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the tendency to use our own culture to judge that of others

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ethnocentrism

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understanding another culture is difficult because we are programmed by our own culture to define the world in a way that favors our own beliefs, attitudes, and way of doing things

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ethnocentrism

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the idea that languages have embedded within theme ays of looking at the world; proposes that speakers of a particular language interpret the world through the unique vocabulary and grammar of their own language

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linguistic-relativity hypothesis

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relatively unimportant everyday behaviors; customs, habits, and commonly accepted practices. Sanctions are mild for people who violate

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folkways

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dictate appropriate and inappropriate behavior in terms of what is right or wrong, virtuous or sinful, admirable or scandalous. sanctions are strong for people who violate; social norms that have moral significance

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mores

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a subculture whose norms and values clash with those of the dominant culture

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counterculture

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a group that rejects the fundamental elements of the dominant culture

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counterculture

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what component of culture is the least obvious?

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values

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abstract ideas regarding standards of desirability; shared by people in a society and involve judgments about what is good or bad, right or wrong, appropriate or inappropriate; shape the ideals and goals of society; involve emotions; have a powerful influence on people

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values

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In what stage of piaget's theory of cognitive development can children assume the viewpoint of others?

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concrete operational stage

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Piaget's idea that the shape or appearance of something that has been changed can return to its original form?

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reversibility

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an example of the concept of reversibility

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liquid experiment

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what concept is illustrated by the reaction of babies to the game of peek-a-boo?

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object permanence

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key concept of the sensorimotor stage

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object permanence

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what does the development of the generalized other represent?

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an ability to recognize the norms, values, and expectations set forth for each of us by society

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in what stage of George Herbert Mead's theory of symbolic interactionism do children take on a number of roles simultaneously

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game stage

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how can you apply Charles Horton Cooley's concept of the "looking-glass self" to an individual's self esteem?

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ideas about ones self worth are shaped by the attitudes and reactions of others toward us

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with what sociological perspective is mead's theory of human development associated?

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symbolic interactionism

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a child raised isolated from human contact and thus social, cultural, and lingual knowledge

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feral child

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the part of the self that reflects other's perceptions of ourselves

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me

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what is the first step of resocialization in a total institution such as prison?

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eroding one's sense of identity

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the 5 agents of socialization

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family, school, peers, media, religion

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inborn drives that cause us to seek self-gratification/meet our needs

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id

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force between the id and demands of society that suppress it, a balancing force

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ego

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decisions based on personal morals, not societal pressure like ego

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superego

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norms that when broken are considered repulsive, examples would be cannibalism and incest

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cultural taboo

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the abstract components of culture: beliefs, values, social norms, ideals

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nonmaterial culture

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spreading ideas from one culture to another

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cultural diffusion

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consists in patterned ways of thinking, feeling and reacting, acquired and transmitted mainly by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of this consists of traditional ideas and especially their attached values

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culture

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made up of material and nonmaterial

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culture

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victor the wild boy of aver yon discovered just before dawn on january 19, 1800, as he emerged from a forest in south france. he is taken to the institute for deaf mutes in paris. victor dies in 1928 with no details. allowing a human to develop without a family and social interaction

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the forbidden experiment

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George Herbert Mead's theory of child development: child simply imitates behavior of others; actions lack meaning and carry no symbolic understanding. self does not emerge until child realizes he is separate and distinct from others

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imitation stage

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George Herbert Mead's theory of child development: a child takes on the role of a particular person. he imagines the world front he unique perspective of that person. he recognizes his own self and may point this out by referring to himself in the third person. children in this stage no longer exhibit meaningless imitation. Words allow them to communicate with shared understanding. They are fully engaged in symbolic interactionism. Significant others come into play here. They are not yet able to view themselves from the perspectives of many other simultaneously so they jump from one role to the next in a haphazard fashion.

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play stage

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George Herbert Mead's theory of child development: children in this stage recognize the need to develop a group perspective. The self incorporates all one's significant others into one generalized other. The self now achieves a unitary stance toward others and no longer darts from role to role. Children in this stage must understand the relationships among different roles.

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game stage

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Jean Piaget's four stages of child development: lays the foundation for later cognitive development, sucking, grasping, crying, and moving different parts of the body. Key concept: object permanence, end of stage: children can keep a mental picture of an object in their minds.

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sensorimotor stage

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Jean Piaget's four stages of child development: development now increasingly involves concepts and symbols rather than sense and motor skills. Key benefits of this stage include mental representation makes processing information more efficient (child's thinking no longer tied to action) and children can now engage in internal conversation. child is egocentric

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Preoperational stage

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Jean Piaget's four stages of child development: children now begin to understand these kinds of logical operations. Key concept is conservation- the idea that the amount of a substance stays the same even though its appearance may change. Reversibility, hierarchical classification, seriation (ordering items along a quantitative dimension). child can see other viewpoints and recognizes various aspects of reality at one time

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Concrete operational

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Jean Piaget's four stages of child development: this is the highest level of cognitive development, and it involves hypothetical problems, word problems, and abstract operations. The term reasoning skills can be substituted for the term operational in this cognitive stage. Children in this stage consider the past, present, and future.

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formal operational

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sumner's idea that people use their own group's way of doing things as a yardstick of measuring others; "the view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it"

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ethnocentrism

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those conclusions based on some measure of empirical evidence

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knowledge

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those conclusions without sufficient empirical support

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belief

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Proposes that speakers of a particular language interpret the world through the unique vocabulary and grammar of their own language, also called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis. Our native language establishes categories that structure the way we conceptualize the world. In other words, our worldview depends on our native language. So, language is not only a tool for describing events, it also shapes events.

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linguistic-relativity hypothesis

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what does the "I" represent according to George Herbert Mead

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the subject

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what does the "Me" represent according to George Herbert Mead

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the object

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important people who exert a strong influence on children during the development of the self. children take on the role of these one at a time during the play stage

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significant others

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the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people in general. the child's ability to take the role of this is a significant step in the development of the self. the self incorporates all one's significant others into one of these

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generalized other

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immediate awareness

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the conscious level

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memories accessed and transferred conscious level

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the preconscious level

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ideas and motivations beyond one's awareness

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the unconscious level

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source of biological drives

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id

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conscious, rational part of the personality, plays a central role in balancing the demands of the id and superego

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ego

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the conscious

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superego

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with what is the development of the self concurrent, according to George Herbert Mead?

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the development of the ability to take roles

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