question

What happens when children are kept in isolation?

answer

They become mentally incapacitated

question

Which of the following are stages of the most common life pattern for men?

answer

parenthood, work, and marriage

question

what are the basic units of hereditary information?

answer

genes

question

According to foucault, the connection of power and knowledge in different social settings produces ______ of power.

answer

regimes

question

In George Herbert Mead's stages of the self, children become more aware of social relationships and take the role of other in the ______ stage.

answer

play

question

According to george herbert mead, children learn to pay roles and anticipate the actions of others in the _____ stage

answer

game

question

The term _____ refers to the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole that children take into account in their behavior.

answer

generalized other

question

Socialization

answer

The process by which individuals learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for a particular culture.

question

Which of the following is true of the influence of religious institutions?

answer

It can extend into secular social life.

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The total institution is an extreme example of _________, or replacing old behaviors with new ones.

answer

resocialization

question

Understanding the expected values and behaviors of a job position can be vital to success.

answer

True

question

What do sociologists examine when considering gender roles in our society?

answer

culturally define behaviors and attitudes of men and women

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As we grow up and grow older, peers increasingly assume the role of significant other.

answer

True

question

Which of the following describe the process of socialization in childhood and adolescence?

answer

variable over time and variable from culture to culture

question

Nature VS nurture debate (149)

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a disagreement about the relative importance of biology (nature) and the social environment (nurture) in influencing human behavior.

question

Rites of Paggage

answer

Activities that mark and celebrate a change in a persons social status. A shift in responsibilities, living situation, or standing within their community.

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The process by which individuals practice for a future social role by adopting the norms or behaviors associated with a position they have not yet achieved

answer

Anticipatory socialization

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European children

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were protrayed as miniature adults, they were exposed to adult activity such as drinking and shared the same room with adults who had sex.

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biological determininism

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contends that biology, specifically our genetic makeup, almost completely shapes human behavior.

question

social determinism

answer

contends that culture and the social environment almost completely shape human behavior.

question

neurosociology

answer

integrates findings from neuroscience with a sociological analysis of social behavior.

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Brian plasticity

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is the ability of the brain to restructure and reorganize itself, especially as a result of social experiences and learning.

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7. Who theorized that individuals' interpretation of themselves is based on social interactions?

answer

Charles Horton Cooley, and George Herbert mead

question

Milgram's experiments demonstrated how readily people

answer

obey authority figures

question

Singer who adopt certain behaviors on stage to communicate that they are professional musicians are using

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impression management

question

What did Robert Michels name the inevitable consolidation of power at the top of a bureaucracy?

answer

Iron law of oligarchy

question

What theorem states, if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences?

answer

Thomas

question

Which of the following are characteristics of a formal organization?

answer

Structured for maximum efficiency and designed for a special purpose

question

Which of the following refers to the values of an organization and the way an organization works?

answer

organizational culture

question

What effect did Soloman Asch describe in his finding that people conform t group opinion even when they disagree?

answer

majority

question

Social interaction becomes confusing if ____ are missing

answer

shared meanigs

question

A society that values nonconformity, such as in the U.S., is called _______ culture.

answer

individualistic

question

According to sociologists, "reality" is

answer

socially constructed

question

The large secondary groups that increasingly dominate contemporary society are known as _______ organizations.

answer

formal

question

The tendency in American society to value managers more highly than custodians is an example of

answer

Status hierarchy

question

Communications researchers often must use software programs to produce complex

answer

network analysis

question

Most social networks are more ______ than the population as a whole.

answer

homogeneous

question

What are characteristics of a formal organization?

answer

Structured for maximum efficientcy designed for a special purpose

question

"Reality"

answer

Sociologist maintain that reality is what we learn from our society

question

Defining situations as "Real": The Thomas Theorem

answer

"if men define situations as real, they are real, the are real in their consequences." Subjective interpretTIONS OF REALITY HAVE objective effects.

question

Stereotypes

answer

exaggerated, distorted, or untrue generalizations about categories of peopl that do not acknowledge individual variation

question

Three steps to constructing social reality

answer

Berger and Luckmann externalization objectivation internalization

question

Status set

answer

The collection of statuses that an individual holds

question

Status category

answer

a staus that people can hold in common

question

Ascribed statuses

answer

statuses that are assigned to us from birth or that we assume later in life regardless of our wishes or abilities.

question

Achieved statuses

answer

statuses that we voluntarily attain, to a considerable degree as the result of our own efforts.

question

Roles

answer

Whereas statuses are positions in a social system, roles are the sets of expected behaviors that are associated with particular statuses.

question

Dramaturgy

answer

an approach to the study of social interaction that uses the metaphor of social life as a theater.

question

Homophily

answer

Principle: race, age, religion, and class Principle that social contact occurs at a higher rate between people who are similar than it does between people who are different.

question

Primary Groups

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Social groups made up of people who have regular contact, enduring relationships, and a significant emotional attachment to each other.

question

Secondary Groups

answer

Social groups made up of people who interact in a relatively impersonal way, usually to carry out some specific task.

question

Bureaucracy

answer

Division of labor hierarchy of authority and accountability impersonality written rules and records

question

In-Groups

answer

Collection sense of "us" a social group with which a person identifies and toward which he or she has positive feelings

question

Out-Group

answer

A social group toward which a person has negative feelings, considering its members to be inferiors, or "them"

question

Iron law of oligarchy

answer

Robert Michels- The eventual and inevitable consolidation of power at the top of bureaucratic organizations

question

8. Deviance

answer

behavior that does not conform to basic cultural norms and expectations

question

Collective Conscience

answer

the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a community

question

Labeling theory

answer

theory that argues deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior, and individuals who are labeled deviant often internalize this judgment as part of their self-identity

question

stigma

answer

the shame attached to a behavior or status that is considered socially unacceptable or discrediting

question

secondary deviance

answer

deviant behavior that is a response to the negative consequences of labeling

question

Deviance as Immorality

answer

Concept does little to help us identify the social conditions that produce deviance or understand the ways people respond to deviance

question

Five key stages in the medicalization of deviance

answer

Behavior or activity is defined as deviant Medical conception of this deviant behavior is "discovered" Organized interests advance claims for medical designation for the behavior Those who advance medical claims appeal to government to legitimize the medical definition Medical definition is institutionalized and accepted, medically and legally

question

differential association theory

answer

theory that suggests deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior

question

deviant subculture

answer

a group in which membership is based on a shared commitment to specific nonconformist beliefs or behaviors

question

Merton's Strain Theory

answer

Innovation: socially unacceptable routes to success Ritualism: going through the motions while rejecting culturally-valued goals Retreatism: isolation and withdrawal when without access to the means of success and rejecting goals Rebellion: creation of new goals and adoption of new means of attaining them

question

Power

answer

Power is connected to our basic assumptions about what's normal and what's deviant. Power determines whether and how authorities enforce norms and punish deviance. Access to power enables some privileged groups to engage in distinct forms of deviant behavior. Power allows some people to escape being branded or punished as deviant.

question

control theory

answer

our behavior is regulated by the strength of our connection to major social institutions, including family, school, and religion

question

Types of Crime

answer

Street Crime: murder, robbery, assault, arson, or theft Violent Crime: murder, forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault. property crime: urglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson Public order crimes: prostitution, liquor law violations, drug offenses, and disorderly conduct. also called victimless crimes White Collar Crime: fraud, labor violation, insider trading, bribery, forgery, embezzlement, and tax evasion.

question

Five competing rationales

answer

Retribution Rehabilitation Deterrence Protection Restoration

question

9. Marx's Analysis of Class

answer

Control of capital: the capitalist class and the working class

question

capitalist class

answer

(or bourgeoisie) those who control major capital and own the means of production

question

Is Class Stratification Functional?

answer

Davis and Moore: Stratification helps "insure that the most important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons" (1945).

question

Stratification systems all have

answer

Unequal distribution of valued resources Distinctive groups making up various strata in society An ideology that explains and justifies inequality

question

Mapping the Major Classes

answer

The Middle Class: Pursuing the Benefits of Education The Working Class: Labor and Service The Underclass: Chronic Unemployment

question

class mobility

answer

the ability to move from one social class to another

question

structural mobility

answer

mobility occurs because a shift in available occupations changes the class system as a whole

question

Individual mobility

answer

mobility occurs when a person's class position changes without any change in the larger class structure

question

The Impact of Class Inequality on Social Life

answer

Health Education Work Politics Lifestyle

question

conspicuous consumption

answer

lavish spending, done to compete for status

question

absolute poverty

answer

a scarcity of resources so severe that it is life-threatening

question

poverty line (U.S.)

answer

a measure of scarcity determined by figuring the cost of a minimal food budget and multiplying it by three

question

relative poverty

answer

a lack of the basic resources needed to maintain a standard of living considered acceptable in a particular society

question

Ideology: Justifying Inequality Common ideas in the United States:

answer

Everyone has an equal opportunity to succeed. Success is based on merit. People can achieve success through individual ability and hard work.

question

cultural capital

answer

assets that consist of various types of knowledge, skills, and other cultural resources

question

social capital

answer

relationships that are potentially economically valuable resulting from membership in a group

question

Schools: Individual Mobility and Class Reproduction

answer

Education Pays Rewarding Cultural Capital Schools and Ideology

question

Public Policy and Inequality

answer

Wages and Labor Laws Taxes Public Assistance

question

The Impact of Global Inequality

answer

Life expectancy and health Housing Education

question

modernization theory

answer

global inequality is due to cultural differences between countries

question

dependency theory

answer

global inequality is due to the exploitation of weaker, poor nations by wealthy, more powerful ones

question

world systems analysis

answer

analysis that focuses on the interdependence among the countries in a single global economic system

question

race to the bottom

answer

the process of poorer nations competing for foreign investment by sacrificing wages, tax revenue, worker safety, and environmental standards

question

10 racial essentialism

answer

the idea that supposedly natural and immutable differences separated the races

question

Patterns of Majority-Minority Interaction

answer

Pluralism: distinct ethnic and racial groups coexist on equal terms and have equal social standing Amalgamation: a majority and a minority group blend or mix to form a new group Assimilation: members of a minority group come to adopt the culture of the majority group Segregation: distinct social groups are kept physically and socially separate and unequal Genocide: the systematic killing of a group of people, based on their race, ethnicity, nationality, or religion

question

Minority Group Responses to Discrimination

answer

Withdrawal: physically escaping the worst oppression (migration; forming racial and ethnic enclaves) Passing: blending with the dominant group (name changes; taking advantage of physical similarities) Code-switching: complying with social expectations of the majority in public, but not in private Resistance: actively asserting oneself in defiance of majority discrimination

question

transnational migrants

answer

immigrants who retain strong personal, cultural, and economic ties both to their country of birth and their newly adopted home

question

Enduring Inequality

answer

Housing Education Health care Media Economics

question

The Legacy of Past Discrimination: The Black-White Wealth Gap

answer

Discriminatory policies Affirmative action

question

racialization of the state

answer

the implementation of government and private-sector policies that discriminated against minorities and provided Whites with numerous advantages

question

affirmative action

answer

a variety of policies and programs that aim to avoid discrimination and redress past discrimination through the active recruitment of qualified minorities for jobs, promotions, and educational opportunities

question

institutional discrimination

answer

discrimination resulting from the structural organization, policies, and procedures of social institutions such as the government, businesses, and schools

question

split labor market theory

answer

theory which argues that ethnic and racial conflicts often emerge when two racial or ethnic groups compete for the same jobs

question

Discrimination in the Post-Civil Rights Era: Hidden, Implicit, and Color-Blind

answer

Hidden Prejudice Implicit Bias The New Racism

question

The New Racism

answer

Prejudice and discrimination persist in contemporary social life. The ways in which they manifest themselves have changed in the post-civil rights era.

question

color-blind racism

answer

the promotion of race neutrality when it actually helps to maintain existing racial and ethnic inequality

question

11 The Biology of Sex

answer

Primary sex characteristics—directly involved in reproduction Secondary sex characteristics

question

intersexual

answer

born with ambiguous reproductive or sexual anatomy

question

Gender expression

answer

the communication of a person's gender identity to others, through behavior, clothing, hairstyle, and other means

question

sexism

answer

the ideology that one sex is superior to the other

question

Gender roles influence characteristics that include

answer

Appearance Activities Behaviors and emotions Aspirations

question

doing gender

answer

creating gender through interactions in particular social settings

question

Gender and the Family

answer

Gender Socialization From Birth Gender Socialization Throughout Childhood

question

Teaching Gender in School Gender Lessons From Peers Media and Gender

answer

...

question

gender stratification

answer

the systematic and unequal distribution of power and resources in society between men and women

question

Work and Education

answer

Education, Majors, and Occupations Workforce Participation Discrimination and the Glass Ceiling

question

glass ceiling

answer

the often invisible barrier created by individual and institutional sexism that prevents qualified women from advancing to high levels of leadership and management

question

second shift

answer

the phenomenon of employed women still having primary responsibility for housework and childcare

question

sexual harassment

answer

unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature

question

Violence Against Women

answer

Domestic Violence and Sexual Assault State Violence Against Women Human Trafficking and Globalization Genital Cutting

question

domestic violence (or intimate partner violence)

answer

a pattern of abusive behavior in any relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another intimate partner

question

Changing Norms: The Sexual Revolution in the United States

answer

Kinsey Youth culture of the 1950s and 1960s The pill The women's movement

question

sexual identity

answer

(or sexual orientation) our sense of self as it relates to the type of sexual attraction we have for others

question

Sexual Identities

answer

Heterosexuals Homosexuals Bisexuals Asexual people

question

heterosexism

answer

a set of attitudes and behavior that indicates an assumption that everyone is heterosexual

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