Sociology and You Chapter 3 Culture Vocabulary (Glencoe McGraw-Hill) – Flashcards
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Culture
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Knowledge, values, customs, and physical objects that are shared by members of a society.
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Society
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A specific territory inhabited by people who share a common culture.
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Instincts
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Innate patterns of behavior.
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Reflex
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An automatic response to physical stimulus.
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Drive
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An impulse to reduce discomfort.
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Sociobiology
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The study of the basis of human behavior.
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Symbol
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A thing that stands for or represents something else.
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Hypothesis of linguistic relativity
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A theory stating that our idea of reality depends largely on language.
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Norms
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Rules defining appropriate and inappropriate behavior.
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Folkways
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Norms that lack moral significance.
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Mores
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Norms that have moral dimensions and that should be followed by members of a society.
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Taboo
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A rule of behavior, the violation of which calls for strong punishment.
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Law
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A norm that is formally defined and enforced by officials.
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Sanctions
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Rewards and punishments used to encourage people to follow norms.
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Formal sanctions
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Sanctions imposed by persons given special authority.
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Informal sanctions
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Rewards or punishments used to encourage people to follow norms.
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Values
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Broad ideas about what is good or desirable shared by people in a society.
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Nonmaterial culture
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Ideas, knowledge, and beliefs that influence people's behavior.
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Beliefs
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Ideas about the nature of society.
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Material culture
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The concrete, tangible objects of a culture.
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Ideal culture
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Cultural guidelines that group members claim to accept.
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Real culture
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Actual behavior patterns of members of a group.
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Social categories
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Groupings of people who share a social characteristic.
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Subculture
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A group that is part of the dominant culture but that differs from it in some important respects.
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Counter culture
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A subculture deliberately and consciously opposed to certain beliefs or attitudes of the dominant culture.
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Ethnocentrism
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Judging others in terms of one's own cultural standards.
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Cultural universals
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General cultural traits that exist in all cultures.
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Cultural particulars
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The ways in which a culture expresses universal traits.
