question

two or more people who identify and interact with one another

answer

social group

question

temporary, loosely formed collection of people who may or may not interact

answer

crowd

question

primary groups

answer

all of the above

question

every society's most important primary group

answer

family

question

secondary group

answer

impersonal and engages in some specific activity

question

Not a characteristic of secondary groups

answer

personal orientation

question

we see the ...... as a means to an end, and ..... as a end itself

answer

secondary group; primary group

question

group leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks

answer

instrumental leadership

question

group leadership that emphasizes collective well-bing

answer

expressive leadership

question

type of leadership style that takes charge of making decisions and makes sure people do what they are told

answer

authoritarian leadership

question

type of leader encourages everyone in a group to have a say in what happens

answer

democratic leader

question

type of leader downplays their own power, letting the group function more or less on its own

answer

laissez-faire leaders

question

"shock generator" showed

answer

people are surprisingly likely to follow the orders of not only real authority figures but also groups of ordinary individuals

question

Not an expression of groupthink

answer

the group seeks diverse members and ends up with being unable to reach consensus

question

social group that people use as a point of reference in making evaluations or decisions

answer

reference group

question

type of social group that command's a member's esteem and loyalty

answer

in-group

question

social group toward which a person feels competition or opposition

answer

out-group

question

triad

answer

social group with three members

question

social group open to any and all people as new members

answer

all of the above

question

typically true of a social network

answer

networks are fuzzy groups made up of people we know of rather than those we know well

question

formal organizations

answer

large secondary groups with goal orientation

question

maximum securtiy prison would be what organizations

answer

coercive organization

question

formal organization people join to obtain money and other material benefits

answer

utilitarian organization

question

not a trait of bureaucrazy

answer

favoring family members over strangers

question

all factors outside an organization that affect the organizations operation

answer

organizational environment

question

harmful effect of formal organizations

answer

organizations create alienation

question

keeping a bleeding patient waiting while filling out lots of paperwork is

answer

bureaucratic ritualism

question

tendency of bureaucratic organizations to keep themselves going

answer

bureaucratic inertia

question

iron law of oligarchy

answer

bureaucracy always means the few rule the many

question

idea behind scientific management

answer

applying scientific principles can make a business more efficient

question

mcdonaldization of society

answer

mcdonalds organization principles coming to dominate all of society

question

reason to study sexuality from the sociological perspective

answer

all of the above

question

biological distinction between males and females

answer

sex

question

deeper voices in males

answer

secondary sex characteristics

question

comparative research

answer

although sex has a biological foundation sexual practices vary from place to place as culture

question

importance of alfred kinseys research on sexuality

answer

showing that people were less conventional than most people thought

question

when was sexual counterrevolution

answer

1980

question

effect of sexual counterrevolution

answer

to encourage people to limit their numbers of sexual partners or, to abstain from sex entirely

question

research on attitudes towards premarital sex tells us

answer

the public is more accepting of premarital sex than it was a generation ago

question

....... of married men,........ of married women, remain faithful

answer

75; 90

question

little or no attraction to people of either sex

answer

asexuality

question

sexual orientation is rooted in

answer

human biology, although social experience plays some role

question

......of men.......of women in us claim that they have a homosexual identity

answer

2.8' 1.4

question

homophobia

answer

fear of close personal interaction with people thought to be gay, lesbian, or bi

question

people to oppose pornography argue that

answer

all of the above

question

prostitution is most common in

answer

poor nations where women have fewer economic opportunities

question

a reason not to view prostitution as simply a matter of personal choice involving adults

answer

all of the above

question

statement about rape not true

answer

in most cases of rape the victim does not know the attacker

question

widespread, false idea about rape

answer

women who are raped must have encouraged their attackers

question

society needs to regulate human sexuality

answer

structural-functional approach

question

the more global our view of sexuality

answer

the more variety we see in the meanings people attach to sexuality

question

norm stating that people remain virgins until marriage

answer

has become weaker

question

symbolic-interaction approach to sexuality topic

answer

how individuals in various settings engages in different sexual behavior and attach different meanings to sexual activity

question

not consistent with the social-conflict approach

answer

the process of reality construction is highly variable so that one groups views of sexuality may well differ from another

question

criticism of the social-conflict approach's view of sexuality

answer

all of the above

question

the recognized violation of cultural norms

answer

deviance

question

crime differs from deviance in that crime

answer

refers to a violation of norms enacted into law

question

biological approaches offer

answer

a very limited understanding of crime

question

value of psychological theories of deviance is limited because

answer

very few people experience an unsuccessful socialization

question

functions of deviance noted by emile durkheim

answer

all of the above

question

process of seeking conventional goals but rejecting the conventional means to achieve them

answer

innovation

question

low-paid, compulsively conforming bank teller who never seems to want to get ahead but never seems to do anything wrong

answer

ritualist

question

cloward and ohlin extended mertons theory of deviance stating that crime

answer

reflects both limited legitimate opportunity as well as accessible illegitimate opportunity

question

the code of the streets

answer

in jail or worse

question

labeling theory

answer

deviance arises not so much from what people do as how others respond to what they do

question

powerful and negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity

answer

stigma

question

medicalization of deviance

answer

all of the above

question

edwin sutherlands differential association theory links deviance to

answer

the amount of contact a person has with others who encourage or discourage conventional behavior

question

control theory suggests which of the following categories of people would be most likely to engage in deviance

answer

youngsters who hand out waiting for something to happen

question

what society labels as a deviant is based primarily on

answer

differences in power between various categories of people

question

crime committed by persons of high social position in the course of their occupations

answer

white-collar crime

question

illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf

answer

corporate crime

question

organized crime

answer

any business that supplies illegal goods or services

question

hate crime

answer

criminal act motivated by race or other bias

question

gender figures into the study of deviance because

answer

every society in the world applies stronger normative controls to females than to males

question

a crime is composed of which two components

answer

the act and criminal intent

question

criminal statistics gathered by federal bureau of investigation reflect

answer

offenses known to the police

question

the actual amount of crime in the us is about..... what official reports indicate

answer

three times greater than

question

men who represent about half the us population account for about........ of all the arrests for property crime

answer

67 percent

question

the us men account for about....... of all arrest for violent crime

answer

about 82 percent

question

factors that explain the high crime rate in the us

answer

our emphasis on individual economic success which weakens the social fabric

question

oldest justification for punishing an offender

answer

retribution

question

if a parent threatens a child with punishment in order to discourage wrongdoing the parent is using punishment to accomplish what

answer

deterrence

question

criminal recidivism

answer

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes

question

advantages of community-based corrections

answer

all of the above

question

social stratification

answer

gives some people more privileges and opportunities than others

question

not true about stratification

answer

a family's social standing typically changes a great deal from generation to generation

question

social stratification may involve differences in

answer

all of the above

question

person who moves from one occupation to another that provides about the same level of rewards

answer

horizontal social mobility

question

societies that have caste systems have economies that are

answer

agrarian

question

ending of apartheid in south africa has led to

answer

society becoming a meritocracy

question

the historical replacement of caste systems with class systems

answer

replaces one find of inequality with another

question

meritocracy refers to social stratification

answer

based entirely on personal merit

question

college professor with advanced degrees

answer

low status consistency

question

historical practice in england of passing property to only the first born male descendant

answer

the law of primogeniture

question

structural social mobility

answer

change in the social position of many people due to changes in society itself

question

accurately describes the peoples republic of china

answer

a new set of social classes is gradually emerging

question

compared to other high income nations the us has

answer

more social inequality

question

davis-moore thesis

answer

more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them

question

capitalism "reproduces the class structure"

answer

society operates so that class differences are carred from one generation to the next

question

work involving mostly mental activity

answer

white-collar work

question

social position is based on a person's

answer

all of the above

question

weber envisioned inequality in terms of

answer

a socioeconomic status hierarchy

question

common micro lever pattern involving social interaction

answer

people tend to socialize with others of about the same social position

question

laura wears an expensive dress to impress her friends

answer

conspicuous consumption

question

idea that social inequality benefits society is associated with

answer

structural-functional approach

question

idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with

answer

social-conflict approach

question

which society comes closest to being egalitarian

answer

hunting and gathering

question

income inequality is greatest in which of the following regions

answer

latin america

question

in the us economic inequality has been

answer

decreasing

question

us is middle class because

answer

we have no history of nobility, as in europe

question

earnings from work or any investment

answer

income

question

the richest 20 percent of the population ear about...... times as much as the poorest 20 percent

answer

12

question

total amount of financial assets minus any debts

answer

wealth

question

richest 5 percent of us families own about what percentage of privately owned property

answer

60

question

the wealthiest 1 percent of us fams controls about...... of the nations privately held wealth

answer

35

question

occupational prestige

answer

occupational rankings are much the same in all high income nations

question

about...... of the richest people in the us gained at least some of their fortune from inheritance

answer

two thirds

question

in 2007 about.......of us adults over the age of 25 were college graduates

answer

30

question

what factors affect social position in the us

answer

all of the above

question

in us median income for african american families is about..... as much as that for non hispanic white families

answer

57

question

40 to 50 of us population falls within

answer

middle class

question

contains the lease amount of racial and ethnic diversity

answer

the upper upper class

question

which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat

answer

working class

question

people of low class position

answer

all of the above

question

most likely to be liberal on a social issue

answer

rich, highly educated people

question

people of low social position are more liberal on.... issues and more conservative on...... issues

answer

economic; social

question

intergenerational social mobility refers to change in social position

answer

by children in relation to their parents

question

change in social position during a persons lifetime

answer

intragenerational social mobility

question

during the last twenty years which category of the us population has experienced the largest gains in average income

answer

the highest paid 20 percent

question

true about social mobility in the us

answer

all of the above

question

relative poverty

answer

is found everywhere

question

in 2007 what share of us was poor

answer

12.5

question

which age category has the highest poverty rate

answer

children

question

most poor people in the us are

answer

non hispanic whites

question

feminization of poverty

answer

women make up an increasing percentage of the poor

question

percentage of all poor families in the us headed by a single women

answer

51

question

in us an increasing percentage of the poor are

answer

single women and their children

question

the cause of poverty lies in

answer

too few available jobs

question

how many people in us were homeless for some time during 2005

answer

754,000 although the real number could be several times higher

question

true statement about homeless

answer

one third of all homeless people are entire familes

question

death of 52 workers in bangladeshi shows

answer

the loves of the worlds poor are far worst than many people in the us realize

question

the wealthiest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of all global income

answer

74

question

the poorest 20 percent of the global population receives about what percentage of global income

answer

2

question

high income countries that are 22 percent of the worlds population enjoy about how much of the worlds income

answer

80

question

in poor nations poverty is.... than in the us

answer

more widespread and severe

question

the majority of the worlds people live in

answer

middle income nations

question

in lowest income nations, half of all children born die by age

answer

10

question

about how many people suffer from chronic hunger

answer

1 billion

question

absolute poverty

answer

life threatening

question

region contains the largest percentage of the worlds street children

answer

latin america

question

of 1 billion poverty people how many are women

answer

70

question

type of slavery that refers to one person owning another

answer

chattel slavery

question

type of slavery consists of employers holding workers by paying them too little to cover their debts

answer

debt bondage

question

applying modernization theory to global poverty you might point to which of the following traits of low income nations

answer

all of the above

question

colonialism

answer

some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of others

question

global economy in which multinational corporations exploit people in low income nations

answer

neocolonialism

question

if you were applying modernization theory to the problem of global poverty you might expect rich nations to aid the economic development of poor nations by

answer

all of the above

question

some critics claim that modernization theory

answer

ignores how rich nations prevent the economic development of poor nations

question

dependency theory differs from modernization theory by

answer

explaining global inequality in terms of the exploitation of poor countries by rich countries

question

andre frank states that poor nations

answer

were underdeveloped or made poor by rich nations

question

while modernization theory focuses on..... dependency theory focuses on......

answer

all of the above

question

what nations are the core of the world economy

answer

high income nations

question

what did wollerstein not consider to be a cause of dependency

answer

lack of integration into the world economy

question

over the course of the last century the extent of global economic inequality has

answer

increased

question

global region that has made the greatest strides out of poverty

answer

asia

question

the sociological approaches to global poverty show us that poverty is

answer

all of the above

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