ is of greatest interest to sociologist guided by symbolic-interaction approach?

answer

psychosomatic disorders

question

The concept of _________ is grounded not in biology but in culture. In high-income countries, this stage is extended.

answer

CHILDHOOD

question

The emotional and social turmoil of _________ results from cultural inconsistency in defining people who are not children but not yet adults. This varies by social class.

answer

ADOLESCENCE

question

___________ is the stage of life when most accomplishments take place. Although personality is now formed, it continues to change with new life experiences.

answer

ADULTHOOD

question

_____ ____ is defined as much by culture as biology. In high-income countries, it's a time of disengagement and loss of social importance.

answer

OLD AGE

question

Acceptance of ______ ___ ______ is part of socialization for the elderly. This process typically involves five stages: denial, anger, negotiation, resignation, and acceptance.

answer

DEATH and DYING

question

gerontocracy

answer

a form of social organization in which the elderly have the most wealth, power, and prestige.

question

anticipatory socialization

answer

learning that helps a person achieve a desired position

question

looking glass self

answer

Charles Horton Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see us.

question

resocialization is a two part process:

answer

-breaking down inmates' existing identity -building a new self through a system of rewards and punishments

question

socialization is a matter of _______ rather than ______.

answer

nurture; nature

question

More than _________ of the world's children work, half of them full time; some do work that is dangerous to their physical or mental health.

answer

160 million

question

What does the sociological perspective show us about whom any individual chooses to marry?

answer

the operation of society guides many of our personal choices.

question

The personal value of studying sociology includes:

answer

-seeing the opportunities and constraints in our lives -the fact that it is good preparation for a number of careers --becoming more active participants in society

question

The discipline of sociology first developed in

answer

countries experiencing rapid social change

question

Which early sociologist coined the term sociology in 1838?

answer

Auguste Comte

question

Sociology's social-conflict approach draws attention to

answer

patterns of social inequality

question

Empirical evidence refers to:

answer

information we can verify with our senses

question

When trying to measure people's "social class" you would have to keep in mind that

answer

there are several ways to operationalize this variable

question

Interpretive sociology is a research orientation that

answer

focuses on the meanings people attach to behavior

question

In research using participant observation, the problem of "breaking in" to a setting is often solved with the help of a

answer

key informant

question

The critical sociology research orientation is linked most closely to which theoretical approach?

answer

social conflict approach

question

Ideas created by members of a society are part of

answer

nonmaterial culture

question

U.S culture holds a strong belief in

answer

individuality

question

Cheating on a final exam is an example of violating campus

answer

mores

question

Which of the following describes the concept of ethnocentrism?

answer

judging an unfamiliar culture using the standards of your own culture

question

In human history, the "dawn of civilization" took place with the development of

answer

agriculture

question

Kingsley-Davis's study of Anna shows that

answer

without social experience, a child never develops personality

question

Lawrence Kohlberg explored socialization by studying

answer

moral reasoning

question

Gilligan added to Kohlberg's findings by showing that

answer

girls and boys typically use different standards of deciding what is right and what is wrong

question

Why is the family so important to the socialization process?

answer

-they provide necessary care for infants and children -they give children social identity in terms of class, ethnicity and religion -parent greatly affect a child's self-concept

question

Compared to higher income parents, lower-income parents are more likely to emphasize

answer

obedience

question

In global perspective, which statement is correct about childhood?

answer

rich societies extend childhood much longer than poor societies do

question

Members od high-income societies typically define people in old age as

answer

less socially important than younger adults

question

According to Erving Goffman, the purpose of a total institution is

answer

to radically change a person's personality or behavior

SOCIOLOGY Ch. 1, 2, 3 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards