Sociology 1301 Final Exam – Flashcards

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Alienation
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A feeling of isolation and powerlessness that may affect workers in a bureaucracy.
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Bureaucracy
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A formal organization that is designed to accomplish goals and tasks through the efforts of a large number of people in the most efficient way possible.
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Formal Organization
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A complex and structured secondary group that was deliberately created to achieve specific goals in an efficient manner.
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Glass Ceiling
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A collection of attitudinal and organizational biases in the work place that prevent women from advancing to leadership positions.
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Groupthink
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A tendency of in- group members to conform without critically testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas, that result in a narrow view of an issue.
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Ideal Types
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General traits that describe a social phenomenon rather than every case.
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In- Groups
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Sets of people who share a sense of identity and "we-ness" that typically excludes and devalues outsiders.
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Iron Law of Oligarchy
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The tendency of a bureaucracy to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people.
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Out- Groups
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People who are treated and viewed negatively because they are seen as having values, beliefs, and other characteristics different from those of an in- group.
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Primary Group
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A relatively small group of people who engage in intimate face- to- face interaction over an extended period of time.
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Reference Group
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A collection of people who shape our behavior, values, and attitudes.
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Secondary Group
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A large, usually formal, impersonal, and temporary collection of people who pursue a specific goal or activity.
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Social Group
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Two or more people who interact with one another and who share a common identity and a sense of belonging or "we-ness."
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Social Institutions
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An organized and established social system that meets one or more of societies basic needs.
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Social Network
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A web of social ties that links individuals to others.
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Voluntary Association
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A formal organization created by people who share a common set of interests and who are not paid for their participation.
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Anomie
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The condition in which people are unsure of how to behave because of absent, conflicting, or confusing social norms.
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Corporate Crimes
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White- collar crimes committed by executives to benefit themselves and their companies. (AKA Organizational crimes)
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Crime
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A violation of societal norms and rules for which punishment is specified by public law.
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Crime Control Model
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An approach that holds that crime rates increase when offenders don't fear punishment.
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Criminal Justice System
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The government agencies- including police, courts, and prisons- that are charged with enforcing laws, passing judgement on offenders, and changing criminal behavior.
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Criminologists
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Researchers who use scientific methods to study the nature, extent, cause, and control of criminal behavior.
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Cybercrime
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White- collar crimes that are conducted online.
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Deviance
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Behavior that violates expected rules or norms.
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Differential Association
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People learning deviance through interaction, especially with significant others.
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Labeling Theory
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A perspective that holds that society's reaction to behavior is a major factor in defining oneself or others as deviant.
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Occupational Crime
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Crimes committed in the work place by individuals acting solely on their own personal interests.
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Organized Crime
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Activities of individuals and groups that supply illegal goods and services for profit.
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Primary Deviance
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The initial violation of a norm or law.
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Rehabilitation
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The social control approach that holds that appropriate treatment can change offenders into productive, law- abiding citizens.
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Sanctions
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Punishments or rewards for obeying or violating a norm.
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Secondary Deviance
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Rule breaking behavior that people adopt in response to the reaction of others.
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Social Control
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The techniques and strategies that regulate peoples behavior in society.
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Stigma
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A negative label that devalues a person and changed his or her self concept and social identity.
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Strain Theory
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The idea that people may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a conflict between goals and the means available to obtain those goals.
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Victim Survey
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A method of gathering data that involves interviewing people about their experiences as crime victims.
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Victimless Crimes
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Acts that violate laws but involve individuals that don't consider themselves as victims.
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White- Collar Crimes
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Illegal activities committed by high status individuals in the course of their occupation.
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Absolute Poverty
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Not having enough money to afford the most basic necessities of life.
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Bourgeoisie
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Those who own the means of production and can amass wealth and power.
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Closed Stratification System
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A system in which movement from one social position to another is limited by ascribed statuses such as one's sex, skin color, and family background.
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Conspicuous Consumption
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Lavish spending on goods and services to display one's social status and enhance one's prestige.
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Corporate Welfare
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An array of direct subsidies, tax breaks, and assistance that the government has created for businesses.
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Davis- Moore Thesis
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The functionalist view that social stratification has beneficial consequences for a society's operations.
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Feminization of Poverty
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The higher likelihood that female heads of households will be poor.
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Horizontal Mobility
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Moving from one position to another at the same class level.
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Intergenerational Mobility
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Moving up or down the class hierarchy relative to the position of one's parents.
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Intragenerational Mobility
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Moving up or down the class hierarchy over a lifetime.
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Life Chances
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The extent to which people have positive experiences and can secure the good things in life because they have economic resources.
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Meritocracy
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A belief that individuals are rewarded for what they do and how well rather than on the basis of their ascribed status.
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Open Stratification System
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A system that is based on an individuals achievement and allows movement up or down.
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Poverty Line
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The minimal level of income that the federal government considers necessary for basic subsistence.
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Power
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The ability of individuals or groups to achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over others despite opposition.
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Prestige
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Respect, recognition, and regard attached to social positions.
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Proletariat
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Workers who sell their labor for wages.
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Relative Poverty
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Not having enough money to maintain an average standard of living.
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Social Class
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A category of people who have a similar standing or rank in a society based on wealth, education, power, prestige, and other valued resources.
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Social Mobility
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A persons ability to move up or down the class hierarchy.
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Social Stratification
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The hierarchical ranking of people in a society who have different access to different resources, such as property, prestige, power, and status.
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Socioeconomic Status
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An overall ranking of a persons position in the class hierarchy based on income, education, and occupation.
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Underclass
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People who are persistently poor and seldom employed, segregated residentially, and relatively isolated from the rest of the population.
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Vertical Mobility
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Moving up or down the class hierarchy.
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Wealth
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The money and other economic assets that a person or family owns, including property and income.
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Working Class
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People who work at least 27 weeks a year but receive such low wages that they live in or near poverty.
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Abortion
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The expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus.
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Asexuals
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Those who lack any interest in or desire for sex.
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Bisexuals
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Those who are sexually attracted to members of both sexes.
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Gender
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Learned attitudes and behaviors that characterize people of one sex or the other.
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Gender Identity
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A perception of oneself as either masculine or feminine.
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Gender Pay Gap
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The overall income difference between women and men in the work place. (AKA the wage gap)
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Gender Roles
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The characteristics, attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that society expects of females and males.
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Gender Stereotype
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Expectations about how people will look, act, think, and feel based on their sex.
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Gender Stratification
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People's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources as a result of their sex.
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Heterosexism
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The belief that heterosexuality is superior to and more natural than homosexuality or bisexuality.
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Heterosexuals
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Those who are sexually attracted to people of the opposite sex.
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Homophobia
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The fear and hatred of homosexuality.
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Homosexuals
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Those who are sexually attracted to people of the same sex.
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Pornography
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The graphic depiction of images that cause sexual arousal.
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Sex
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The biological characteristics with which we are born.
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Sexism
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An attitude or behavior that discriminates against one sex, usually females based on the assumed superiority of the other sex.
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Sexual Harassment
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Any unwanted sexual advance, request for sexual favors, or other conduct of a sexual nature that makes a person uncomfortable and interferes with his or her work.
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Sexual Orientation
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A preference for sexual partners of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or of both sexes.
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Sexual Script
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Specifies the formal and informal norms for legitimate or unacceptable sexual activity, which individuals are eligible sexual partners, and the boundaries of sexual behavior.
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Transgendered people
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Those who are transexuals, intersexuals, or transvestites.
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Apartheid
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A formal system of racial segregation.
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Assimilation
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A process of conforming to the culture of the dominant group and intermarrying with that group.
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Contact Hypothesis
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The idea that the more people get to know members of a minority group personally, the less likely they are to be prejudice against that group.
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Discrimination
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Any act that treats a person unequally because of their group membership.
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Dominant Group
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Any physically or culturally distinctive group that has the most economic and political power, the greatest privileges and the highest social class.
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Ethnic Group
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A set of people who identify with a common national origin or cultural heritage that includes language, geographic routes, food, customs, traditions, and or religion.
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Ethnocentrism
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The belief that one's own culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others.
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Gendered Racism
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The combined and cumulative effects of inequality due to racism or sexism.
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Genocide
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The systematic effort to kill all members of a particular ethnic, religious, political, racial, or national group.
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Individual Discrimination
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Harmful action directed intentionally, on a one- to- one basis by a member of a dominant group against a minor of a minority group.
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Institutional Discrimination
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Unequal treatment and opportunities that members of a minority group experience as a result of the everyday operations of a society's law, rules, policies, practices, and customs.
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Internal Colonialism
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The unequal treatment and subordinate status of groups within a nation.
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Minority Group
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A group of people who may be subject to differential and unequal treatment because of their physical, cultural, or other characteristics, such as gender, sexual orientation, religion, ethnicity, or skin color.
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Miscegation
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Marriage or sexual relations between a man and a woman of different races.
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Pluralism
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Minority groups retain their culture but have equal social standing in a society.
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Prejudice
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An attitude, positive or negative, toward people because of their group membership.
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Race
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A group of people who share physical characteristics, such as skin color and facial features, that are passed on through reproduction.
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Racial- Ethnic Group
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A group of people who have both distinctive physical and cultural characteristics.
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Racism
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A set of beliefs that one's own racial group is naturally superior to other groups.
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Scapegoats
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Individuals or groups whom people blame for their own problems or short comings.
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Segregation
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The physical and social separation of dominant and minority groups.
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Stereotype
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An exaggerated generalization about a category of people.
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which the ownership of the means of production is in private hands.
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Conflict Theory
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An approach that examines the ways in which groups disagree, struggle over power, and compete for scarce resources.
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Division of Labor
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An interdependence of different tasks and occupations, characteristic of industrialized societies, that produce social unity and facilitate change.
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Dysfunctional
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Social patterns that have a negative impact on a group or society.
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Imperical
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Information that is based on observations, experiments, or experiences rather than on ideology, religion, or intuition.
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Feminist Theories
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Approaches that try to explain the social, economic, and political position of women in a society.
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Functionalism
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An approach that maintains that society is a complex system of interdependent parts that work together to ensure a societies survival.
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Interaction
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Action in which people take each other into account in their own behavior.
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Latent Functions
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Functions that are unintended and unrecognized; they are present but not immediately obvious.
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Macrosociology
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The study of large- scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole.
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Manifest Functions
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Functions that are intended and recognized; they are present and clearly evident.
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Microsociology
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The study of small scale patterns of individuals social interaction in specific settings.
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Social Facts
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Aspects of social life, external to the individual, that can be measured.
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Social Solidarity
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Social cohesiveness and harmony.
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Sociological Imagination
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The intersection between individual lives and larger social influences.
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Sociology
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The systematic study of social interaction at a variety of levels.
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Symbolic Interactionism
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A micro- level perspective that looks at individuals everyday behavior through the communication of knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes.
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Theory
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A set of statements that explains why a phenomenon occurs.
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Value Free
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Separating one's personal values, opinions, ideology, and beliefs from scientific research.
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Content Analysis
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Data collection method that systematically examines examples of some form of communication.
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Control Group
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The group of subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable.
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Deductive Reasoning
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Reasoning that begins with a theory, prediction, or general principle that is then tested through data collection.
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Dependent Variable
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The outcome, which may be affected by the independent variable.
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Evaluation Research
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Research that uses all of the standard data collection techniques to assess the effectiveness of social programs in both the public and private sectors.
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Experiment
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A carefully controlled artificial situation that allows researchers to manipulate variables and measure the effects.
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Exerimental Group
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The group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable.
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Field Research
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Data collection by systematically observing people in their natural surroundings.
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Hypothesis
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A statement of a relationship between two or more variables that researchers want to test.
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Independent Variable
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A characteristics that determines or has an effect on the dependent variable.
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Inductive Reasoning
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Reasoning that begins with a specific observation, followed by data collection and the development of a general conclusion or theory.
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Nonprobability Sample
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A sample for which little or no attempt is made to get a representative cross section of the population.
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Population
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Any well- defined group of people or things about whom researchers want to know something.
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Probability Sample
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A sample for which each person has an equal chance of being selected because the selection is random.
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Qualitative Research
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Research that examines nonnumerical material and interprets it.
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Quantitative Research
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Research that focuses on a numerical analysis of peoples responses or specific characteristics.
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Reliability
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The consistency with which the same measure produces similar results time after time.
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Sample
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A group of people or things that are representative of the population that researchers wish to study.
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Scientific Method
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The steps in the research process that include careful data collection, exact measurement, accurate recording and analysis of the findings, thoughtful interpretation of the results, and when appropriate, a generalization of the findings to a larger group.
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Secondary Analysis
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Examination of data that have been collected by someone else.
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Social Research
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Research that examines human behavior.
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Surveys
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A systematic method for collecting data from respondents including questionnaires, face- to- face or telephone interviews, or a combination of these.
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Validity
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The degree to which a measure is accurate and really measures what it claims to measure.
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Variable
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A characteristic that can change in value or magnitude under different conditions.
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Counterculture
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A group or category of people who deliberately oppose and reject some of the basic beliefs, values, and norms of the dominant culture.
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Cultural Imperialism
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The influence or domination of the cultural values and products of one's society over those of another.
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Cultural Integration
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The consistency of various aspects of a society, which promotes order and stability.
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Cultural Lag
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The gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture.
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Cultural Relativism
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The recognition that no culture is better than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards.
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Cultural Universals
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Customs and practices that are common to all societies.
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Culture
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The learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society.
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Culture Shock
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A sense of confusion or uncertainty that accompanies exposure to an unfamiliar way of life or environment.
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Folkways
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Norms that members of a society look upon as not being critical and may be broken without severe punishment.
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Ideal Culture
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The beliefs, values, and norms that people in a society say they hold or follow.
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Language
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A system of shared symbols that enables people to communicate with one another.
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Laws
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Formal rules about behavior that are defined by a political authority that has the power to punish violators.
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Mass Media
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Forms of communication designed to reach large numbers of people.
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Material Culture
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The tangible objects that members of a society make, use, and share.
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Mores
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Norms that members of a society consider very important because they maintain moral and ethical behavior.
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Multiculturalism
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The coexistence of several cultures in the same geographic area, without any one culture dominating another.
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Nonmaterial Culture
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The shared set of meaning that people in a society use to interpret and understand the world.
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Norms
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A society's specific rules concerning right and wrong behavior.
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Popular Culture
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The beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in everyday life.
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Real Culture
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The actual everyday behavior of people in a society.
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Society
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A group of people that has lived and worked together long enough to become an organized population and to think of themselves as a social unit.
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Subsulture
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A group or category of people whose distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from those of the larger society.
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Symbol
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Anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture.
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Values
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The standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, beautiful or ugly.
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Agents of Socialization
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The individuals, groups, or institutions that teach us what we need to know to participate effectively in society.
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Anticipatory Socialization
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The process of learning how to perform a role one does not yet occupy.
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Generalized Other
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A term used by George Herbert Mead to refer to people who do not have close ties to a child but who influence a child's interalization of society's norms and values.
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Impression Management
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The process of providing information and cues to others to present oneself in a favorable light while downplaying or concealing one's less appealing qualities.
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Interalization
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The process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we assume they are correct and accept them without question.
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Looking- Glass Self
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A self- image based on how we think others see us.
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Peer Group
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Any set of people who are similar in age, social status, and interests.
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Resocialization
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A process of unlearning old ways of doing things and adopting new attitudes, values, norms, and behavior.
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Role Taking
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Learning to take th perspective of others.
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Self
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An awareness of one's social identity.
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Significant Others
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The people who are important in one's life, such as parents or other primary caregivers and siblings.
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Social Learning Theories
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Approaches whose central notion is that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction, especially during childhood.
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Socialization
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The life long process of social interaction in which the individual acquires a social identity and ways of thinking, feeling, and acting that are essential for effective particpation in a society.
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Sociobiology
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A theoretical approach that applies biological principles to explain the behavior of animals, including human beings.
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Total Institutions
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Places where people are isolated from the rest of society, stripped of their former identities, and required to conform to new rules and behavior.
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Achieved Status
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A social position that a person attains through personal effort or assumes voluntarily.
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Ascribed Status
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A social position that a person is born into.
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Dramaturgical Analysis
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A technique that examines social interaction as if occuring on a stage where people play different roles and act out scenes for the audiences with whom they interact.
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Ethnomethodology
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The study of how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make everyday interactions possible.
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Master Status
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An ascribed or achieved status that determines a persons identity.
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Nonverbal Communication
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Messages that are sent without using words.
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Role
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The behavior expected of a person who has a particular status.
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Role Conflict
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The frusterations and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses.
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Role Performance
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The actual behavior of a person who occupies a status.
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Role Set
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The different roles attached to a single status.
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Role Strain
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The stress arising from incompatible demands among roles within a single status.
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Self- Fulfilling Prophecy
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A situation where if we define something as real and act upon it, it can, in face, become real.
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Social Exchange Theory
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The perspective whose fundamental premise is that any social interactio between two people is based on each person trying to maximize rewards and minimize punishments.
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Social Interaction
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The process by which we act toward and react to people around us.
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Social Structure
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An organized pattern of behavior that governs peoples relationships.
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Status
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A social position that a person occupies in a society.
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Status Inconsistency
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The conflict or tension that arises from occupying social positions that are ranked differently.
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Status Set
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A collection of social statuses that an individual occupies at a given time.
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Authoritarianism
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A political system in which the state controls the lives of citizens but generally permits some degree of individual freedom.
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Authority
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The legitimate use of power.
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Charismatic Authority
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Authority based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.
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Democracy
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A political system in which, ideally, citizens have control over the state and its actions.
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Government
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A formal organization that has the authority to make and enforce laws.
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Lobbyist
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A representative of a special- interest group who tries to influence political decisions on the groups behalf.
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Monarchy
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A political system in which power is allocated solely on the basis of heredity and passed from generation to generation.
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Political Action Committee (PAC)
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A special- interest group set up to raise money to elect a candidate to public office.
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Political Party
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An organization that tries to influence and control government by recruiting, nominating, and electing its members to public office.
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Politics
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A social process through which individuals and groups acquire an exercise power and authority.
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Power Elite
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A small group of influencing people who make a nations major political decisions.
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Rational- Legal Authority
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Authority based on the belief that laws and appointed or elected political leaders are legitimate.
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Special- Interest Group
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A voluntary and organized association of people that attempts to influence public policy and policy makers on a particular issue.
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Totalitarianism
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A policital system in which the government controls every aspect of peoples lives.
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Traditional Authority
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Authority based on customs that justify the position of the ruler.
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Communism
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A political and economic system in which all members of a society are equal.
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Conglomerate
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A giant corporation that owns a collection of companies in different industries.
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Contingent Workers
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People who don't expect their jobs to last or who say that their jobs are temporary.
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Corporation
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A social entity that has legal rights, privileges, and liabilities apart from those of its members.
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Deindustrialization
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A process of social and economic change due to the reduction of industrial activity, especially manufactoring.
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Discouraged Workers
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Unemployed people who want a job and have looked for work in the proceeding year but have not searched in the past 4 weeks because they have given up.
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Downsizing
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A euphemism for firing large numbers of employees at once.
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Economy
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A social insitution that determines how a society produces, distributes, and conosumes goods and services.
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Globalization
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The growth and spread of investment, trade, production, communication, and new technology around the world.
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Interlocking Directorate
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A situation in which the same people serve on the boards of directors of several companies or corporations.
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Monopoly
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Domination of a particular market or industry by one person or company.
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Offshoring
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Sending work or jobs to another country to cut a company's costs at home.
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Oligopoly
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A market dominated by a few large producers or suppliers.
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Socialism
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An economic and political system based on the principle of the public ownership of the production of goods and services.
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Transnational Conglomerate
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A corporation that owns a collection of different companies in various industries in a number of countries.
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Transnational Corporation
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A large company that is based in one country but operates across international boundaries.
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Underemployed
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People who have part- time jobs but want full- time work or whose jobs are below their experience and education level.
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Work
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Physical or mental activity that accomplished or produces something, either goods or services.
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Activity Theory
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Proposes that many older people remain engaged in numerous roles and activities, including work.
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Ageism
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Discrimination against older people.
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Boomerang Generation
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Young adults who have moved back into their parents home after living independently for a while or who never leave it in the first place.
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Child Maltreatment
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A wide range of behaviors that place a child at serious risk, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, and emotional mistreatment.
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Cohabitation
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An arrangement in which two unrelated people are not married but live together and have a sexual relationship.
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Continuity Theory
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Posits that older adults can substitute satisfying new roles for those they've lost.
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Divorce
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The legal dissolution of a marriage.
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Dual- Earner Couples
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Both partners are employed outside the home.
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Egalitarian Family System
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Both partners share power and authority fairly equally.
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Elder Abuse
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Any knowing, intentional, or negligent act by a caregiver or any other person that causes harm to people aged 65 or older.
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Endogamy
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The practice of selecting mates from within one's group.
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Exogamy
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The practice of selecting mates from outside one's group.
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Extended Family
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A family consisting of parents and children as well as other kin, such as uncles and aunts, nieces and nephews, cousins, and grandparents.
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Family
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An intimate group consisting of two or more people who: 1) live together in a committed relationship, 2) care for one another and any children, 3) share close emotional ties and functions.
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Fictive Kin
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Nonrelatives who are accepted as part of an African American family.
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Gerontologists
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Scientists who study the biological, phychological, and social aspects of aging.
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Incest Taboo
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Cultural norms and laws that forbid sexual intercourse between close blood relatives, such as brothers and sisters, father and daughter, or uncle and niece.
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Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)
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Abuse that occurs between two people in a close relationship.
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Life expectency
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The average length of time people of the same age will live.
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Marriage
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A socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring.
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Marriage Market
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A process in which prospective spouses compare the assets and liabilities of eligible partners and choose the best available mate.
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Matriarchal Family System
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The oldest females control culture, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over males.
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Matrilocal Residence Pattern
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Newly married couples live with the wifes family.
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Monogamy
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One person is married exclusively to another person.
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Neolocal Residence Pattern
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Each newly married couple sets up its own residence.
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No- Fault Divorce
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State laws the do not require either partner to establish guilt or wrongdoing on the part of the other to ge a divorce.
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Nuclear Family
answer
A form of family consisting of married parents and their biological or adopted children.
question
Patriarchal Family System
answer
The oldest men control culture, political, and economic resources and, consequently, have power over females.
question
Patrialocal Residence Pattern
answer
Newly married couples live with the husbands family.
question
Polygamy
answer
A marriage in which a man or woman has two or more spouses.
question
Sandwich Generation
answer
People in middle generations who care for their own children as well as their aging parents.
question
Serial Monogamy
answer
Individuals marry several people, but one at a time.
question
Step Family
answer
A household in which two adults are married or living together and at least one of them has a child.
question
Charter Schools
answer
Self- governing public schools that have signed an agreement with their state government to improve students education.
question
Credentialism
answer
An emphasis on certificates or degrees to show that people have certain skills, education attainment levels, or job qualifications.
question
Education
answer
A social institution that transmitts attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, values, norms, and skills to its members through formal, systematic training.
question
Hidden Curriculum
answer
School practices that transmit nonacademic knowledge, values, attitudes, norms, and beliefs which legitimize economic inequality and fill unequal work roles.
question
Home Schooling
answer
Teaching children in the home as an alternative to enrolling them in a public or private elementary, middle, or high school.
question
Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
answer
An index of an individuals performance on a standardized test relative to the performance level of others of the same age.
question
Magnet School
answer
A public school that is typically small and offers students a distinctive program and specialized curriculum in a particular area, such as business, science, the arts, or technology.
question
Schooling
answer
Formal training and instruction provided in a classroom setting.
question
Tracking
answer
Assigning students to specific educational programs and classes based on the basis of test scores, previous grades, or perceived ability.
question
Vouchers
answer
Public funded payments that parents can apply toward tuition or fees at a public or private school of their choice.
question
Charismatic Leader
answer
A religious leader whom followers see as having exeptional or superhuman powers and qualities.
question
Church
answer
A large established religious group that has strong ties to mainstream society.
question
Civil Religion
answer
Practices in which citizenship takes on religious aspects.
question
Cult
answer
A religious group that is devoted to beliefs and practices that are outside of those accepted in mainstream society.
question
Denomination
answer
A subgroup within a religion that shares its name and traditions and is generally on good terms with the main group.
question
False Consciousness
answer
An acceptance of a system that prevents people from protesting oppression.
question
Fundamentalism
answer
The belief in the literal meaning of a sacred text.
question
New Religious Movement (NRM)
answer
Term used in instead of cult by most sociologists.
question
Profane
answer
Anything that is not related to religion.
question
Protestant Ethic
answer
A belief that hard work, diligence, self- denial, frugality, and economic success will lead to salvation in the afterlife.
question
Religion
answer
A social institution that involves shared beliefs, values, and practices based on the supernatural and unites believes into a community.
question
Religiosity
answer
The ways people demonstrate their religious beliefs.
question
Ritual
answer
A formal and repeated behavior in which the members of a group regularly engage.
question
Sacred
answer
Anything that people see as mysterious, awe- inspiring, extraordinary and powerful, holy, and not part of the natural world.
question
Sect
answer
A religious group that has broken away from an established religion.
question
Secular
answer
The term sociologists use instead of profane to charcterize worldly rather than spiritual things.
question
Secularization
answer
A process of removing institutions such as education and government from the dominance or influence of religion.
question
The causes of the US Civil War include:
answer
all of these: simultaneous existence of both democracy and slavery as allowed by the US Constitution of 1787, efforts to expand both Northern and Southern economies to the west, and states' rights.
question
The first state to secede from the Union was
answer
South Carolina
question
Fort Sumter was
answer
a federal garrison in the South
question
The First battle of Manassas
answer
is also known as the First Bull Run and was won by the South (confederates).
question
General McDowell
answer
was with the North (Union).
question
Major technological means that assisted the winning side of the First Bull Run was
answer
the railroad
question
The mechanical cotton gin
answer
both b and c: separates the seeds, hulls and foreign material from cotton and also led to greater cotton production and need for more slaves in the south.
question
Social stratification
answer
both a and b: is a process that involves competition and conflict over the means of production and also is a system of rewards and incentives to encourage efforts to achieve high positions and levels in society.
question
According to pluralist theory
answer
both b and d: power is more or less evenly distributed among all the various groups and conflicts among the groups are resolved through negotiation and compromise.
question
Elite theory
answer
both b and c: claims existence of a power elite consisting of the top leaders in business, politics, and the military and also points out that private preparatory schools transmit elite status from generation to generation.
question
Over a 60-year period since 1945, two of the top five countries with the highest average voter participation are
answer
Italy and South Africa
question
President Lincoln was alarmed by the outcome of the initial battle at Fort Sumter, whereupon he immediately issued orders on April 15, 1861 to recruit
answer
75,000 troops
question
The confederacy was formed as a separate nation in February 1861 with its own constitution, and who was elected as its president?
answer
Jefferson Davis
question
General purposes or functions of meso-level economic and political institutions include:
answer
both a and b: to maintain social control and to protect its citizens.
question
The sociological perspective in the purposes and functions of meso-level economic and political institutions is
answer
structural functionalist
question
Sociological Perspective
answer
as seeing the general in the particular
question
Positivism
answer
a way of understanding based on science
question
Theory
answer
a statement of how and why specific facts are related
question
Theoretical Approach
answer
a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
question
Structural-Functional Approach
answer
a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
question
Social Structure
answer
any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
question
Social Functions
answer
the consequences of any social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
question
Manifest Functions
answer
recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern
question
Latent Functions
answer
unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
question
Social Dysfunction
answer
any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
question
Social- Conflict Approach
answer
a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
question
Gender- Conflict Approach
answer
a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women
question
Feminism
answer
support of social equality for women and men
question
Race-Conflict Approach
answer
a point of view that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different racial ethnic categories
question
Macro-level Orientation
answer
a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
question
Micro-level Orientation
answer
a close-up focus on social interaction in specific situations
question
Symbolic Interaction Approach
answer
framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
question
Science
answer
a logical system that bases knowledge on direct, systematic observation
question
Empirical Evidence
answer
information we can verify with our senses
question
Scientific Sociology
answer
the study of society based on systematic observation of social behavior
question
Variable
answer
a concept whose value changes from case to case
question
Measurement
answer
procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
question
Operationalize a Variable
answer
specifying exactly what is to be measured before assigning a value to a variable
question
Reliability
answer
consistency in measurement
question
Validity
answer
actually measuring what you intended to measure
question
Cause and Effect
answer
a relationship in which change in one variable causes change in another
question
Independent Variable
answer
variable that causes change
question
Dependent Variable
answer
variable that changes
question
Correlation
answer
relationship in which two or more variables change together
question
Control
answer
holding constant all variables except one in order to clearly see the effect of that variable
question
Replication
answer
repetition of research by other investigators
question
Critical Sociology
answer
the study of society that focuses on the need for social change
question
Gender
answer
the personal trait and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
question
Androcentricity
answer
male perspective
question
Overgeneralizing
answer
when researchers draw data from people of only one sex to support conclusions
question
Gender Blindness
answer
failing to consider the variable of gender at all
question
Double Standards
answer
when researches must be careful not to distort what they study by judging men and women differently
question
Interference
answer
if the subject reacts to the sex of the researcher, interfering with the research operation
question
Research Method
answer
systematic plan for doing research
question
Experiment
answer
a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
question
Hypothesis
answer
a statement of a possible relationship between two or more variables
question
Hawthorne Effect
answer
a change in a subjects behavior caused by awareness of being studied
question
Survey
answer
research method in which subjects respond to a series of statements or questions in a questionnaire or an interview
question
Population
answer
people who are the focus of research
question
Sample
answer
part of a population that represents the whole
question
Interview
answer
series of questions a researcher asks a respondent in person
question
Participant Observation
answer
a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
question
Inductive Logical Thought
answer
reasoning that transforms specific observations into general theory
question
Deductive Logical Thought
answer
reasoning that transforms general theory into specific hypotheses suitable for testing
question
Culture
answer
the ways of thinking, acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life
question
Nomenclature Culture
answer
ideas created by members of a society
question
Material Culture
answer
physical things created by members of a society
question
Culture Shock
answer
personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
question
Language
answer
system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
question
Cultural Transmission
answer
process by which one generation passes culture to the next
question
Sapir- Whorf Theisis
answer
states that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
question
Values
answer
culturally defined standards tha people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living
question
Beliefs
answer
specific thoughts or ideas that people hold to be true
question
Norms
answer
rules and expectations by which a society guides a behavior of its members
question
Folkways
answer
norms for routine or casual interaction
question
Social Control
answer
attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior
question
Technology
answer
knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
question
Mores
answer
norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
question
High Culture
answer
cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
question
Popular Culture
answer
cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
question
Subculture
answer
cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's populationcultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
question
Multiculturalism
answer
an educational program recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting the equality of all cultural traditions
question
Eurocentrism
answer
the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
question
Afrocentrism
answer
the dominance of African cultural patterns
question
Counterculture
answer
cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
question
Cultural Integration
answer
the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system
question
Cultural Lag
answer
refers to the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system
question
Ethnocentrism
answer
the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
question
Cultural Relativism
answer
the practice of evaluating a culture by its own standards
question
Cultural Universals
answer
traits that are part of every known culture
question
Sociobiology
answer
a theoretical paradigm that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture
question
Family
answer
a social instrument found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to oversee the bearing and raising of children
question
Kinship
answer
a social bond based on blood, marriage, or adoption
question
Marriage
answer
a legally sanctioned relationship, usually involving economic cooperation as well as sexual activity and childbearing, that people expect to be enduring
question
Consanguine Family
answer
a family unit that includes parents and children as well as other kin
question
Conjugal Family
answer
a family unit composed of one or two parents and their children
question
Endogamy
answer
marriage between people of the same social category
question
Exogamy
answer
marriage between people of different social categories
question
Monogamy
answer
marriage that unites two partners
question
Polygamy
answer
marriage that unites three or more peopl
question
Polygyny
answer
marriage that unites one man and two or more women
question
Polyandry
answer
marriage that unites one woman and two or more men
question
Patrilocality
answer
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the husband's family
question
Matrilocality
answer
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives with or near the wife's family
question
Neolocality
answer
a residential pattern in which a married couple lives apart from both sets of parents
question
Descent
answer
the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
question
Patrilineal Descent
answer
a system tracing kinship through men
question
Matrilineal Descent
answer
a system tracing kinship through women
question
Bilateral Descent
answer
a system tracing kinship through both men and women
question
Incest Taboo
answer
a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
question
Homogamy
answer
marriage between people with the same social characteristics
question
Infidelity
answer
sexual activity outside marriage
question
Family Violence
answer
emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another
question
Cohabitation
answer
the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
question
Karl Marx
answer
person who is a capitalist who fought for the rights of workers "the only reason business' prosper are because of the workers, and they often don't realize they are worth more"
question
Emile Durkheim
answer
person who explained the differences in terms of social integration and the rates of suicide between men and women
question
W.E.D DuBois
answer
person who solved parameters of social inequality
question
Philip Zimbardo
answer
known for experiment in the "Stanford County Prison" - found that even normal people can be prone to violence in specific settings
question
August Comte
answer
person who coined the term sociology to describe a new way of looking at society
question
August Comte
answer
person who's approach is called POSITIVISM - a way of understanding based on science
question
Herbert Spencer
answer
person who compared society to the human body
question
Robert K. Merton
answer
person who distinguished between manifest and latent functions
question
Jane Addams
answer
person who ran the women's hull house
question
Ida Wells Barnett
answer
woman who campaigned tirelessly for racial equality
question
Max Weber
answer
a German sociologist who emphasized the need to understand a setting from the point of view of people in it
question
Herbert Mead
answer
person who explored how our personalities develop as a result of social experience
question
foundations
answer
appreciating forces that shape you, your choices, and lifestyle
question
seeing the strange in the familiar
answer
what you take for granted and how its familiar to you but realize how strange it is to others
question
sociological perspective
answer
way of looking at and seeing out interpreting something- particular way of seeing something
question
metaphysical
answer
saw society as a natural rather than supernatural system
question
global perspective
answer
study of the larger world and our society's place in it
question
harriet marteneau
answer
first woman sociologist
question
oscar wilde
answer
said "truth is rarely simple and never simple"
question
statistical measure
answer
"average" for a large number of people
question
concept
answer
mental construct that represents some part of the world
question
proscription
answer
what people should not do
question
prescription
answer
what people should do
question
sanctions
answer
positive or negative and are used to keep the control
question
ideal culture
answer
what we want
question
real culture
answer
occurs in everyday life
question
key values of US culture
answer
equal opportunity, achievement & success, material comfort, activity & work, practicality & efficiency, progress, science, democracy & free enterprise, freedom, racism & group superiority
question
Harry & Margaret Harlow
answer
conducted monkey experiment- study power and isolation and potential
question
nature
answer
heredity
question
nurture
answer
social environment
question
Solomon Asche
answer
sociologist who conducted the visual perception test (group conformity)
question
Stanley Milgram
answer
student of Solomon- study of how punishment affects learning- electric chair and shock
question
fuzzy group
answer
come into occasional contact but lack a sense of boundaries and belonging
question
3 key words for power and control
answer
minimizes, denies, blames
question
battered woman syndrome
answer
form of abuse done to woman by her husband or any other man- economic, emotional, physical, or sexual
question
19-26 years old
answer
what are the ages for most targeted woman of abusers?
question
3 roles of the future
answer
full time worker, full time caretaker in house, primary caretaker of aging parents
question
battered child syndrome
answer
when parents have life and death rights over children and could dispose of them at will -- condition in young children who have received significant physical abuse ( parent or foster parent) -- sexual, emotional, social deprivation, absence of love
question
4 causes of child abuse
answer
1. both parents are deprived individuals 2. see baby as demanding/ unattractive/ spoiled/ not living up to standards 3. loss of job/ unwanted pregnancy/ prolonged crying has developed 4. no lifeline or rescue operation
question
4 ways to remedy child abuse
answer
lay therapists, families anonymous, crisis nursery, therapeutic day care center
question
lay therapists
answer
"mother" & "lifeline" -- someone who had a good raised childhood
question
Families Anonymous
answer
not alone and could derive a great deal of help from one another
question
crisis nursery
answer
when a child can be quickly removed from situation to place of safety
question
therapeutic day care center
answer
abusive parents can see kids play with other kids and interchange feelings
question
social cohesion
answer
keeps social groups together
question
functions of religion
answer
social cohesion, social control, providing meaning and purpose
question
functions of the family
answer
1) socialization 2) regulation of sexual activity 3) social placement 4) material and emotional security
question
Sociological perspective
answer
understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context
question
society
answer
a community of people who share a common culture
question
social location
answer
the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society
question
science
answer
the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environments
question
social sciences
answer
the intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations
question
generalization
answer
a statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation
question
scientific method
answer
the use of objective, systematic observations to test theories
question
positivism
answer
the application of the scientific approach to the social world
question
Herbert Spencer
answer
"Survival of the fittest"; Social Darwinism between societies and cultures
question
Karl Marx
answer
believed people should change society through revolution; society is made up of 2 classes: bourgeoisie and poletariat
question
class conflict
answer
Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers
question
Bourgeoisie
answer
Marx's term for the capitalists, those who own the means of production
question
Proletariat
answer
Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production
question
Emile Durkheim
answer
goal was to get sociology recognized as a separate discipline and show how social forces affect people's behavior; used suicide research to realize that social factors are underlying for behaviors; human behaviors cannot be understood only in terms of the individual, must exam the social factor's that affect people's lives
question
Social integration
answer
the degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds; social cohesion
question
Max Weber
answer
German sociologist that regarded the development of rational social orders as humanity's greatest achievement. Saw bureaucratization (the process whereby labor is divided into an organized community and individuals acquire a sense of personal identity by finding roles for themselves in large systems) as the driving force in modern society.
question
value free
answer
the view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research
question
values
answer
beliefs about what is good or desirable in life and the way the world ought to be
question
objectivity
answer
value neutrality in research
question
replication
answer
the repetition of a study in order to test its findings
question
Verstehen
answer
a German word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as "to have an insight into someone's situation"
question
social facts
answer
Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior
question
basic (pure) sociology
answer
sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups
question
applied sociology
answer
the use of sociology to solve problems—from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of global pollution
question
theory
answer
a statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another
question
symbolic interactionism
answer
a theoretical perspective in which society is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another
question
functional analysis
answer
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equilibrium (functionalism/ structured functionalism)
question
functions
answer
beneficial consequences of people's actions
question
dysfunctions
answer
consequences that harm a society
question
conflict theory
answer
a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources founded by Marx
question
Macro-level analysis
answer
an examination of large-scale patterns of society
question
micro-level analysis
answer
an examination of small-scale patterns of society
question
social interaction
answer
what people do when they are in one another's presence
question
nonverbal interaction
answer
communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on
question
public sociology
answer
sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective guiding politicians and policy makers
question
globalization
answer
the extensive interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism
question
globalization of capitalism
answer
capitalism becoming the globe's dominant economic system
question
research model
answer
1] select a topic 2] define the problem 3] review the literature 4] formulate the hypothesis 5] choose a reasearch method 6] collect the data 7] analyze the results 8] share the results ->stimulates more ideas for search ->generates hypotheses ->back to 1
question
hypothesis
answer
a statement of how variables are expected to be related to one another, often according to predictions from a theory
question
variable
answer
a factor thought to be significant for human behavior which can vary from one case to another
question
operational definitions
answer
the way in which a researcher measures a variable
question
research method
answer
one of seven procedures that sociologists use to collect data: surveys, participant observation, case studies, secondary analysis, documents, experiments, and unobtrusive measures
question
validity
answer
the extent to which an operational definition measures what it is intended to measure
question
reliability
answer
the extent to which research produces consistent or dependable results
question
replication
answer
the repetition of a study in order to test its findings
question
survey
answer
the collection of data by having people answer a series of questions
question
population
answer
a target group to be studied
question
sample
answer
the individuals intended to represent the population to be studied
question
random sample
answer
a sample in which everyone in the target population has the same chance of being included in the study
question
stratified random sample
answer
a sample from selected subgroups of the target population in which everyone in those subgroups has an equal chance of being included in the research
question
respondents
answer
people who respond to a survey, either in interviews or by self-administered questionnaires
question
questionnaires
answer
a list of questions to be asked of respondents
question
self-administered questionnaires
answer
questionnaires that respondents fill out
question
interview
answer
direct questioning of respondents
question
interviewer bias
answer
effects that interviewers have on respondents that lead to biased answers
question
structured interviews
answer
interviews that use closed-ended questions
question
closed-ended questions
answer
questions that are followed by a list of possible answers to be selected by the respondent
question
unstructured interviews
answer
interviews that use open-ended questions
question
open-ended questions
answer
questions that respondents answer in their own words
question
rapport
answer
a feeling of trust between researchers and the people they are studying
question
participant observation (fieldwork)
answer
research in which the researcher participates in a research setting while observing what is happening in that setting
question
generalizability
answer
the extent to which the findings from one group can be generalized or applied to other groups
question
case study
answer
an analysis of a single event, situation, or individual
question
secondary analysis
answer
the analysis of data that have been collected by other researchers
question
documents
answer
in its narrow sense, written sources that provide data; in its extended sense, archival material of any sort, including photos, movies, CDs, etc.
question
experiments
answer
the use of control and experimental groups and dependent and independent variables to test causation
question
experimental group
answer
the group of subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable
question
control group
answer
the subjects in an experiment who are not exposed to the independent variable
question
independent variable
answer
a factor that causes a change in another variable, called the dependent variable
question
dependent variable
answer
a factor in an experiment that is changed by an independent variable
question
unobtrusive measures
answer
ways of observing people so they do not know they are being studied
question
aggregate
answer
consists of individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together
question
category
answer
people who have similar characteristics
question
primary group
answer
a group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation
question
secondary group
answer
compared with a primary group, a larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, formal, and impersonal group based on some interest or activity
question
in-groups
answer
groups toward which people feel loyalty
question
out-groups
answer
groups toward which people feel antagonism
question
reference group
answer
a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves
question
social network
answer
the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together
question
clique
answer
a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another
question
electronic community
answer
individuals who regularly interact with one another on the Internet and who think of themselves as belonging together
question
group dynamics
answer
the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals
question
small group
answer
a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members
question
dyad
answer
the smallest possible group, consisting of two persons
question
triad
answer
a group of three people
question
coalition
answer
the alignment of some members of a group against others
question
instrumental leader
answer
an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; task-oriented leader
question
expressive leader
answer
an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group; socioemotional leader
question
leadership styles
answer
ways in which people express their leadership
question
authoritarian leader
answer
an individual who leads by giving orders
question
democratic leader
answer
an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus
question
laissex-faire leader
answer
an individual who leads by being highly permissive
question
rationality
answer
using rules, efficiency, and practical results to determine human affairs
question
traditional society
answer
a society in which the past is thought to be the best guide for the present; characterizes tribal, peasant, and feudal societies
question
rationalization of society
answer
a widespread acceptance of rationality and social organizations that are built largely around this idea
question
capitalism
answer
the economic system characterized by the private ownership of the means of production, the pursuit of profit, and market competition
question
formal organization
answer
a secondary group designed to achieve explicit objectives
question
bureaucracies
answer
a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records
question
mcdonaldization of society
answer
the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation
question
bureaucratic alienation
answer
Marx's term for worker's lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by their being assigned repetitive tasks on a small part of a product, which leads to a sense of powerlessness and normlessness
question
peter principle
answer
a tongue-in-cheek observation that the member of an organization are promoted for their accomplishments until they reach their level of incompetence; there they cease to be promoted, remaining at the level at which they can no longer do good work
question
goal displacement
answer
an organization replacing old goals with new ones; goal replacement
question
voluntary association
answer
a group made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; voluntary memberships
question
the iron law of oligarchy
answer
Robert Michels' term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite
question
social environment
answer
the entire human environment, including direct contact with others
question
feral children
answer
children assumed to have been raised by animals, in the wilderness, isolated from humans
question
socialization
answer
the process by which people learn the characteristics of their group—the knowledge, skills, attitudes, values, norms, and actions thought appropriate for them
question
self
answer
the unique human capacity of being able to see ourselves "from the outside"; the views we internalize of how others see us
question
looking-glass self
answer
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us o 1. We imagine how we appear to those around us o 2. We interpret others' reactions o 3. We develop a self-concept
question
taking the role of the other
answer
putting oneself in someone else's shoes; understanding how someone else feels and thinks and thus anticipating how that person will act
question
significant others
answer
an individual who significantly influences someone else's life
question
generalized other
answer
the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of people "in general"; the child's ability to take the role of the generalized other is a significant step in the development of a self
question
Piaget and Development of Reasoning
answer
• 1. Sensorimotor stage—(birth to 2)—direct contact (touching, sucking, listening and looking) • 2. Preoperational stage—(2-7)—develop the ability to use symbols • 3. Concrete operational stage—(7-12)—reasoning abilities are developed and concrete • 4. Formal operational stage—(12+)—abstract thinking
question
id
answer
Freud's term for our inborn basic drives
question
ego
answer
Freud's term for a balancing force between the id and the demands of society
question
superego
answer
Freud's term for the conscience; the internalized norms and values of our social groups
question
Kohlberg and Development of Morality
answer
Children begin in amoral stage and continue to the preconventional, conventional, and postconventional stages
question
gender
answer
the behaviors and attitudes that a society considers proper for its males and females
question
gender socialization
answer
the ways in which society sets children on different paths in life because they are male or female
question
peer group
answer
a group of individuals of roughly the same age who are linked by common interests
question
mass media
answer
forms of communication, such as radio, newspapers, television, and blogs that are directed to mass audiences
question
gender roles
answer
the behaviors and attitudes expected of people because they are female or male
question
social inequality
answer
a social condition in which privileges and obligations are given to some but denied by others
question
agents of socialization
answer
individuals or groups that affect our self-concept, attitudes, behaviors or other orientations towards life
question
manifest functions
answer
the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions
question
latent functions
answer
unintended beneficial consequences of people's actions
question
anticipatory socialization
answer
the process of learning in advance an anticipated future role or status
question
social structure
answer
the framework that surrounds us, consisting of relationships of people and groups to one another, which gives direction to and sets limits on behavior
question
social class
answer
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property power and prestige
question
status
answer
the position that someone occupies in a social group
question
status set
answer
all of the statuses or positions that an individual occupies
question
ascribed status
answer
a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life
question
achieved status
answer
a position that is earned, accomplished, or involves at least some effort or activity on the individual's part
question
status symbols
answer
items used to identify a status (ex. Wedding rings)
question
master status
answer
a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies (ex. Gender, race)
question
status inconsistency
answer
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others, also called status discrepancy
question
role
answer
the behaviors, obligations, and privileges attached to a status
question
group
answer
people who have something in common and who believe that what they have in common is significant; also called social group
question
social institution
answer
the organized, usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs
question
social integration
answer
the degree to which members of a group or society feel united by shared values and other social bonds
question
mechanical solidarity
answer
Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks
question
division of labor
answer
the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties
question
organic solidarity
answer
Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; people depending on others to fulfill their jobs
question
Gemeinschaft
answer
a type of society in which life is intimate; a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness
question
Gesellschaft
answer
a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relationships, individual accomplishments, and self-interest
question
culture
answer
the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next
question
material culture
answer
the material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, and jewelry
question
nonmaterial culture
answer
a group's ways of thinking and doing
question
patterns
answer
recurring characteristics or events
question
culture shock
answer
the disorientation that people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life
question
ethnocentrism
answer
the use of one's own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their lives, norms, and behaviors
question
cultural relativism
answer
not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms
question
symbolic culture
answer
another term for nonmaterial culture
question
symbol
answer
something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others
question
gestures
answer
the ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another
question
language
answer
symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways for the purpose of communicating abstract thought
question
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
answer
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving; Language has embedded within it ways of looking at the world
question
values
answer
the standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly
question
norms
answer
expectations, or rules of behavior that reflect and enforce behavior
question
sanctions
answer
either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them
question
positive sanction
answer
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward
question
negative sanction
answer
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reactions such as a frown to a formal reactions such as a prison sentence or an execution
question
folkways
answer
norms that are not strictly enforced
question
mores
answer
norms that are strictly enforced because they are though essential to core values or to the well-being of the group
question
taboo
answer
a norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions and even revulsion if someone violates it
question
subculture
answer
the values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world
question
counterculture
answer
a group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its member in opposition to the broader culture
question
pluralistic society
answer
a society made up of many different groups, with contrasting values and orientations to life
question
value cluster
answer
values that together form a larger whole
question
value contradiction
answer
values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come in conflict with the other
question
ideal culture
answer
a people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them
question
real culture
answer
the norms and values that people actually follow
question
cultural universals
answer
a value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group
question
technology
answer
in its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to make and use those tools
question
new technology
answer
the emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life
question
cultural lag
answer
Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations
question
cultural diffusion
answer
the spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial culture traits
question
cultural leveling
answer
the process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations
question
deviance
answer
the violation of norms (or rules or expectations); It is not the act itself, but the reactions to the act, that make something deviant
question
crime
answer
the violation of norms written into law
question
stigma
answer
"blemishes" that dis-credit a person's claim to a "normal" identity
question
social order
answer
a group's usual and customary social arrangements, on which its members depend and on which they base their lives
question
social control
answer
a group's formal and informal means of enforcing its norms
question
negative sanction
answer
an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or execution
question
positive sanction
answer
a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material award
question
genetic predisposition
answer
inborn tendencies
question
street crime
answer
crimes such as muggings, rape and burglary
question
personality disorders
answer
the view that a personality disturbance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms
question
differential association
answer
Edwin Sutherland's term to indicate that people who associate with some group's learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant
question
control theory
answer
the idea that two control systems—inner controls and outer controls—work against our tendencies to deviate
question
inner controls
answer
internalized morality; stronger our bonds (attachments, commitments, involvements and beliefs), the more effective our inner controls
question
outer controls
answer
people who influence us not to deviate
question
degradation ceremony
answer
a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to reshape someone's self by stripping away that individual's self-identity and stamping a new identity in its place
question
labeling theory
answer
the view that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity
question
techniques of neutralization
answer
ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect society's norms o Denial of responsibility o Denial of injury o Denial of a victim o Condemnation of the condemners o Appeal to higher loyalties
question
cultural goals
answer
the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve
question
strain theory
answer
Robert Merton's term for the strange engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal but withholds from some of the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innovative means to attain the cultural goal
question
Four deviant paths
answer
o Innovators—people who accept the goals of society but use illegitimate means to try and reach them o Ritualism—people who become discouraged and give up on achieving cultural goals yet cling to conventional rules of conduct o Retreatism—reject both cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving them o Rebellion—reject both society's goals and its institutionalized means
question
illegitimate opportunity structure
answer
opportunities for crimes that are woven into the texture of life
question
white collar crime
answer
Edwin Sutherland's term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations
question
corporate crime
answer
crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation
question
criminal justice system
answer
the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of having committed a crime
question
recedivism rate
answer
the proportion of released convicts who are rearrested
question
capitol punishment
answer
the death penalty
question
serial murder
answer
the killing of several victims in three or more separate events
question
hate crime
answer
a crime that is punished more severely because its motivated by hatred of someone's race
question
police discretion
answer
the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties, to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter
question
medicalization of deviance
answer
to make deviance a medical matter; a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians
question
3 dimensions of social stratification
answer
property, power, and prestige
question
colonialism
answer
the process by which one nation takes over another nation, usually for the purpose of exploiting its labor and natural resources
question
world system theory
answer
economic and political connections that tie the world's countries together o 1. Core nations—the countries that industrialized first grew rich and powerful o 2. semiperiphery—located around the Mediterranean; economies stagnated because they grew dependent on trade with core nations o 3. Periphery—fringe nations; developed the least; Eastern European nations which sold cash crops to core nations o 4. External area—nations left out of the development of capitalism altogether; most of Africa and Asia
question
globalization of capitalism
answer
capitalism becoming the globe's dominant economic system
question
culture of poverty
answer
the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children
question
neocolonialism
answer
the economic and political dominance of the Least Industrialized nations by the Most Industrialized Nations
question
multinational corporations
answer
companies that operate across national boundaries, also called transnational corporations
question
social class
answer
according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in wealth, prestige and power; according to Marx, one of two groups: capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor
question
property
answer
material possessions: animals, bank accounts, bonds buildings businesses, cars, furniture, land and stocks
question
wealth
answer
the total value of everything someone owns, minus the debts
question
income
answer
money received, usually from a job, business or assets
question
power
answer
the ability to get your way, even over the resistance of others
question
power elite
answer
C. Wright Mills' term for the top people in U.S. corporations, military and politics who make the nation's major decisions
question
prestige
answer
respect or regard
question
status consistency
answer
ranking high or low on all three dimensions of social class
question
status inconsistency
answer
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
question
status
answer
the positions that someone occupies in a social group
question
anomie
answer
Durkheim's term for a condition of society in which people become detached from the norms that usually guide their behavior
question
Marx's model of social class
answer
o 1. Capitalists—bourgeoisie, those who own the means of production o 2. Workers—proletariat, those who work for the capitalists o 3. Inconsequential others—beggars, etc
question
contradictory class locations
answer
Erik Wright's term for a position in the class structure that generates contradictory interests
question
Wright's Modification of Marx's Model
answer
o 1. Capitalists o 2. Petty bourgeoisie o 3. Managers o 4. Workers
question
6-tier model for class structure
answer
o Capitalist class—1% of population; worth more than entire bottom 90% of country; owns 1/3 of nations assests; old vs new money o The upper middle class—most shaped by education; 15% of population o The lower middle class—34% of population; can afford but struggle to maintain mainstream lifestyle o The working class—30% of population; relatively unskilled blue collar and white collar workers; less education and lower incomes; only high school diploma o The working poor—16% of population; unskilled, low paying, temporary and seasonal jobs; depend on food stamps o The underclass—a group of people for whom poverty persists year after year and across generations; inner city; 4% of population
question
intergenerational mobility
answer
the change that family members make in social class from one generation to the next
question
upward social mobility
answer
movement up the social class ladder
question
downward social mobility
answer
movement down the social class ladder
question
structural mobility
answer
movement up or down the social class ladder that is due to changes in the structure of society, not to individual efforts
question
exchange mobility
answer
about the same numbers of people moving up and down the social class ladder, such that, on balance, the social class system shows little change
question
poverty line
answer
the official measure of poverty; calculated to include incomes that are less than three times a low cost food budget
question
feminization of poverty
answer
refers to the situation that most poor families in the U.S. are headed by women
question
culture of poverty
answer
the assumption that the values and behaviors of the poor make them fundamentally different from other people, and that these factors are largely responsible for their poverty, and that parents perpetuate poverty across generations by passing these characteristics to their children
question
deferred gratification
answer
doing without something in the present in the hope of achieving greater gains in the future
question
Horatio Alger myth
answer
the belief that due to limitless possibilities anyone can get ahead if he or she tries hard enough
question
economic revolution
answer
rise of capitalism, the growth of urban life and the Industrial Revolution
question
political revolution
answer
development of nation-state system; movements for democracy; rise of popular struggles
question
philosophical revolution
answer
Enlightenment; intellectuals started to focus more on science, rationality and empiricism
question
causality
answer
the factors or variables that explain a particular outcome
question
mechanical solidarity
answer
social solidarity based on common consciousness
question
organic solidarity
answer
social solidarity based on cooperative and interdependent relations in society
question
empiricism
answer
using measurable and verifiable facts to support a hypothesis (proposition of cause and effect)
question
ethics
answer
behavior that follows a set of rules oriented towards the welfare of larger society instead of professional self-interest
question
morals
answer
the judgment of "good" or "bad" human behavior (usually based on philosophical principles)
question
expressive ties
answer
based on emotional investment or connection with others (ex. Parents, bf or gf)
question
instrumental ties
answer
based on goal attainment/maximizing interests (ex sports team, alliances/coalitions)
question
coercive organizations
answer
those which hold people against their will, such as mental institutions and prisons
question
A child learns to act like adults, she observes and internalizes her parents' values and attitudes into her personality. Lawrence Kohlberg refers to this behavior as:
answer
none of the above
question
Socialization refers to
answer
the process of transmitting cultural values to young members
question
For charles H. Cooley, the process wherby our self image develops from the ways others treat us is called the ________ process
answer
looking-glass self
question
The cases of children who were raised in extreme isolation demonstrate that
answer
normal human development requires continuing human interaction
question
Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development argues that
answer
virtually all children go through the same sequence of mental development
question
Which of the following statements about the nature/nurture debate would Alex Thio see as the most accurate?
answer
While nature sets limits, socialization plays a very large role in determining who we are
question
John is playing with his toys and he is pretending to be a fireman like his father. According to Jean Piaget, by seeing himself from his father's point of view, John is
answer
none of the above
question
For humans to be socialized ,it is imperative that they have:
answer
regular social interaction with adults
question
Which of the following describes behavior associated with Jan Piaget's sensorimotor stage?
answer
when a child learns with his senses and body to interact with the environment
question
According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at the first level of moral development, young adults have a preconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of
answer
a right and wrong consequence
question
Taylor is a young girl whose parents surrounded her with books, challenging discussions, and ideas. based on our understanding of socialization, Taylor is probably
answer
ahead of other children in the areas she had been trained in
question
According to George Herbert Mead, when children learn to internalize the values of society as a whole in the game stage, they take on the role of the
answer
generalized other
question
Charles H. Cooley viewed society as a group of individuals helping each other to develop their personality. this means that
answer
the core of the self is in the concept of the self image that develops from the way others see us
question
Natasha recieves good grades, she learns a lot and she is liked by her professors, parents, and friends. she is outgoing and also participates in several extra curricular activities that the school develops for the betterment of the students. charles H. cooley would suggest that natasha
answer
has a good self image
question
in the sixth grade of the levels of development of the self, the "I" represents?
answer
the spontaneous, creative, and impulsive personality we can have
question
social exchanges are usually governed by
answer
the norm of reciprocity
question
which of the following statements about socialization are true EXCEPT?
answer
it is difficult to change an adult's personality becasue it has been formed in childhood
question
competition in the global market has helped U.S. companies
answer
become more efficient and productive
question
an ethnomethodologist would likely study
answer
the conversations among roommates in a college dormatory
question
many people use the internet as a key tool of communication. which of the following is a disadvantage of electronic communication?
answer
all of the above
question
Which of the following forms of social interaction are more likely to unsettle the social structure?
answer
competition
question
everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. the pioneering sociologist who developed microsociology and emphasized the importance of understanding it was:
answer
Erving Goffman
question
select below that one statement that is NOT a reason for studying social interaction in everyday life:
answer
examining social interaction in everyday life allows sociologists to see how relatively unimportant language is in creating social reality
question
the use of internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites, such as MySpace and Facebook:
answer
adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life
question
at the third level of moral development, young adults have a postconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of
answer
conflicting norms
question
Humor makes us laugh because almost all jokes contain
answer
an incongruity between two realities
question
the analysis of how people define the world in which they live is called
answer
ethnomthodology
question
which of the following would NOT be classified as civil inattention?
answer
working on a group project in your sociology class
question
which of the following statements about conflict is the most true?
answer
conflict can often help a social structure by unifing members
question
the supportive social interaction's function that provides hidden, underlying meanings is absolutely crucial for
answer
ensuring social order
question
intelligence is either inherited or learned
answer
false
question
anticipatory socialization is the process by which an individual learns to assume a role in the future
answer
true
question
superego is Freud's term for the part of the personality that is moral; popularly known as conscience
answer
true
question
Jean Piaget's described seven stages of cognitive development that each child goes through
answer
false
question
to be a genius, you must be born one
answer
false
question
preconventional morality is Kohlberg's term for the practice of judging actions by taking into account the importance of conflicting norms
answer
false
question
humor is only fun and games
answer
false
question
because they speak the same language, men and women can easily understand each other
answer
false
question
Non verbal communication may involve proxemics, the use of space as a means of communication
answer
true
question
to symbolic interactionists, people usually don't take supportive interactions at face value but pay more attention to the hidden meanings behind expressed words and actions
answer
true
question
parents in ______ families try to cultivate a strng acceptance and security in tehir young children by indulging them, letting them have practically anything they want and letting them behave and misbehave in any way they want
answer
Asian Americans
question
according to _______, children develop their self concept in three stages
answer
George H Mead
question
________ morality was Kohlberg's term for the practice of judging actions by taking into account the importance of conflicting norms
answer
postconventional
question
Children of _________ parents are traditionally socialized through an extensive network of relatives
answer
Native Americans
question
________ is an interaction in which two individuals follow mutually accepted rules, each trying to achieve the same goal before the other does
answer
competition
question
________ is an interaction in which two individuals disregard any rules, each trying to achieve his or her own goal by defeating the other
answer
conflict
question
________ is the use of body movements as a means of communication; also called body language
answer
kinesis
question
Alex Thio affirms that by studying and appreciating social diversity in our society, we ultimately
answer
develop a better understanding of ourselves
question
US sociology was reshaped during the 1960's by renewed awareness of
answer
poverty and years of social unrest
question
critics of the feminist theory criticize the theory becasue it
answer
overemphasizes the oppressiveness of patriarchy
question
a scientific theory is
answer
always open to revision in the light of new evidence
question
according to symbolic interactionists
answer
people respond to the interpretations of symbols and experiences
question
if you wanted to determine whether there is a gender difference in how often people think about sex, the best research method would be
answer
the survey
question
by using each of the three major sociological perspectives, researchers can
answer
bring more aspects of society into a sharper focus
question
Herbert Spencer's classic study of suicide makes the sociological point that
answer
none of the above
question
sociologist Jane Johnson lived with Kickapoo indians and studied the tribal members' beliefs. This type of research is called
answer
ethnography
question
sociologists study human behavior through books, magazines, letters, songs, etc. this type of research is called
answer
content analysis
question
which of the following statements is most clearly linked with herbert spencer's view of society?
answer
the primary feature of society is its interactive parts that contribute to the function of the whole
question
the fourth step or level we have in the scientific method is
answer
selecting a research design by choosing one or more research methods
question
tom was a sunday school teacher, he played on a softball team and at nights he studied a master degree in computers. however, his main commitment was to his job. this mans that softball, chirch activities and his master program were his
answer
subordinate statuses
question
sam works overtime everyday in an important company as the head of the company, he therfore cannot spend as much time as he would like wih his children. he feels guilty but knows that if he does not work overtime he could loose his job. his situation is an example of
answer
role conflict
question
lisa attended her best friends funeral wearing cut off jeans and a red tank top. when the service started lisa whistled and cheered. lisa's mode of dress and behavior at the funeral was a violation of society's
answer
folkways
question
with time, norms and values have changed in our society and become law. the following are norms and values that have changed overtime and have become part of the law EXCEPT
answer
we support saluting each other
question
which if the following is apart of the concept of society?
answer
a collection of interacting persons who share culture and territory
question
the functionalist perspective explains cultural practices by looking at
answer
the purpose of the practice serves for society as a while
question
symbolic interactionists tend to stress the importance of culture as
answer
a guide and product of human creation
question
which of the following statements about hunting and gathering societies is false?
answer
these societies domesticate animals to eat
question
the sapir-whorf hypothesis about language and culture suggests that
answer
language shapes the ways in which people percieve the world
question
which of the following statements is the definition of social institution
answer
the stable sets of widely shared beliefs, norms, and procedures that are organized to satisfy basic needs
question
sociology is the systematic, scientific study of human society
answer
true
question
economic globalization is a closely knit community of all the world's societies
answer
false
question
participant observation is a research method that involves only asking questions about opinions, beliefs, or behaviors
answer
false
question
a micro view focuses on the immediate social situation in which people interact with one another
answer
true
question
patriarchy is a system of domination in which women exercise power over women
answer
false
question
primary group is a group whose members interact formally, relate to each other as players of particular roles, and expect to profit from each other
answer
false
question
condoleezza rice's position as national security advisor in the bush administration is an ascribed status, and her status as an african american and a woman are achieved
answer
false
question
according to alex thio, we feel role strain if we have to play two conflicting roles from the same status
answer
true
question
according to alex thio, both functionalist and conflict perspectives provide a structural view of culture as largely capable of constraining us
answer
true
question
according to the sapir-whorf hypothesis, our language makes us see the world in a certain way
answer
true
question
statuses that are given to us based on what we do, rather than who we are are called
answer
achieved status
question
social stratification is a profoundly important subject in sociology because
answer
almost every aspect of our lives, from family size to how much money we need, is linked to ou status in society
question
which of the following statements about economic inequality in the US is true?
answer
the poorest 20% in the US have 4.2% of the national income
question
a stratification system where there is little opportunity to accumulate wealth and where there is much social equality is called
answer
egalitarian system
question
for feminists, gender inequality should be studied as part of the overall stratification system because
answer
an analysis of a stratification system must include all of its members
question
sociologists are using the ____ method of identifying social class when they rely on a group of people from the community to rate or locate people in the class structure
answer
reputational
question
joseph is automatically rated as a member of the middle class because he has a master's degree. this way of assigning people to social classes, based on year's of education and occupation is called the
answer
objective method
question
according to the absolute definition of poverty in the united states, persons are poor when they
answer
lack the income needed to sustain a minimum standard of living
question
due to job loss, divorce, disabilities and old age, studies suggest
answer
a majority of americans will experience a brief period of poverty in their life
question
oscar lewis characterized people living in a culture of poverty as having all of the following attitudes EXCEPT
answer
future oriented
question
the essence of global stratification is
answer
inequality among nations
question
sociologists who follow the functionalists theory believe that social stratification is
answer
universal and necessary, it serves societies
question
the lack of minimum food and shelter necessarily for maintaining life is called
answer
absolute poverty
question
conflict theorists argue that social stratification
answer
is a reflection of power, not necessity
question
according to karl marx, the difference between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat is
answer
the capitalists own the means of production and the workers do not
question
simon kuznets curve refers to the changing relationship between
answer
economic development and social inequality
question
which of the following statements about race and ethnicity is true?
answer
while a people's physical features do not change when they move to another country, their racial identification as blacks or whites may change
question
the term life chances refers to
answer
opportunities of living a good, long, successful life
question
the cultural traits of an ethnic group
answer
are culturally learned and passed from one generation to another
question
the famous golfer tiger woods, as an african american, has created the acronym cablinasian to describe his mixed racial background. mr woods is an example of all of the following EXCEPT
answer
the definition of race is the same in all societies
question
one of several problems with the biological classification of races is that
answer
most people are not physically distinctive
question
the sociological definition of race is based on
answer
the perception of society in defining people as biologically different
question
which of the following is an example of prejudice
answer
feeling negatively about people from a particular ethnic group
question
which of the following statements is NOT a false concept that the european settlers created a stereotype native americans
answer
they were accused of living in tribes
question
one result of efforts by the US government to promote tribal economic development and self-sufficient has been
answer
a national movement to make native americans feel proud of their cultural heritage
question
jim crow refers to
answer
laws enacted after federal troops left the south that segregated blacks from whites
question
the largest component of the hispanic community in the united states are the
answer
mexicans
question
chinese and japanese americasn are educationally and occupationally
answer
among the most succesful minorities
question
a degree of human prejudice can be explained by the tendency of human beings to place the blame for one's troubles on persons incapable of offering much resistance. this device is known as
answer
scapegoating
question
robert merton called people who believe in equality and put their beliefs into action
answer
unprejudice non discriminators
question
which of the following statements is NOT a reason why ethnic conflict is so fierce in many countries?
answer
the victims of ethnic conflict acted in ways that brought out ethnic hostility
question
Karl Marx believed that capitalist sough tomaximize profit by exploiting workers
answer
true
question
the class system is the least stratified, with minimal inequality
answer
false
question
according to alex thio, it is harder today than 30 years ago for americans to move from a lower to a higher social class
answer
true
question
as the world's leading democratic society, the united states has the most equal distribution of income
answer
false
question
according to the conflict perspective, society creates and maintains poverty because benefits can be derived from it
answer
false
question
according to the conflict perspective, racial and ethnic groups can contribute to social cohesion through assimilation, amalgamation or cultural pluralism
answer
false
question
genocide is the wholesale killing of members of a specific racial or ethnic group
answer
true
question
there are there distinct, pure races: white, asian and black
answer
false
question
according to alex thio, despite the history of discrimination against them, asian americans are doing relatively well today
answer
true
question
the feudal system is made up of several segregated groups whose positions are ascribed and fixed in society
answer
false
question
when using the ______________ to determine class structure, sociologists find that some people generally rank themselves higher than what they really are
answer
subjective method
question
sociologists apply the ________ because it identifies social class using occupation, income and education
answer
objective method
question
which of the following is a social group?
answer
a couple married less than one
question
which of the following is true?
answer
a person measures his or her own worth by the standards of a reference group
question
which of the following is a social aggregate?
answer
people waiting at terminal C for flight 181
question
the key to increased productivity in today's organizations is not, as frederick taylor assumed, in the formal organization, but in the
answer
informal organization, the relationships of workers
question
what term do sociologists use to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a specific goal?
answer
organization
question
jane was in charge of a difficult project in a large office. she was a tough leader and kept pushing people to accomplish the project's goals. she would be an example of a
answer
instrumental type of leader
question
which of the following situations most likely illustrates a primary relationship?
answer
a family enjoying a picnic at the beach
question
how do japanese corporations differ from the bureaucratic model followed by the most business organizations in the west?
answer
japanese corporations use a horizontal, collaborative model
question
which of the following is among the characteristic of a bureaucracy?
answer
all of the above
question
which of the following best describes the relationship between group size, intamcy, and stability?
answer
larger groups, such as fraternity, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group and relationships
question
the McDonaldization of society refers to
answer
the increased of regulated and standardized of society due to automation
question
the privilege that allows leaders to deviate from their group's norms is called
answer
idiosyncrasy credit
question
reference groups provide us with
answer
a standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors
question
people with a common characteristic, such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity, but not necessarily interacting with each other nor gather in one place are called a
answer
social category
question
among the informal controls that we have in our society, the most effective to control deviance is
answer
socialization
question
tom brown was the supervisor of a group of computer programmers. he provided support if needed, but generally allowed members of his group to work by themselves. his leadership style would be called
answer
laissez-faire
question
early attempts to explain deviant behavior in individuals were based on teh assumption that crime was committed mostly by people with certain physical traits. this view was called
answer
biological determinism
question
the culture of rape suggests all of the following attitudes EXCEPT
answer
women are treated as equals to men in all aspects of society
question
if you live in a high crime area, many of teh people you will befriend will be involved in criminal ativites, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. the conceptual context for the phenomenon is known as
answer
differential association
question
according to edwin sutherland, how do criminals adopt behavior?
answer
they learn criminal behavior from peers
question
with which of the following statements might a conflict theorist most closely agree?
answer
deviants are labeled as such by powerful groups who use the label to control less powerful
question
the first day of college, you may have felt a little uncertain about how to behave. Durkheim and other sociologists would describe your feelings as
answer
anomic
question
many characteristics of organizations appear orthodox but activities are all illegal, easy to evade law enforcements, they are called
answer
organized crime
question
sociological research and theory suggest that
answer
crime and deviance are rooted in the structure of society, including poverty, urban conditions, and generally, the crises faced by many young men
question
nowadays, corporate crime, or white collar crime, occurs at a higher rate than individual criminal acts. which of the following is an example of corporate crime?
answer
all of the above
question
which two theories explaining deviance are classified as symbolic interactionist?
answer
differential association and labeling theory
question
most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment
answer
is not effective deterrent to murder
question
a global analysis of deviance reveals social differences in a number of deviant activities. which of the following is NOT one of those differences?
answer
prostitution is more of a problem i the united states than in other countries
question
which of the following is NOT a reason why college students become binge drinkers?
answer
prior involvement in drug use
question
according to some experts, the current drug laws do more harm than good becasue they
answer
lead to many crimes, including murder
question
the influence of organizations over our lives is entirely beneficial
answer
false
question
government agencies have goals and rules that are stated explicity so that the work of their many members can be coordinated
answer
true
question
according to amitai etzioni, in an organization, the function of the higher participants is to exercise power over the lower participants so that the latter will help the organization achieve its goals
answer
true
question
studies show that western companies cannot successfully operate with the kind of bottom up decision making used in japan
answer
false
question
human resource theory is a style that seems human resources issues as the responsibility of the whole organization, not just the human resources department
answer
true
question
the pentagon is an example of a secondary group
answer
true
question
having a network of friends and relatives can only bring joy and chase away lonliness, worries, and trouble, especially for widows
answer
false
question
the peter principle is the observation that "in every hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his or her level of incompetence"
answer
true
question
the addition of only one person to a group greatly increases the number of relationships
answer
true
question
most homicides and rapes involve killing and raping acquaintances, friends, and family members, and only a few involve strangers
answer
true
question
according to ____is the observation that "work expands to fill the time available for its completion"
answer
parkin's law
question
______ is a number of people who happen to be in one place but do not interact with one another
answer
social aggregate
question
herb, joe, and judy routinely meet for breakfast to discuss how to solve problems and promote work in the office. their meetings are part of their company's
answer
informal organization
question
individuals who commit _____ suicide are so strongly tied to their group that they effectively lose their selves and stand ready to do their group's bidding
answer
alturistic
question
in ___ the wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized in effect, banished from conventional society
answer
disintegrative shaming
question
according to research, many of the sexual differences found in early childhood, such as boys' superiority in math, are due to:
answer
socialization and culture
question
According to Naomi Wolf, the reason why women have not recognized their power as a majority of the voting population is:
answer
a lack of unity regarding the role of women.
question
Which of the following represents the third wave of feminism?
answer
Welcoming men to join women in addressing problems that affect both sexes.
question
It can be safely said that
answer
nature accounts only for physical differences between men and women.
question
Cross-cultural studies concerning gender roles suggest that in other societies:
answer
a division of labor between the sexes is found only in the U.S.
question
Which statement is TRUE about the role of women in politics today?
answer
Women play an important role but they are far from achieving equality.
question
Anna wanted to enter a political race against a man. Which of the following statements by her opponent is most likely based on sexism?
answer
Her emphasis on day care programs shows that she is a one-issue candidate.
question
The basic division of labor underlying traditional gender roles in the United States has been accompanied by many popular:
answer
stereotypes of what women and men are supposed to be.
question
Which statement is TRUE about the role of women today in the work force?
answer
Women are still far from economically equal to men.
question
Which of the following definitions of sexual harassment was accepted by the Supreme court in 1993?
answer
Any conduct that makes the workplace environment hostile or abusive.
question
The physical process of aging is called:
answer
senescence
question
Social factors that may contribute to the aging process include all of the following EXCEPT:
answer
hereditary genes.
question
Some sociologists believe that the elderly should be considered a minority group because
answer
like many other minority groups, they face prejudice and discrimination.
question
Which of the following kinds of intelligence continues to grow with age?
answer
Crystalline intelligence.
question
Prejudice against older people is expressed in all of the following ways EXCEPT:
answer
exclusion from politics
question
The elderly can be divided into three age groups. Aside from their younger age, what advantages do the "young old" have over the "oldest old"?
answer
all of the above
question
The basic division of labor in society has been influenced by gender stereotypes about how men and women should behave and therefore what work they are best suited to do.
answer
true
question
As a highly democratic society, the United States has proportionately more female political leaders than other nations.
answer
false
question
According to the conflict perspective, interaction between the sexes often sustains or reinforces gender inequality.
answer
...
question
The normal process of aging cannot be avoided but good health, proper diet, nutrition and exercise can make a significant difference in health for people of all ages.
answer
true
question
_____ is the belief that women and men should be equal in various aspecs of their lives.
answer
feminism
question
According to _____ perspective, it is functional for society to assign different tasks to men and women.
answer
functionalist
question
_____ refers to the physical process of aging.
answer
senescence
question
_____ is an abnormal condition characterized by serious memory loss, confusion, and loss of the ability to reason
answer
senility
question
_____ also involves sexual abuses against women, of which the most common is sexual harassment.
answer
sexism
question
According to Sigmund Freud, the ____ is the part of the personality that is rational.
answer
ego
question
_______ referred to supportive interactions as 'supportive interchanges' 'mutual dealings' or 'acts of identificatory sympathy.
answer
erving Goffman
question
Hank tends to treat others as enemies. This type of interaction with others is called _____ interaction.
answer
Oppositional
question
According to economist ____ 1.1 billion or nearly one-fifth of the people in the world is extremely poor, struggling to survive with an income of less than $1 a day
answer
Jeffrey Sachs
question
The changing relationship between development and inequality is known as the work developed by economist:
answer
Simon Kuznets
question
______is an unfavorable action against individuals that is taken because they are members of a certain category.
answer
discrimination
question
For African Americans, progress has not been significant in housing and economic conditions because of tradition and customs. We called it:
answer
de facto segregation
question
In some of our social institutions, there is still the persistence of _____. The problem is that it is not recognized by everybody because of the long history that we have practiced it.
answer
institutionalized discrimination
question
A manager who becomes the vice president of a company illustrates:
answer
intragenerational mobility
question
_____ is a negative attitude toward members of a minority that is often based on negative stereotypes.
answer
prejudice
question
At the end of the nineteenth century, there was mob violence in the North against African Americans of the Deep South blaming them for their failures and lack of money. This is call:
answer
scapegoating
question
jane is a nursing student who reads books about the life of nurses, and uses nursing expressions when talking to her friends. for her nurses are her:
answer
reference group
question
according to ______ capitalist organizations are the capitalist' tool for exploiting the working class
answer
Karl Marx
question
american sociologist in the 1930's, ______ agreed with Emile Durkheim theory concerning that deviance is an integral part of all healthy societies
answer
Robert Merton
question
accordin to _______ deviance is learned through interactions with other people like friends
answer
Edwin Sutherland
question
race, class and ______ play a significant role in deviance, particularly crime and delinquency
answer
gender
question
_____ ______ is the condition in which the same individual is given two conflicting status rankings
answer
status inconsistency
question
judy begins a new job as a nurse. her supervisor expects her to be on time and take good care of her patients. these expectations make up her:
answer
prescribed role
question
we will experience ____ ______ if we simultaneously play two conflicting roles from two different statuses
answer
role conflict
question
______ are strong norms that specify normal behavior of people and constitute demands on our behavior, not just expectations
answer
mores
question
functionalist perspective emphasizes society's stability while the _____ ______ portrays society as always changing and always marked by conflict
answer
conflict perspective
question
charles wright mills called the ability to see the impact of social forces on individuals the ____ _____
answer
sociological imagination
question
in ____ _____ sociologists search for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher
answer
secondary analysis
question
the perspective that views society as a set of interdependent parts working together to provide social order is known as the ______ perspective
answer
functionalist
question
Roles
answer
the behaviors, obligations, & privileges attached to a status. (What is expected of you)
question
Group
answer
People who regularly interact with one another. Members share similar values, norms, & expectations. Belonging allows others to decide our behavior.
question
Social Institutions
answer
The ways that each society develops to meet its basic needs. Shape behavior. (Family, Religion, Education, Economy, Medicine, Politics, Law, Science, Military, Mass Media)
question
Society
answer
People who share a culture and a territory.
question
Social Transformations of Society
answer
Hunting & Gathering->Horticultural/Pastoral(dmestication of animals)->Agricultural(Invention of plow)->Industrial(invention of steam engine)->Postindustrial(microchip)->Biotech?(decoding human genome)
question
Hunting & gathering Society
answer
This first society depended on men hunting & women gathering plants. Small groups. No rulers, accumulate few personal items, decisions through discussion.
question
Pastoral Society
answer
2nd society (herding). Based on pasturing of animals. Developed in regions with low rainfall. Nomadic.
question
Horticultural Society
answer
2nd society. (gardening) Based on cultivation of plants by use of hand tools. Developed permanent settlements. Started division of labor and with surplus started trade. This started social inequality. (war-slavery)
question
Consequences of animal domestication & plant cultivation
answer
More dependable food supply->food surplus->larger human groups->division of labor->trade->accumulation of objects->war->slavery->social inequality->inherited wealth->concentration of wealth & power->Change in leadership.
question
Agricultural Society
answer
3rd society. When plow was invented it created a food surplus. People developed cities & "culture". The dawn of civilization. Inequality became fundamental of life. Elite protected status with armies & taxes.
question
Industrial Society
answer
4th society. The industrial revolution with the steam engine. Even more surplus & inequality. Shift from slavery to wages. Shift from monarchies to political systems.
question
Postindustrial Society
answer
5th society. Technology & information. Selling expertise rather than raw materials. Not producing- transmitting. Service industries.
question
Biotech Society
answer
Emerging society. Economy centered on applying & altering genetic structures to produce food, medicine, & materials.
question
Social integration
answer
(Durkheim) the degree to which members of a society are united by shared values & other social bonds (mechanical solidarity)
question
Mechanical Solidarity
answer
People who perform similar tasks develop a shared consciousness.
question
Organic Solidarity
answer
(Durkheims social integration)When the division of labor makes people depend on one another- the work of each person contributes to the whole group.
question
Gemeinschaft to Gesellshaft
answer
Moving from small villages with intimate bonds and reliance to reliance on paid work outside of the family and self interests.
question
Modernization
answer
The sweeping changes brought by the industrial revolution.
question
G7 plus
answer
(Geopolitics) The division of world power btwn- Japan, Germany, US, Canada, France, Great Britain, Italy
question
Unilinear theories
answer
A theory on cultural evolution that assume that all societies follow the same path- savagery, barbarism, civilization.
question
Multilinear theories
answer
A theory on cultural evolution assumes that there are different routs that lead to the same stage of development-industrialization.
question
Ogburn's Processes of Social Change
answer
Invention, Discovery, & Diffusion (technology drives changes)
question
Cyclical theories
answer
Assume that civilizations are born, youth, maturity, then decline & die like an organism (egypt, greece, & rome)
question
Thesis
answer
(Marx) An arrangement of power, containing its own antithesis. A struggle creates a new arrangement known as a Synthesis. This Synthesis becomes the new thesis and so on.
question
Dialectical Process
answer
Marx- view that each ruling group sow the seeds of its own destruction. Thesis->Antithesis->Synthesis->Classless state.
question
Invention
answer
Ogburn's process- Combination of existing elements to form new ones ie. cars, computers, plastics. Urban sprawl, Telework, New construction.
question
Discovery
answer
Ogburn's process- New way of seeing some aspect of the world. ie. Columbus discovering N.America, DNA
question
Diffusion
answer
Ogburn's process- Spread of an invention or discovery from one area to another. ie. airplanes, money, condoms.
question
Cultural Lag
answer
Ogburn- How some elements of a culture lags behind the changes that come from invention, discovery, & diffusion. Technology is usually first to change & culture lags behind.
question
Demography
answer
the study of the size, composition, growth, and distribution of human populations. Can the world support all of this growth?
question
Malthus Theorem
answer
Argument that although population grows geometrically, the food supply increases only arithmetically. This means that if births go unchecked, population will outstrip its food supply.
question
New Malthusians
answer
Believe that the population issue is really & even worse than the Malthus theorem. That it follows the exponential growth curve.
question
Exponential Growth Curve
answer
new malthusians believe that if growth doubles during approximately equal intervals of time, it suddenly accelerates. Currently @ 7 billion.
question
The Demographic Transition
answer
(Anti-malthusions) Stable Population->Rapidly growing Population->Stable Population->Shrinking Population (population free fall?)
question
Population Pyramids
answer
Depict a countries population by age & sex.
question
Fertility Rate
answer
A demographic variable. The number of children that the average woman bears.
question
Fecundity
answer
The number of children that women are CAPABLE of bearing. Not Fertility rate.
question
Crude Birth Rate
answer
The annual number of live births per 1,000 population. Can be inaccurate.
question
Mortality
answer
measured by the crude death rate.
question
Migration (net migration rate)
answer
The difference btwn the number of immigrants and emigrants per 1,000. (push & pull factors)
question
Push Factor
answer
What people want to escape- poverty, persecution of religion, political ideas.
question
Pull Factors
answer
What draws people to a new land- opportunity of education, higher wages, better jobs, freedom to worship, future for children.
question
Growth Rate
answer
The net change after people are born, die, & migrate. Calculated by the basic demographic equation-> growth rate=births-deaths+net migration
question
City
answer
a place in which a large number of people are permanently based and don't produce their own food. (started w/the plow)
question
Urbanization
answer
the movement of the majority of the population to cities and the influence it is having on society.
question
Metropolis
answer
a central city surrounded by smaller cities and their suburbs. They are linked by transportation and communication.
question
Megalopolis
answer
When a metropolis is so big and influential. It is an overlapping area of at least 2 metropolises & suburbs.
question
Megacity
answer
When a cities pop hits 10 million. New york & 19 others.
question
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA's)
answer
The US census bureau divides the country. Each area has a central city of at least 50,000.
question
Edge Cities
answer
Clusters of buildings and services near the intersection of major highways. Not traditional cities.
question
Gentrification
answer
The movement of middle class people into rundown areas of a city for cheaper prices. Results in renovation but displaces original, low-income residents.
question
Suburbanization
answer
People moving from cities to suburbs. Automobile major drive to this.
question
Human Ecology
answer
(Park) describes how people adapt to their environment. (urban ecology)
question
Concentric Zone Model
answer
(Burgess) That a city expands outward from its business district center. (bullseye)
question
Sector Model
answer
(Hoyt) Reformed from concentric zones- That a city has many sectors i.e. working class housing & expensive homes. (invasion-succession cycle)
question
Multiple-Nuclei Model
answer
Cities have several centers, each having a specialized activity.
question
Peripheral Model
answer
Portrays the impact of radial highways on the movement of people and services away from the central city.
question
Gans Research
answer
Research in Boston showing that community does exist in the city. The residents liked living there because of the low rent.
question
Who lives in the cities
answer
(Gans) Cosmopolites, Singles, Ethinic Villagers, Deprived, & Trapped.
question
Diffusion of Responsibility
answer
The more bystanders there are, the less likely people are to help.
question
Norm of Noninvolvement
answer
Urban dwellers avoid intrusion from strangers. (newspaper, ipod, personal space)
question
Disinvestment
answer
a result of bank redlining. pushes areas further into decline and raises crime.
question
Deindustrialization
answer
Companies moving factories to countries where labor costs are lower. Leaving people without manufacturing jobs and no other experience.
question
Urban Renewal
answer
A social policy to tear down and rebuild- displaces residents of low-income.
question
Enterprise zone
answer
A designated area of a city offering economic incentives (tax breaks) for businesses to move there. Usually fail due to crime.
question
Federal Empowerment Zone
answer
a form of enterprise zone that also offers low interest loans to sustain businesses during transition. More successful.
question
Social Movements
answer
Large numbers of people who organize either to promote or resist social change. A result of social inequality. (cultural crisis)
question
Proactive social movements
answer
When a social movement finds a particular condition intolerable and have a goal to promote social change.
question
Reactive Social Movement
answer
When a social movement feels threatened because of a condition of society changing. They react to resist that change.
question
Social Movement Organizations
answer
When a social movement want to further their goals they develop this. They can then effectively recruit members and publicize their message.
question
Alterative Social Movement
answer
seeks only to alter a specific behavior in individuals. (woman's christian temperance union)
question
Redemptive Social Movement
answer
Targets individuals for a total change. (Christianity)
question
Reformative Social Movement
answer
Seek to reform some specific aspect of society. (animal rights movement)
question
Transformative Social Movement
answer
Seeks to transform the social order itself. (revolutions)
question
Transnational Social Movement
answer
Wants to change some specific condition that cuts across society. Improving quality of life. (Womans movement)
question
Public opinion
answer
How people think about some issues.
question
Propaganda
answer
The presentation of info in an attempt to influence people.
question
Stages of social movements
answer
Initial unrest->Resource mobilization->Organization->Institutionalization->Organizational decline and possible resurgence.
question
Post modern society
answer
The use of technology to extend out ability to communicate, travel, & analyze info.
question
social stratification
answer
a system by which a society ranks categories of people in a hierarchy
question
social mobility
answer
a change in position within the social hierarchy
question
caste system
answer
social stratification based on ascription, or birth
question
class system
answer
social stratification based on both birth and individual achievement
question
meritocracy
answer
social stratification based on personal merit
question
status consistency
answer
the degree of uniformity in a person's social standing across various dimensions of social inequality
question
structural social mobility
answer
a shift in the social position of large numbers of people due more to changes in society itself than to individual efforts
question
ideology
answer
cultural beliefs that justify particular social arrangements, including patterns of inequality
question
Davis-Moore Thesis
answer
the assertion that social stratification exists in every society because it has beneficial consequences for the operation of society
question
capitalists
answer
people who won and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits
question
proletarians
answer
people who sell their labor for wages
question
alienation
answer
the experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness
question
blue-collar occupations
answer
lower-prestige jobs that involve mostly manual labor
question
white-collar occupations
answer
higher-prestige jobs that involve mostly mental activity
question
conspicuous consumption
answer
buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position
question
income
answer
earnings from work or investments
question
wealth
answer
the total value of money and other assets minus outstanding debts
question
intragenerational social mobility
answer
a change in social position occurring during a person's lifetime
question
intergenerational social mobility
answer
upward or downward social mobility of children in relation to their parents
question
relative poverty
answer
lack of resources of some people in relation to those who have more
question
absolute poverty
answer
a lack of resources that is life-threatening
question
feminzation of poverty
answer
the trend of women making up an increasing proportion of the poor
question
global stratification
answer
patterns of social inequality in the world as a whole
question
high-income countries
answer
the nations with the highest overall standards of living
question
middle-income countries
answer
nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
question
low-income countries
answer
nations with a low standard of living in which most people are poor
question
colonialism
answer
the process by which some nations enrich themselves through political and economic control of other nations
question
neocolonialism
answer
a new form of global power relationships that involves not direct political control but economic exploitation by multinational corporations
question
multinational corporation
answer
a large business that operates in many countries
question
modernization theory
answer
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of technological and cultural differences between nations
question
dependency theory
answer
a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones
question
gender
answer
the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
question
gender stratification
answer
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and privilege between men and women
question
matriarchy
answer
a form of social organization in which females dominate males
question
patriarchy
answer
a form of social organization in which males dominate females
question
sexism
answer
the belief that one sex is innately superior to the other
question
gender roles
answer
attitudes and activities that a society links to each sex
question
minority
answer
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
question
intersection theory
answer
analysis of the interplay of race, class, and gender, which often results in multiple dimensions of disadvantage
question
sexual harassment
answer
comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature that are deliberate, repeated, and unwelcome
question
feminism
answer
support of social equality for women and men, opposition to patriarchy and sexism
question
race
answer
a socially constructed category of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important
question
ethnicity
answer
a shared cultural heritage
question
minority
answer
any category of people distinguished by physical or cultural difference that a society sets apart and subordinates
question
stereotype
answer
a simplified description applied to every person in some category
question
social distance
answer
how closely people are willing to interact with members of some category
question
prejudice
answer
a rigid and unfair generalization about an entire category of people
question
racism
answer
the belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior to another
question
scapegoat
answer
a person or category of people, typically with little power, whom other people unfairly blame for their own troubles
question
discrimination
answer
unequal treatment of various categories of people
question
institutional prejudice and discrimination
answer
bias build into the operation of society's institutions
question
pluralism
answer
a state in which people of all races and ethnicities are distinct but have equal social standing
question
assimilation
answer
the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture
question
segregation
answer
the physical and social separation of categories of people
question
genocide
answer
the systematic killing of one category of people by another
question
miscegenation
answer
biological reproduction by partners of different racial categories
question
kinship
answer
a social bond based on common ancestry, marriage, or adoption
question
family
answer
a social institution found in all societies that unites people in cooperative groups to care for one another, including any children
question
extended family
answer
a family composed of parents and children as well as other kin; also known as a consanguine family
question
nuclear family
answer
a family composed of one or two parents and their children also known as a conjugal family
question
marriage
answer
a legal relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing
question
endogamy
answer
marriage between people of the same social category
question
exogamy
answer
marriage between people of different social categories
question
monogamy
answer
marriage that unites two partners
question
polygamy
answer
marriage that unites a person with two or more spouses
question
descent
answer
the system by which members of a society trace kinship over generations
question
incest taboo
answer
a norm forbidding sexual relations or marriage between certain relatives
question
homogamy
answer
marriage between people with the same social characteristics
question
family violence
answer
emotional, physical, or sexual abuse of one family member by another
question
cohabitation
answer
the sharing of a household by an unmarried couple
question
profane
answer
included as an ordinary part of everyday life
question
sacred
answer
set apart as extraordinary, inspiring awe and reverence
question
religion
answer
a social institution involving beliefs and practices based on recognizing the sacred
question
totem
answer
an object in the natural world collectively defined as sacred
question
liberation theology
answer
the combining of Christian principles with political activism, often Marxist in character
question
church
answer
a religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society
question
state church
answer
a church formally linked to the state
question
denomination
answer
a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism
question
sect
answer
a religious organization that stands apart from the larger society
question
charisma
answer
extraordinary personal qualities that can infuse people with emotion and turn them into followers
question
cult
answer
a religious organization that is largely outside a society's cultural traditions
question
animism
answer
the belief that elements of the natural world are conscious life forms that affect humanity
question
religiosity
answer
the importance of religion in a person's life
question
secularization
answer
the historical decline in the importance of the supernatural and the sacred
question
civil religion
answer
a quasi-religious loyalty binding individuals in a basically secular society
question
fundamentalism
answer
a conservative religious doctrine that opposes intellectualism and worldly accommodation in favor of restoring traditional, otherworldly religion
question
social change
answer
the transformation of culture and social institutions over time
question
social movement
answer
an organized activity that encourages or discourages social change
question
claims making
answer
the process of trying to convince the public and public officials of the importance of joining a social movement to address a particular issue
question
relative deprivation
answer
a perceived disadvantage arising from some specific comparison
question
disaster
answer
an event, generally unexpected, that causes extensive harm to people and damage to property
question
modernity
answer
social patterns resulting from industrialization
question
modernization
answer
the process of social change begun by industrialization
question
division of labor
answer
specialized economic activity
question
anomie
answer
Durkeim's term for a condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals
question
mass society
answer
a society in which prosperity and bureaucracy have weakened traditional social ties
question
class society
answer
a capitalist society with pronounced social stratification
question
social character
answer
personality patterns common to members of a particular society
question
tradition-directness
answer
rigid conformity to time-honored ways of living
question
other-directedness
answer
openness to the latest trends and fashions, often expressed by imitating others
question
postmodernity
answer
social patterns characteristic of postindustrial societies
question
affirmative action
answer
a policy made by the Kennedy administration to provide broader opportunities to qualified minorities
question
authoritarian personality
answer
individuals that rigidly conform to conventional cultural values and see moral issues as clear-cut matters of right and wrong
question
block busting
answer
The illegal and discriminatory practice of helping ethnic or minority individuals into predominantly non-ethnic or minority-dominated areas, and then using scare tactics to force current neighborhood residents to sell their homes at depressed prices.
question
National Housing Act 1934
answer
passed to make housing and mortgages more affordable, created the Federal Housing Administration, white flight, block busting
question
red-lining
answer
neighborhoods that were outlined in red because they were risky investments because of the habitation of minorities
question
Thomas Theorem
answer
If men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences
question
teacher expectancy effect
answer
if a teacher expects something out of his/her students then the students feel obligated to meet these expectations, but if these expectations are low then the students have a limited potential
question
zakah
answer
zakah is a fixed proportion collected from the surplus wealth and earnings of a Muslim. It is then distributed to prescribed beneficiaries and for the welfare as well as the infrastructure of a Muslim society in general.
question
residential security map
answer
maps used by the FHA to ensure maximal value for richer communities by getting rid of minorities
question
income
answer
earnings from work or investments
question
wealth
answer
the total value of money and other assets, minus outstanding debts
question
tracking
answer
assigning students to different types of educational programs
question
domestic violence
answer
violence or physical abuse directed toward your spouse or domestic partner; usually violence by men against women
question
Rostow's Stages of Development
answer
1. traditional stage: cannot imagine life can or should be any different 2. take-off stage: people start to use their talent and imagination sparking economic growth 3. drive to technological maturity: "growth" is widely accepted idea that fuels a society's pursuit of higher living standards 4. high mass consumption: economic development driven by industrial technology raises living standards as mass production stimulates mass consumption
question
urban renewal
answer
following World War II, and continuing into the early 1970s, "urban renewal" referred primarily to public efforts to revitalize aging and decaying inner cities, although some suburban communities undertook such projects as well.
question
just-world hypothesis
answer
people's tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve
question
horizontal mobility
answer
changing jobs at the same class level
question
false consciousness
answer
is the Marxist thesis that material and institutional processes in capitalist society are misleading to the proletariat, and to other classes
question
vertical mobility
answer
changing jobs at a higher class level
question
divorce causes
answer
individualism, romantic love fades, women are less dependent on men, marriage is stressful, divorce is socially acceptable, divorce is easy to get
question
family forms
answer
one parent families, cohabitation, gay and lesbian couples, singlehood, two parents
question
functionalist view of religion
answer
Durkheim defines three major functions of religion: 1. social cohesion: unites people through shared symbolism, values, and norms, establishes rules of fair play 2. social control: "divine right", encourages people to obey cultural norms 3. providing meaning and purpose: our lives serve some greater purpose
question
hidden curriculum
answer
we teach different to students of different social statuses, richer students are encouraged more, and poorer students are encouraged less
question
Pierre Bourdieu
answer
education serves as a means of social reproduction, inequality is spread from one generation to the next, did studies in France to show greater class division because of social capital
question
confessions of an economic hitman
answer
Perkins takes the reader through his career and explains how he created economic projections for countries to accept billions of dollars in loans they surely couldn't afford. He shares his battle with his conscience over these actions and offers advice for how Americans can work to end these practices which have directly resulted in terrorist attacks and animosity towards the United States.
question
conflict view on religion
answer
divides people rather than uniting them
question
cost of sexism
answer
men have higher suicide rates, limits talents and ambitions of women
question
cycle of violence
answer
is Bachman and Saltzmans theory that domestic violence occurs in four stages: happiness, glossed-over disagreements, acute battering and violence, finally a honeymoon period
question
David Jacobs
answer
institutional racism criminologist at OSU, does research on prison admissions
question
wage trends
answer
minimum wage continues to increase, but so do the price of goods canceling out the effect, the increased wages keeping the poor, poor
question
Milkhemet Mitzvah
answer
Jewish term similar to the meaning of Jihad or "Just War," meaning to go out and seek territory or wealth
question
political economy theory
answer
analysis that explains politics in terms of the operation of a society's economic system.
question
Protestant work ethic
answer
capitalism grew in protestant areas. Their work ethic went up
question
Rerun Novarum/Laborem Exercens
answer
Memo passed out by Pope Leo to Bishops on social issues; workers deserved wages that would support their families. Pope John Paul then later reiterates what Pope Leo says in 1981.
question
Van Ausdale and Feagan
answer
class position, race and ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation form a multilayered system that provides disadvantages for some and privileges for others, adults see children as not being racist but they really are
question
Joe Feagin
answer
Talks about the glass ceiling. Point at which women can see the next level in work, but are unable to reach that level. Says that class position, race and ethnicity, gender, and sexual orientation form multi-layered system that provides disadvantages for some and privileges for others.
question
Kinsey
answer
Study in 1940. Found 37% men had at least 1 sexual experience with another man.
question
Lauman
answer
Study in 2000's. Says that 1.4% of women and 2.8% or men identify as homosexual.
question
Mead
answer
If gender is natural, it wouldn't vary, but this isn't always true. Also did societies in New Guinea
question
international monetary fund
answer
international organization that oversees monetary issues among countries
question
Culture
answer
the entire way of life a group of people that acts as a lens through which one views the world and is passed from one generation to the next (material and symbolic) ex: language, gestures, style, beauty, custmos/rituals, tools/artifacts, music, family practices, the way we do things/think. all societies have it. it is not innnate. everything we do has to do with it.
question
Ethnocentrism
answer
the principle of using one's own culture as a means of standard by which to evaluate another group of individuals ~ leading to the view that other cultures are abnormal ~ suspend it through sociological imagination, culture shock, and beginners mind
question
Cultural Relativism
answer
the principle of understand other cultures on their own terms, rather than judging them by ones own culture
question
Material Culture
answer
objects associated with culture
question
Symbolic Culture
answer
ideas associated with culture (beliefs, values, assumptions, ways of behavior, norms, interactions, communication)
question
Values
answer
ideas about what is desirable or contemptible and right an wrong in a particular group ~ articulates the essence of everything a group cherishes and honors
question
Norm
answer
Rule/guideline regarding what kinds of behaviors are acceptable and appropriate within a culture
question
Law
answer
formally defined norm ~ what is legal/illegal in a society
question
Folkway
answer
loosely enforced norm that ensures smooth social interaction
question
More
answer
norm that carries a greater moral significance ~ severe reprecussions for violations
question
Taboo
answer
norm engrained so deeply that even thinking about violating it evokes strong feelings of disgust and horror
question
Sapir Whorf Hypothesis
answer
the idea that language structures thoughts and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language
question
Sanction
answer
positive or negative reactions to the way that people follow or disobey norms ~ rewards for conformity and punishments for violations
question
Social Control
answer
the formal and informal mechanism used to increase conformity to values and norms and they increase social cohesion
question
Multiculturalism
answer
policy that values diverse racial, ethnic, national, and linguistic backgrounds and encourages the retention of cultural differences within society, rather than assimilation
question
Hogemony
answer
Antonio Gramsii ~ describes the cultural aspects of social control, whereby the ideas of the dominant social group are accepted by all of society
question
Counter Culture
answer
group within society that openly rejects and opposes society's values and norms
question
Prescriptions
answer
behaviors approved by group
question
Proscription
answer
behaviors to avoid
question
Subculture
answer
group within a society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms and lifestyles
question
Culture Wars
answer
clashes within the society as to what the norms should be
question
Ideal Culture
answer
what members believe it should be
question
Real Culture
answer
what actually exists
question
Compliance Conformity
answer
mildest type of conformity
question
Identification Conformity
answer
inbetween ~ desire to maintain a relationship
question
Internalization Conformity
answer
strongest type of conformity, makes a groups beliefs their own
question
Popular Culture
answer
high culture of elite groups ~ usually associated with the masses, consumer goods and commercial products
question
Reference Group
answer
group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves
question
Group Cohesion
answer
sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong
question
Group Think
answer
in very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members ~ creating a demand for unanimous agreement
question
Social Loafing
answer
as more individuals are added to a task each individual contributes a little less
question
Social Identity Theory
answer
group formation that stress the need of the individual members to feel a sense of belonging
question
Coercive Power
answer
force
question
Influential Power
answer
persuasion
question
McDonaldization
answer
the spread of rationalization and the accompany increases in efficiency and dehumanization
question
Deviance
answer
behavior, trait, belief that violates a norm and causes a negative reaction (social - not moral - judgement)
question
Functionalist Theory on Deviance
answer
argue that deviance serves as a positive social function by clarifying moral boundaries and promoting social cohesion
question
Conflict Theory on Deviance
answer
believe that a society's inequalities are reproduced in its definitions of deviance, so the less powerful are more likely to be criminalized
question
Dominant Culture
answer
group within society that is most powerful
question
High Culture
answer
associated with the elite
question
Polysemy
answer
having many interpretations/meanings
question
Cultural Diffusion
answer
the dissemination of beliefs and practices from one group to another
question
Cultural Leveling
answer
the process by which cultures that were once distinct became increasingly similar
question
Cultural Imperialism
answer
the imposition of one's culture on another through mass media and consumer products
question
Informal Norms
answer
(what sociologist are more interested in) lines, personal space, no eye contact in elevators
question
Nature vs. Nurture
answer
refers to an ongoing discussion of the respective roles of genetics and socialization in determining individual behaviors and traits *both sides play a role, hereditary provides the potential, social environment determines which potential we realize
question
Socialization
answer
2 fold process: 1) process by which individuals are taught to become functioning members of society 2) process by which individuals learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of our own social group (begins in infancy)
question
Self
answer
experiences of a distinct, real, personal identity that is seperate and different from all other people
question
Sociologists and the Self
answer
they look at both the individual and society to gain a sense of where the self comes from - the self is created and modified over the course of a lifetime
question
Sigmund Freud
answer
psychoanalytic approach divides the mind into 3 interrelated systems: id, ego, superego
question
Id
answer
consists of basic inborn drives that are the source of instinctive energy
question
Dramaturgy
answer
Goffman; compares the social interaction to the theatre, where individuals take on roles and act them out to present a favorable impression to the "audience"
question
Thomas Theorem
answer
Goffman; "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"
question
Erving Goffman
answer
believed that the meaning was constructed through interaction (dramatology and impression management)
question
Generalized Other
answer
the perspectives and expectations of a network of others (or society in general) that a child learns and takes into account when shaping their behavior
question
3 Stages of creating self through social interactions
answer
Meade; 1) preporatory stage: under 3, no sense of self, imitating others 2) play stage: pretend to be someone else 3) game stage: generalized others (children see themselves as objects)
question
George Herbert Meade
answer
expanded Cooley's ideas abou the developmental self, he also believed that the self was created through social interaction and that his process started in childhood (children learn language and develop self at the same time) - the acquisition of language skills coincide with the growth of mental capacities (think of selves as seperate, see us in relationships with others)
question
Looking Glass Self
answer
Charles Cooley; notion that the self develops through our perception of others evaluations and appraisals of us ** other people are like a mirror that show us who we are, they give us a response and we interpret it
question
Charles Cooley
answer
believed that one's sense of self depends seeing our self reflected in interactions with others (LGS)
question
Unconscious Mind
answer
source of our conscious thoughts and behaviors
question
Ego
answer
deals with the real world, operates on reason, mediates with the id and super ego
question
Super Ego
answer
conscience- keeps us from engaging in socially undesirable behaviors; ego ideal: upholds our vision of who we believe we should be
question
Psychosexual Stages of Development
answer
4 distinct stages of development of the self between birth and adulthood; ages 1 through 5 set stage for the rest of life
question
Agents of Socialization
answer
social groups, institutions, and individuals that provide structured situations in which social situations take place (family, schools, peers, and mass media)
question
Socially Constructed
answer
changes over time by society
question
Impression Management
answer
Goffman; social life is sort of a game, where we work to control the impressions others have of us-- effort to control the impressions we make on others to create desired views
question
Group
answer
collection of people who share the same attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other
question
Innovators
answer
individuals who accept society's approved goals, but not society's approved means to achieve them
question
Ritualists
answer
individuals who have given up hope of achieving society's approved goals, but still operate to approved means
question
Retreatists
answer
reject society's goals and the means to achieve them
question
Rebels
answer
reject both society's goals and means to achieve them and instead create their own goals by own means
question
Labled Theory
answer
deviance is a consequence of external judgements or labels which both modify the individuals self concept and change the way others respond to the labled person (self fulfilling prophecy- prediction causes itself to come true)
question
Crowd
answer
temporary gathering of people in a public area, members might interact but they do not identify with each other and won't remain in contact
question
Aggregate
answer
collection of people who share a physical location but do not have listing social relations
question
Primary Groups
answer
people who are most important to our sense of self ~ face to face interactions, intense feelings of belonging
question
Secondary Groups
answer
large, less intimate, temporary
question
Social Network
answer
web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to others who may also affect them
question
Anomie
answer
alienation and loss of purpose that results from weaker social bonds
question
In Group
answer
group one identifies with
question
Out Group
answer
group one feels opposition/rivalry towards
question
Merton's Structural Strain Theory
answer
argues that the tension/strain between socially approved goals and an individuals inability to meet those goals through socially approved means will lead to deviance as individuals reject the goals, the means, or both
question
Differential Association Theory
answer
we learn to be deviant through out associations with deviant peers
question
Studying Culture
answer
scientists usually focus on thier culture, we need to study the mundane as well as exceptional and look at everyday life
question
Conflict Theory
answer
sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, emphasizes a materialistic view of society, an economic structure is a crucial factor in shaping society
question
Manifest Functions
answer
the obvious intended functions of a social structure for the social system (education=to learn/get degree)
question
Latent Functions
answer
the less obvious/unintended functions of a social structure (education=experience school problems and opportunities, provides jobs for the community)
question
Microsociology
answer
interactions between individuals and the ways in which those interactions construct the larger society
question
Paradigm
answer
broad theoretical model about how things work in the social natural world
question
Sociological Imagination
answer
a quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our particular situation in life and what is happening at a social level
question
Socologists study...
answer
how society affects the individual and how the individual affects society
question
Sociology
answer
the systematic or scientific study of human society and social behavior, from large scale instituions and mass culture to small groups and individual interactions
question
Society
answer
group of people who shape their lives in aggregated and patterned ways that distinguish their group from others
question
Martineau
answer
translated Comte's Philosophy into English
question
Macrosociology
answer
looks at the large scale social structure to see how it effects the individual
question
Mechanical Solidarity
answer
social bond where shared traditions and beliefs create a sense of social cohesion (sameness, don't like outsiders, agrarian societies) ld?
question
Social Theory
answer
guiding principle that attempt to explain and predict the social world
question
Paradigm Shift
answer
major break from the assumptions made by the previous model
question
Troubles and Issues
answer
ex. marriage: experience personal troubles, 250/1000 result in divorce=issues
question
Culture Shock
answer
the experience of visiting an exotic foreign country
question
Symbolic Interactionism
answer
sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that behaviors are not inherent but are created through interaction (American Thought)
question
The Classical Period
answer
1800's; work from this period forms the theoretical foundations for all sociological work; wanted to make sense of the changing worlk by the french and industrial revolution
question
Scientific Method
answer
procedure for acquiring knowledge that emphasized collecting concrete data through observation and experiment
question
Theory
answer
abstract proposition that both explains the social world and makes predictions about future events (change over time, like a pair of eye glasses)
question
Research Ethics
answer
confidentiality, informed consent, honesty
question
Existing Sources
answer
access to distant times and places
question
Experiments
answer
control over every aspect
question
Surveys
answer
quantitative, representative/random sample
question
Hypothesis
answer
relationship between the dependent and independent variable
question
Interviews
answer
direct contact with respondents, qualitative data, carful contructing questions, must avoid leading questions and double barreled questions
question
Dependent Variable
answer
factor changed by the independent variable
question
Independent Variable
answer
factor that is predicted to change
question
Variable
answer
what you try to explain
question
Ethnography
answer
active participation in and observation of a naturally occurring setting AND written account (field notes) of what goes on, can't be replicated, not representative of population, researcher bias
question
Quantitative Data
answer
numerical
question
Qualitative Date
answer
non numerical
question
Organic Solidarity
answer
social bond based on a division of labor that created interdependence and individual rihts (industrial societies)
question
Beginner's Mind
answer
Bernard McGrane; people wanting to use a sociological perspective should use this, approaching the world without preconceptions in order to see things in a new way, does not deny individual responsibility
question
Disenchantment
answer
the inevitable result of the dehumanizing features of bureaucracies that dominated the moderned societies, bureaucratic goals had become more important than traditions and values
question
Rationalization
answer
the application of economic logic to all human activity
question
Structural Functionalism
answer
Talcott Parsons; society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its seperate structures
question
Social Cohesion
answer
shared values provided by religion helping to bring people together
question
Suicide
answer
the more firmly connected people are to other, the less likely they are to commit suicide
question
Emile Durkheim
answer
tried to establish sociology as an important academic discipline, social bonds exist in all societies, had theories about mechanical and organic solidarty, suicide, and anomie
question
Talcott Parsons
answer
structural functionalism, addressed the types of functions that social structure might fulfill (adaptation to the environment, socialization of children, realization of goals, social cohesion, maintenence of cultural patterns)
question
Robert Merton
answer
clarified the difference between manifest functions and latent functions
question
Max Weber
answer
interested in the shift to industrial society, interested in rationalization, believed society was governed by bureaucracies (large military operations), believed life was filled with disenchantment
question
Karl Marx
answer
lived during the industrial revolution, capitalism was emerging, believed capitalism was creating class conflict and social inequality between the rich and the poor
question
Auguste Comte
answer
early classical, coined the term sociology, began thinking about how the scientific method can be applied to social affairs
question
Positivism
answer
Comte; seeks to identify laws that describe the behavior of a particular reality (math, physics, not religion)
question
Herbert Spencer
answer
early classical, for the idea of evolution and coined the term "survival of the fittest", believed SOCITIES over time adapt to their environment as well (social darwinism)
question
Middletown Clip
answer
a lot changed once the town wasn't industrial based, policy actions: shorten the work week - more time with children, sociological: why is this happening-what's next?
question
Peter Burger's Invitation to Sociology
answer
sociology is not just about collecting statistical data, it is about understanding, has to be tested again and again, question is what is going on, why, how, not what is right or wrong.
question
Social Stratification
answer
the division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy - every society has it, passed from parents to children, creates beliefs about groups in society, (slavery, caste system, social class)
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Social Inequality
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the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of society
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Apartheid
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the system of segregation of racial and ethnic groups, used to be legal in South Africa
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Upper Class
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largely self sustaining group of the wealthiest people in a class system (in US = 1% of the population)
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Upper Middle Class
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mostly professionals and managers, considerable financial stability (14% US)
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Middle Class
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white collar workers, broad range of incomes, (30% US)
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White Collar
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workers and skilled laborers in technical and lower management jobs
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Working/Lower Middle Class
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blue collar, less likely to have a college degree (30% US)
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Blue Collar
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manual labor
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Working Poor
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poorly educated workers who work full time but remain below poverty line (20%)
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Underclass
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poorest Americans who are chronically unemployed and may depend on public or private assistance (5%)
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Status Inconsistency
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situation in which there are serious differences between the different elements of an individuals socioeconomic status
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Marx and Social Stratification
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saw capitalism arising, the rich owned the means of production and the poor owned only their labor
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Feudal System
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system of social stratification based on hereditary nobility who were responsible for and served by a lower stratum of forced laborers- serfs (breaking down as capitalism formed)
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Prestige
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Weber; social honor people are given because of their membership in well regarded social groups
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Social Reproduction
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Pierre Bourdieu; the tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as social class is passed down from one generation to the next
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Cultural Capital
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the tastes, habits, expectations, skills, knowledge, and other cultural dispositions that help us gain advantages in society
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Class Consciousness
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awareness of one's own social status and that of others
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Education and SES
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how children perform in school usually determines whether they go to college, more education=more money, the higher the family's SES, the higher the expectations
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Criminal Justice and SES
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people of lower SES are more likely to encounter the CJS, white collar criminals can hire the best legal representation
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Family and SES
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people are likely to marry people with similar social and cultural backgrounds
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Health and SES
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bottom of the social class ladder are least likely to obtain adequate nutrition, shelter, clothing, health care, >> more prone to illness
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Social Mobility
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the movement of individuals or groups within the hierarchal system of social classes
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Closed System
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social system with ample opportunities to move from one class to another
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Open System
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social system with little opportunity to more from one class to another
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Intergenerational Mobility
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movement between social class from one generation to next
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Intragenerational Mobility
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occurs over one's lifetime
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Horizontal Social Mobility
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the occupational movement of individuals/groups within a social class
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Vertical Social Mobility
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movement between different class statuses
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Structural Mobility
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changes in the social status of large numbers of people due to structural changes in society
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Relative Deprivation
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a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society
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Absolute Deprivation
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an objective measure of poverty, defined by the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care
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Culture of Poverty
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entrenched attitudes that can develop among poor communities and lead the poor to accept their fate rather than attempt to improve it
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Just World Hypothesis
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argues that people have a deep need to see the world as orderly and predictable and far which creates a tendency to view victims of social injustice as deserving of their fates
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Residential Segregation
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the geographical segregation of the poor from the rest of the population
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Disenfranchisement
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the removal of the rights of citizenship through economic political means
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Meritocracy
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a system based in which rewards are distributed based on merit
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Simplicity Movement
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a loosely knit movement that opposes circumcision and encourages people to work less, earn less, and spend less in accordance with nonmaterialistic views
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Slavery
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the most extreme system of social stratification and is based on legal ownership of people
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Caste System
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form of social stratification in which status is determined by one's family history and background and cannot be changed
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Karl Marx and Stratification
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bourgeosie=capitalists and proletariat=larborers, inequality would grow as workers continued to be exploited, class status results from wealth, power, and prestige
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Goffman and Stratification
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according to our clothing, speech, gestures, possessions, friends and activities people know our SES (cars, word choice)
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American Dream
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justifies the class hierarchy by reinforcing the idea that success depends only on effort, suggesting the poor are lazy (criticized)
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Race
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a socially defined category, based on real or percieved biological differences between groups of people
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Ethnicity
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a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history, or other cultural factors
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Symbolic Ethnicity
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an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and does not impact everyday life
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Situational Ethnicity
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ethnic identity that can be either displayed or concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation
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Minority Group
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group that is denied the same access to power as the dominant group, not necessarily fewer in number
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Racism
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set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group, used to justify inequality (assumption that the differences between groups are genetic)
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Prejudice
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an idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change despite evidence against it
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Discrimination
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unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group (motivated by prejudice)
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Individual Discrimination
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one person against another
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Institutional Discrimination
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carried out by an institution
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Passing
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presenting yourself as a member of a different racial or ethnic group than the one you were born into
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Embodied Identity
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those elements of identity that are generated through others perception of our physical traits
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Genocide
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the deliberate and systematic extermination of a racial and ethnic, national, or cultural group
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Population Transfer
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the forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied
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Internal colonialism
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the economical and political domination and subjugation of the minority group by the controlling group within a nation
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Segregation
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the formal and legal seperation of groups by race and ethnicity
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Assimilation
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a pattern of relations between ethnic or racial groups in which the minority group is absorbed into the mainstream or dominant group, making society more homogeneous
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Racial Assimilation
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racial minority groups are absorbed through intermarriage
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Cultural Assimilation
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racial groups are absorbed by adopting the dominant group's cultre
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Pulralism/Multiculturalism
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pattern of intergroup relations that encourage racial and ethnic variation within a society
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Functionalists and Race
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focus on how race creates social ties and strengthens group bongs (could also lead to conflict)
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Symbolic Interactionist and Race
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focus on the ways race, class and gender intersect each other to produce an individual's identity
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Weber and Stratification
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class status was the product of 3 components (wealth, power and prestige
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Sex
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individual's membership in one of two biologically distinct categories (male/female)
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Gender
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the physical, behavioral, and personality traits that a group considers normal for its male and female members
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Intersexed/Hermaphroditic
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person whose chromosomes are neither male/female
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Human Sexual Dimorphism
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the extent to which physical differences define the distinctions between two sexes
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Essentialists
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those who believe gender roles have a genetic or biological origin, and cannot be changed
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Gender Identity
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the roles and traits that a social group assigns to a particular gender
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Constructionists
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those who believe that notions of gender are socially determined
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Patriarchy
answer
"rule of the father", male dominated society
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Instrumental Role
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the position of the family member who provides the family's material support and is often an authority figure
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Expressive Role
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position of the family member who provides emotional support
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Transgendered
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one whose sense of gender identity is at odds witht heir physical sex, but they have not sought surgery
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Gender Role Socialization
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the life long process of learning to be masculine or feminine primarily through 4 agents: families, schools, peers, and media
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Social Learning
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the process of learning behaviors and meanings through social interaction
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Feminization of Poverty
answer
the economic trend showing that women are more likely than men to live in poverty, due in part to the gendered gap in wages, the higher proportion of single mothers compared to single father and increasing costs of child care
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Second Shift
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the unpaid housework and childcare often expected of women after the days paid labor is completed
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Feminism
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belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes, also the social movements organized around the belief
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First Wave
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the earliest period of feminist activism in the US, including the period from the mid 19th century until American women learn the right to vote in 1920
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Suffrage Movement
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the movement organized around gaining voting rights for woman
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Second Wave
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the period of feminist activity during the 1960s and 70s often asociated with the issues of women's exual access to employment and education
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Third Wave
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the most recent period of feminist activity, focusing on issues of diversity and the variety or identities women can possess
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Male Liberationism
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a movement that originated in the 1970's to discuss the challenges of masculinity
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Mens Right Movement
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an offshoot of male liberationism whose members believe that feminism promotes discrimination against men
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Pro feminist Mens Movement
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an offshoot of men's liberationism whose members support feminism and believe that sexism harms both men and women
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Sexual Orientation
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the inclination to feel sexual desire toward people of a particular gender or toward both genders
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Homosexuality
answer
the tendency to feel sexual desire towards emmbers of one's own gender
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Civil Unions
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proposed as an alternative to gay marriage, a form of legally recognized committment that provides gay couples some of the benefits and protections of marriage
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Bisexuals
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individuals who are sexually attracted to both genders
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Transsexuals
answer
individuals who identify with opposite sex and have surgery
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Asexual
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person who has no interest in or desire for sex
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Queer Theory
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social theory about gender identity and sexuality that emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects as restrictive the idea of innate sexual identity
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Homophobia
answer
fear or discrimination towards homosexuals or toward individuals who display gender innappropriate behavior
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Functionlists and Gender
answer
gender roles exist because they are an efficient form of social organization
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Conflict Theory and Gender
answer
gender roles result from male dominance
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Symbolic Interactionists and Gender
answer
emphasizes HOW gender is socially constructed, maintained and produced everyday
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Social Institutions
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systems and structures within society that shape the activities of groups and individuals
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Politics
answer
methods and tactics intended to influence govrnment policy, policy related attitudes, and activities
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Government
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the formal, organized agency that exercises power and control in modern society, especially through the creation and enforcement of laws
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Power
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the ability to impose one's will on others
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Authority
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non coercive power
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Authoritatianism
answer
system of government by and for a small number of elites that does not include representation of ordinary citizens
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Monarchy
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a government by a king or queen and kept in family
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Democracy
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a political system in which all citizens have the right to participate
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Disenfranchised
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stripped of voting rights
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Plurialism
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system of political power in which a wide variety of individuals and groups have equal access to resources and mechanisms of power
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Power elite
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C Wright Mills; small number of people who control the economic, political, and military institutions of asociety
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Special Interest Groups
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organizations that raise and spend money to influence elected officials or public opinion
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Political Action Committee
answer
organization that raises money to support the interests of a select group or organization
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527 committees
answer
organizations that have no official connection to candidate but raise and spend funds like a campaign does
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Durkheim and Work
answer
workplace can be a source of community life for workers (esp during industrial revolution), afterwards there was a stronger sense of community
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Disembodied Colleagues
answer
Durkheim; more common for people to communicate over technology
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Marx and Work
answer
importance of capitalism in our economy, increasing alienation felt by workers, loss of control over their work because of capitalism and how to do their work,
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Weber and Work
answer
rationalization of work, increase in division of labor to increase efficiency, each person has a job and they have to get it done quickly
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Opinion Leaders
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high profile people whose interpretation of events influence the media
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Simulcram
answer
an image or media representation that does not show reality
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Tracking
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the placement of students in education tracks that determine the types of classes they shoudl take
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Hidden Curriculum
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values or behaviors learned indirectly
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Charter Schools
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public schools run by private entitiess to give parents greater control
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Early College High Schools
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students earn a high school diploma and 2 years of credit towards a bachelors
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Home Schooling
answer
parents teach children
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School Vouchers
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money from government to parents toward private school if the public school fails
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Community College
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2 years of general education
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Distance Learning
answer
online
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Religion
answer
system of shared beliefs and rituals that identify a relationship between the sacred and the profane
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Belief
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proposition or idea held on the basis of faith
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Ritual
answer
practice based on religious beliefs
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Sacred
answer
holy, divine, supernatural
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Profane
answer
everyday
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Monotheistic
answer
single devine figure
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Liberation Theology
answer
movement within to catholic church to understand Christianity from the perspective of the poor
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Religiosity
answer
regular practice or religious beliefs, measured in frequency of attendence
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Fundalmentalism
answer
emphasizes literal interpretation of texts and a return to a time of greater religious purity (conservative)
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Evangelical
answer
conservative christians who emphasize converting others to their faith
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Unchurched
answer
those who are spiritual that are not religious and adopt aspects of religious attractions
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Secular
answer
seperates church from state
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C Wright Mills and Politics
answer
American Political System- controlled by 6000 elite members only club
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Early Education
answer
Greece, in church until Enlightenment
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Agricultural Revolution
answer
social and economic changes, including population increases, that followed from the domestication of plants and animals and the gradually increasing efficiency of food production
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Industrial Revolution
answer
rapid transformation of social life because of technological or economical developments
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Information Revolution
answer
recent social revolution made possible by the development of the microchip in the 70d
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Knowledge workers
answer
people who work with info, ideas, judgements, designs, etc
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Service Work
answer
helps others, not manufacturing goods
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Capitalism
answer
free market competition, privitization of the means of production, supply and demand
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Socialism
answer
collective ownership of means of production, collective distribution of goods, and services and government regulation of the economy
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Communism
answer
eliminates private property, extreme socialism, all citizens work for government and no class distinctions
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Telecommunity
answer
working from home using technology
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Resistance Strategies
answer
workers express discontent with working conditions and try to reclaim control of them
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Union
answer
workers who bargain for increased wages, benfits or condition
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Globalization
answer
changes due to increased international trade in the late twentieth century
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Sweatshop
answer
workers are extremely expolitated, low wages and long hours poor conditions
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Outsourcing
answer
company uses labor from another country because its cheaper
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Independent/Third Sector
answer
nonprofit organizations
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Family
answer
social group whose members are bound by legal, biological or emotional ties
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Extended Families
answer
large group of relatives (3 generations) in one household
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Kin
answer
relatives
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Nuclear Family
answer
couple with children
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Endogamy
answer
marriage to someone within their social group
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Exogamy
answer
marriage to someone from a different social group
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Antimiscegination
answer
the prohibition of interacial marriage, cohabitation or sexual interaction
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Monogamy
answer
marriage/relationship with one person
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Polygamy
answer
marriage to more than one person at once
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Polygyny
answer
men have multiple wives
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Polygandry
answer
women have multiple husbands
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Propinquity
answer
tendency to marry people in close proximity
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Instrumental tasks
answer
tasks to maintain family life
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Expressive Tasks
answer
emotional tasks
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Domestic Violence
answer
verbal physical financial sexual psychological behaviors to gain power
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Cycle of Violence
answer
common behavior patterns in abusive relationships, happy>tense>tension explodes>abuse>repeat
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Cohabitation
answer
living together not married or involved
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Custody
answer
physical and legal repsonsibiliy of child decided by court
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Intentional Community
answer
any of a variety of groups who form a communal living arrangements outside of marriage
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Social Ecology
answer
study of human populations and their impact on the natural world
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Environment
answer
natural world, human made environment, and interaction between the two
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Biosphere
answer
parts of Earth that support life
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Environmental Sociology
answer
study of the interaction between society and the natural environment (social cause and consequences of environmental problems)
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Renewable Resources
answer
replenish at a rate comparable to the rate they are consumed
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Nonrenewable Resources
answer
take long to replenish
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Biodiversity
answer
variety of species and plants and animals existing at any given time
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Environmental Protection Agency
answer
1969, so man and nature can exist together
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Greenhouse Gases
answer
allow sunlight to pass through, but trap heat, effecting temp.
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Greenhouse Effect
answer
increased greenhouse gasses cause the earths temp. to rise (from human activity)
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Global Warming
answer
increase in temp. due to increase in greenhouse gasses and human activity
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Global Dimming
answer
less air reaching the earth because of pollution (more light into space)
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New Ecological Paradigm
answer
understanding that humans have to coexist and need to modify their human activity
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Anthropocentric
answer
human centered- humans should take priority over concerns in the environment
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Environmental Movement
answer
first stage, organized around concerns with the relationship between humans and environment
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Conservation Era
answer
earliest stage of environmental movement (wilderness areas)
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Modern EM
answer
second stage, focused on consequences of new technologies, oil, chemical production, and nuclear power plants
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Mainstream Environmentalism
answer
third stage, campaigns, politics, scientific expertise
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Grassroots Environmentalism
answer
fourth stage, major, citizen participation
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NIMBY
answer
not in my backyard
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Green Party
answer
US political party to bring political attention to enviromentalism
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Ecoterrorism
answer
violence to protect the environment
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Sustainable Development
answer
reconcile economic growth with environmental protection
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Ecological Footprint
answer
estimation of goods one uses and waste they make
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Emigration
answer
leaving one country to live in another
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Immigration
answer
permanent residence in another country
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Malthusian Thoery
answer
population growth will outplace growth in food production and other resources - leading to a major health disaster
question
Demographic Freefall
answer
decrease in fertility rates because having children is an economic liability
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Family Planning
answer
contraception
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Suburbanization
answer
after WW2, people moved away from center cities and to the edges
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Urban Sprawl
answer
the expansion of urban boundaries with poorly planned development
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White Flight
answer
movement of upper and middle class whites who could afford to move to the subarbs
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Urban Renewal
answer
efforts to fix decaying inner cities
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Gentrification
answer
poor into middle class communities
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Social Atomism
answer
social situations that emphasizes individualism over group identities
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Altruism
answer
unselfish concern for the well being of others and helping performed without self interested motivation
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Bystander Effect
answer
the more people the less likely one is to do something
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Pluralistic Ignorance
answer
one groups decides not to take action because other groups haven't
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Social Change
answer
transformation of a culture over time
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Collective Behavor
answer
behavior that follows from the formation of a group who take action towards a shared goal
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Contagion Theory
answer
collective action, individuals who joined a crowd become infected by mob mentality and lose the ability to reason
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Emergent Norm Theory
answer
collective behavior, individual members of a crowd made their own decisions about behavior and norms are created through these behaviors
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Mass Behavior
answer
large groups of people engaging in the same behaviors without being in the same place
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Social Dilemma
answer
situation in which a behavior that is fine by one person is practiced by many and leads to collective disaster
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Tragedy of the Commons
answer
Social dilemma in which individuals over exploit a resource
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Public Goods Dilemma
answer
individuals most give money to a resource even though it does not benefit them
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Social Movement
answer
any group with committment to promoting or resisting change
question
Mass Society Theory
answer
people join social movements not because of the ideals but to satisfy a psychological need to belong to something larger than themselves
question
Relative Deprivation Theory
answer
actions of oppressed groups who seek rights or opportunities already enjoyed by others in society
question
Resource Mobilization Theory
answer
practical constraints that help or hinder social movements' action
question
Activism
answer
any activity intended to bring about social chane
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Regressive
answer
resistance to particular social changes
question
Progressive
answer
efforts to promote forward thinking social change
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Technological Determinism
answer
assumes changes in technology drive changes in society, not the other way around
question
Virtual Community
answer
people linked by their consumption of the same electronic media
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Global Village
answer
new communication technologies override barriers of space and time, people everywhere can interact
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Cultural Diffusion
answer
the spread of non material culture to new cultural groups regardless of the movement of people
question
Globalization
answer
increasing connection between economic social and political systems all over the globe
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Cultural Imperialism
answer
cultural influence caused by adopting another culture's products rather than by military force
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Cultural Leveling
answer
process by which societies lose their uniqueness
question
troubles
answer
privately felt problems that come from events or feelings in one's individual life.
question
issues
answer
problems that effect large numbers of people, and have their origins in the institutional arrangments and history of a society.
question
Alexis de Tocqueville
answer
wrote "Democracy in America"
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Harriet Martineau
answer
wrote "Society in America"
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The Classic three
answer
Karl Marx (capitalism), Max Weber (multidimensionalism, Verstehen), Emile Durkheim (functionalism)
question
Jane Adams
answer
ran the hull house, a place to improve lives of slum-dwellers and immigrants, etc.; wanted improvement for the poor; won nobel peace prize
question
Auguste Comte
answer
"father" of Sociology; idea of 'positivism'
question
Organic metaphor
answer
conceiving society as an organism, a system of interrelated functions and parts that work together to create a whole.
question
Replication Study
answer
research that is repeated exactly but on a different group of people at a different time.
question
dramaturgical model
answer
a perspective that sees society like a stage (that is, a drama) wherin social actors are "on stage," projecting and portraying social roles to others.
question
verstehen
answer
the process of understanding social behavior from the point of view of those engaged in it.
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C Wright Mills
answer
Described the importance of the sociological imagination when viewing the world, especially for people with power.
question
Dependent variable
answer
the variable that is a presumed effect
question
Independent variable
answer
a variable treated as the presumed cause of a particular result.
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Intervening variable
answer
a variable caused by the independent variable and which in turn causes the dependent variable.
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Data
answer
the systematic information that sociologists use to investigate research questions.
question
reliability
answer
the likelihood that a particular measure would produce the same results if the measure was repeated.
question
validity
answer
the degree to which an indicator accurately measures or reflects a concept.
question
probability
answer
the likelihood that a specific behavior or event will occur.
question
Karl Marx
answer
'conflict theory'; believed society is shaped by money; two classes: working, and capitalist
question
Max Weber
answer
to understand social behavior you have to understand the meaning that a behavior beholds. (verstehen) also developed a multidimensional analysis of society.
question
multidimensional evolutionary theory
answer
(of social change) a theory predicting that over time societies follow not one but several evolutionary paths. Weber came up with this
question
Mode
answer
the value that appears most frequently in a set of data.
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Median
answer
the midpoint in a series of values that are arranged in numerical order.
question
mean
answer
the sum of a set of values divided by the number of cases from which the values are obtained; an average.
question
types of research
answer
1. survey: polls, questionnaires, and interviews 2. participant observation 3. Controlled experiment 4. Content analysis 5. Historical Research 6. Evaluation Research
question
culture shock
answer
feeling of disorientation that can come when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation
question
5 characteristics of culture
answer
1. is shared 2. is learned 3. is taken for granted 4. is symbolic 5. varies across time and place.
question
Mcdonaldization
answer
process by which the characteristics and principles of the fast-food restaurant come to dominate other areas of social life. Calculability, control, predictability, and efficiency.
question
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
answer
language determines other aspects of culture because language provides the categories through which social reality is understood. (associating the word purple with seeing the color) language determines how we see things.
question
Deviant cultures
answer
subculture and counter culture
question
mores
answer
strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior
question
reflection hypothesis
answer
contends that the mass media reflect the values of the general population.
question
ethnomethodology
answer
a technique for studying human interaction by deliberately disrupting social norms and observing how others respond. Pissin' people off and see what they do.
question
Ethnocentrism
answer
the habit of seeing things only from the opinion/point of view of one's own group.
question
ascribed status
answer
a status determined at birth
question
achieved status
answer
a status attained by effort
question
zytago music
answer
originates from Louisiana and Eastern Texas
question
blue grass music
answer
originates from the Appalachians
question
id
answer
the part of the personality that includes various impulses and drives, including sexual passions and desires, biological urges, and human instincts.
question
superego
answer
the dimension of the self representing the standards of society.
question
ego
answer
the part of the self representing reason and common sense
question
symbolic interaction theory
answer
a theoretical perspective claiming that people act toward things because of the meaning things have for them.
question
Emile Durkheim
answer
believed in functionalism and the scientific method; saw society as a set of independent parts that maintain a system but each separate part has a function
question
deviance
answer
behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms.
question
primary group
answer
a group characterized by intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships.
question
secondary group
answer
a group that is relatively large in number and not as intimate or enduring as a primary group
question
Positivism
answer
Accurate observation and description is considered the highest form of knowledge
question
W.E.B. Dubois
answer
Said "The problem of the 20th century is the problem of the color line". 1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard. Helped create NAACP
question
Oliver Cox
answer
Was a Trinidadian-American sociologist noted for his early Marxist viewpoint on Fascism.
question
Primary data
answer
When sociologists gather original data and material
question
Secondary data
answer
Data that has already been gathered and organized by another party
question
Cultural diffusion
answer
The spreading of of ideas or products from one culture to another
question
Norms
answer
shared rules of conduct which tell people how to act in specific situations
question
Values
answer
Shared set of beliefs among a society
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Dominant culture
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The culture of the most powerful group in society
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Counterculture
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A culture created to defy the dominant culture. For example hippies and "emos"
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Institution
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An established and social organization of social behavior with a recognized purpose
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Social structure
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An organized pattern of social relationships and social institutions that together compose a society
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Sociological Imagination
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When we "think ourselves away" from the familiar routine to see things in a different, more sociological perspective.
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Develop a better understanding of ourselves
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According to Thio, by studying and appreciating social diversity, we ultimately
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Always open to revision in the light of new evidence
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A scientific theory is
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An important factor behind the emergence of the new sociological thinking in the nineteenth century
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a) new political forms and ideas, such as those expressed in the French Revolution b) New economic forms created in the Industrial Revolution c) New ways of understanding he world in scientific rather than religious terms
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Emile Durkheim's classic study of suicide makes the sociological point that
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suicide rates can increase as a result of excessive isolation from people
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Karl Marx
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An early theorist who saw class conflict as the main source of soical change.
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Feminist Theory
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The theoretical approach places gender, class, and race at the core of the theory.
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Functionalism
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The theoretical approach that uses the analogy of the human body in assessing the role of each part of society in the continuation of society as a whole.
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Postmodernism
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The theoretical perspective holds that the grand narratives that have meaning to history in the past no longer make any sense.
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Practical Benefits of the study of sociology
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a) increased awareness and understanding of cultural differences b) ability to assess the effects, including unintended consequences of public policies c) increased self understanding d) increased understanding of the implications of globalization in your community
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Independent Variable
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There are many different kinds of variables. A variable that produces an effect on another variable is called an
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independent; dependent
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"The better the grades Sheri gets in school, the better paying job she is likely to get." In this example, the grades are (blank) variable and occupational income is the (blank) variable.
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Ethnography
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The research method that would give a rich, detailed, inside view of a particular group, setting, or subculture.
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Advantage of survey research
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Results can be easily quantified and analyzed
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Experiment
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The research method that tests hypotheses under controlled conditions
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Triangulation
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The use of two or more methods of research to verify results is called
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The second step in the research procedure
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Review the literature (evidence) and familiarize with related research
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Subculture
answer
a) high school students who are members of the chess club b) vegans, that is, strct vegetarians who will not eat eggs or cheese. c) computer hackers who spend their time creating computer viruses d) people who live in Hawaii apart from the core culture
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Ethnocentrism
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Judging other cultures by the standards of one's own
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Hunting and Gathering Societies
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The type of society that is described as the oldest, having little inequality, no divisions of rich and poor, few differences in power, emphasis on cooperation rather than competition, participatory decision making, and the use of simple tools.
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Sapir and Whorf
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The linguistic hypothesis holds that language predisposes us to see the world in a certain way was developed by these two.
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Folkways
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Lisa attended her friend's wedding wearing cut-off jeans and a tank top. When the minister began the ceremony, Lisa whistled and cheered. Lisa's mode of dress and behavior at the wedding was a violation of society's (blank).
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Role Conflict
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Bob works overtime and he therefore cannot spend as much time with his children as he would like. He feels guilty but knows that if he does not work overtime he could lose his job. The is an example of (Blank).
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NOT part of the characteristics of Postindustrial Societies
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Production of goods through mass employment in business and commercial operations
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Cultural relativism
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assessing society by its own cultural standards is known as (blank)
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His Role Set
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Charles is always overwhelmed with work; among the many activities he develops apart from being a father, he has to write papers, teach too many courses, attend the conference, advise his students, and cheer on his colleagues. His situation is an example of (blank).
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Sociocultural evolution
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the process of changing from a technologically simple society to a more complex one with significant consequences for social and cultural life.
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Participant Observation
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a research method that involves askig questions about opinions, beliefs, or behaviors.
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Patriarchy
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A system of domination which men exercise power over women.
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Sociology
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The systematic, scientific study of human society
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Class Conflict
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Durkheim's terms for the struggle between capitalists, who own the means of production, and the proletariat, who do not.
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Primary Group
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A group whose members interact formally, relate to each other as players of particular roles, and expect to profit from each other
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Knowledge
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A collection of relatively objective ideas and facts about the physical and social worlds.
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Scientific findings
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Always subject to verification or refutation by other scientists.
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Secondary analysis
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The sociologist searches for new knowledge in the data collected earlier by another researcher.
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For humans to be socialized, it is imperative that they have
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regular social interaction with adults
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Taking the role of the other
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A child learns to act like adults she observes. Mead refers to this behavior.
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The importance of human conduct
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Social scientists have developed alternative theories of child development. All the theroies of child socialization share a common understanding of...
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Behavior associated with Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage
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When a child learns with his senses and body interact with the environment
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The stages of cognitive development
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Jean Piaget's theory of child development learning how to think is based on
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Conflicting norms
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According to Lawrence Kohlberg, at the third level of moral development, young adults have a postconventional morality, which takes into account the importance of.
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Ahead of other children int he areas he has been trained in
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Frank is a young boy whose parents surrounded him with books, challenging discussions, and ideas. Based on our understanding of socialization, Frank is probably...
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Generalized other
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According to George Herbert Mead, when children learn to internalize the values of society as a whole, the take the role of the...
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Developmental socialization
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John received a work promotion that will permit him more autonomy than his previous position. Sociologists see these new responsibilities as part of John's...
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The socialization process is complex and involves different and distinct stages throughout the life course. These stages are determined by:
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a) biological factors b) social influences c) cultural differences d) economic circumstances
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The difference between social identity and self-identity
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Social identity focuses on similarities among people, whereas self-identity focuses on individual differences.
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Taking on the role of the other
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Brooke likes to pretend taht she is a firefighter. She uses her mother's garden hose to put out pretend fires and climbs trees to rescue her teddy. Mead would say that she is...
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The understanding of collaborative behavior among peers
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In the fifth stage of the Levels of Development of The Self, the 'WE' represents...
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Is probably well organized
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Bobby receives good grades in school, he is outgoing and participates in several extra-curricular activities. Cooley would suggest that Bobby...
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Twixters are financially dependent
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Lev Grossman states that the major reason young people have to live back with their parents is because...
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Civil Inattention
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Two people walking on a city sidewalk quickly glace at each other and then look away as they pass. Erving Goffman called this type of inteaction...
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Studying day-to-day interactions is important because
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it gives us insight into the similarities and varieties of behaviors
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Ethnomethodology
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The study of folk methods people use to make sense of what others say and do
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An ethnomethodologist would likely study
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the conversations among roommates in a college dormitory
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Many people use the Internet as a key tool of communication. The following are disadvantages of electronic communication.
answer
a) Contact between people becomes indirect rather than face-to-face. b) People become isolated from one another as we all work at our own computers. c) We lose then ability to interpret other people's faces and other forms of nonverbal communication. d) It takes more time to communicate what we want and feel.
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Not classified as civil inattention
answer
riding the bus to work
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Erving Goffman
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Everyday life is an important part of understanding the social world. The pioneering sociologist who developed it and emphasized the importance of understanding it was...
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Not a reason for studying social interaction in everyday life
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Examining social interation in everyday life allows sociologists to see how relatively unimportant language is in creating social reality.
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The use of the Internet, e-mail, chat rooms, and social networking sites, such as Myspace and Facebook
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adds a new and different dimension to the study of everyday life.
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Oppositional
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Tom see his coworkers as competitors and tends not to share information with any of them. He would be involved in (blank) interaction with his coworkers.
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Status and Independence
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When the two sexes communicate with each other, women tend to use the language of connection and intimacy, and men the language of...
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Presenting his self
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Julian was a salesman who took a prospective client to dinner. He dressed carefully, spoke in a confident way, and hoped his guest did not notice his obvious flaws. Julian was involved in...
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Social construction of reality
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The process by which people create through social interaction a certain idea, feeling, or belief about their environment is called the...
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An incongruity between two realities
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Humor makes us laugh because almost all jokes contain...
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Proxemics
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The use of space as a means of communication
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Social reproduction
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Made possible by socialization
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The concept of childhood
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As a distinct phase of life between infancy and teenage did not arise until the past two or three centuries.
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The id
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Freud's term for the part of personality that is irrational, concerned only with seeking pleasure
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Example of a social group
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A couple married less than a year
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Standards of a reference group
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A person measures his or her own worth by this.
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Example of a social aggregate
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people waiting at Terminal C for flight 181
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Social Networks
answer
a) It's not what you know, it's who you know b) Not all networks are social groups. c) The Bohemian Grove is an elite network.
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Organization
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That term that sociologists use to refer to a group with an identifiable membership that engages in concerted collective actions to achieve a specific goal.
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Instrumental
answer
Jane was in charge of a difficult project in a large office. She was a tough leader and kept pushing people to accomplish the project's goals. She would be an example of an (blank)
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A situation that most likely illustrated a primary relationship
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A family enjoying a picnic at the beach.
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Japanese corporations use a horizontal, collaborative model.
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Japanese corporations differ from the bureaucratic model followed by most business organizations in the West in this way.
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Characteristics of a bureaucracy
answer
a) Ownership is not in the hands of the workers. b) There is a complete separation between work ad home life c) Each job has a definite and fixed salary attached to it. d) A set of rules governs the conduct of officials at all levels of the organization.
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The relationship between group size, intimacy, and stability
answer
Larger groups, such as fraternities, are less intimate than small cliques, but the fraternities are a more stable group and relationships.
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The McDonaldization of society
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The increased of regulated and standardized of society due to automation.
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Idiosyncrasy credit
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The privilege that allows leaders to deviate from their group's norms.
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Reference groups provide us with
answer
A standard for judging one's attitudes and behaviors
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Social Category
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People with a common characteristic, such as gender, occupation, or ethnicity, but not necessarily interacting with each other nor gather in one place.
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Socialization
answer
Among the informal controls that we have in our society, the most effective to control deviance is...
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Lasissez-faire
answer
Tom Brown was the supervisor of a group of computer programmers. He provided support if needed, but generally allowed member of his group to work by themselves.
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Biological determinism
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Early attempts to explain deviant behavior in individuals were based on the assumption that crime was committed mostly by people with certain physical traits.
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In the US, virtually everyone has committed a punishable act
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Alex Thio reviews the variety of behaviors that is punishable by fines or jail terms, and concludes that...
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Differential association
answer
If you live in a high crime area, many people you will befriend will be involved in criminal activities, thus increasing your opportunity to learn criminal behavior. The conceptual context for this phenomenon is known as...
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According to Edwin Sutherland, how do criminals adopt criminal behavior?
answer
They learn criminal behavior from peers.
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A conflict theorist would closely agree with this statement
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Deviants are labeled as such by powerful groups who use the label to control the less powerful.
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Anomic
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The first day of college, you may have felt a little uncertain about how to behave. Durkheim and other sociologists would describe your feelings as...
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Organized crime
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Many characteristics of organizations appear orthodox, but activities are all illegal, easy to evade law enforcements, they are called...
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Social studies show that prisons
answer
are more likely to create hardened criminals than rehabilitated them.
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Now a days, corporate crime, or white-collar crime, occurs at a higher rate than individual criminal acts. The following are examples of corporate crime.
answer
a) A pesticide company dumps pollutants into the local river. b) Food manufacturers label an item as light when in fact in has as many calories as the regular item. c) Auto mobile companies manufacture a car or truck with a high possibility of an explosion on impact with another object. d) Corporate executives lie about company profits.
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Differential association and labeling theory
answer
The two theories that explain deviance are classified as symbolic interactionist.
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Not an effective deterrent to murder
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Most evidence about the impact of capital punishment on murder rates supports the conclusion that capital punishment is....
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Significant others
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The popular perception of rape is that it is committed by strangers. However, research suggests that many rapes are not reported because they are committed by...
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Prior involvement in drug use
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NOT a reason why college students become binge drinkers
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Tackling poverty, inequality, and education
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The current 'war on drugs' focuses on cutting off the supplies of drugs rather than...
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Subtle surveillance
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The maintenance of written and computerized records by modern organizations is form of...
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Human resource management
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A style that sees human resources issues as the responsibility of the whole organization, not just the human resources department.
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Labeling theory
answer
begins from the assumption that all deviant acts are intrinsically criminal.
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A rebel
answer
According to Merton, (blank) wants to replace old values and change the social structure.
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True of all systems of social stratification
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A person's life chances are significantly influenced by his or her position.
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Life Chances
answer
This conceptualizes the idea that your probability of economic success is largely dependent on your background.
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NOT an accurate statement about class systems
answer
The boundaries between classes are very clear cut.
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Increased significantly; dropped
answer
During the twentieth century, the real income of blue-collar workers in Western societies has (blank) overall, though it has (blank) in the past twenty years.
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Factors that account for racial disparities in wealth and income.
answer
a) education b) parents' social class c) discrimination
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Working Class
answer
People who work in blue-collar and pink-collar occupations.
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What precipitated the emergence of the "new urban poor" in the past quarter century?
answer
a) economic globalization, which led to high unemployment among the unskilled sectors of the lower class b) racial discrimination in hiring for the remaining low-skilled jobs in urban centers c) changes in government policies that cut back or eliminated welfare programs d) the cycle of poverty that is reinforced among the poor.
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Social mobility refers to
answer
the movement of individuals and groups between class positions.
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Structural mobility
answer
Social mobility resulting from changes in the number and kinda of occupations in a society.
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Capitalists; the working class
answer
Karl Marx called those who own the means of production (blank) and those who make their living by selling their own labor power for a wage (blank).
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How globalization contributed to the increasing inequality in American society.
answer
a) Some companies have lowered wages to compete with other companies that use cheaper third world labor. b) Globalization has encouraged immigration to the United States, thus increasing the low wage labor pool and pushing wages down. c) Labor unions have been weakened by globalization
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Best describes the caste system
answer
It is a stratification system based on one's fix position at birth.
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The reality of economic inequalities that continue to grow in society
answer
Consumerism and consumption have blurred class differences to some extent in our society. Television and widespread mall stores reinforce the idea that there are no intense class boundaries. Consumerism and consumption, however, do NOT alleviate...
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Two reasons that have been attributed to the emergence of the new urban poor during the past twenty-five years
answer
unskilled and semi-skilled jobs moving overseas, and dramatic cutbacks of government assistance programs.
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Not considered cultural capital
answer
Having your child work at a fast food restaurant after school.
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A common criticism of the culture of poverty theory
answer
the poor passively accept their circumstance
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As a sociological concept, ethnicity refers to
answer
cultural practices and outlooks, including language, history, ancestry, religion, and styles of dress or adornment that end to set people apart.
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Symbolic ethnicity
answer
When people assimilate in to the larger culture, but occasionally participate in ethnic customs, they are practicing...
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Prejudice
answer
Preconceived opinions or attitudes held by members of one group toward another are defined as...
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Racism
answer
Prejudice based on socially significant physical distinction is...
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Institutional racism
answer
Racism that is not simply the opinions of a small segment of the population but systematically pervades all of a society's structures and operations is known as:
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Symbolic ethnicity
answer
John celebrates Bastille Day every year by putting out his French flag, drinking French wine, and eating French food. His friend Charles didn't even know John was French until he attended his latest party. This is an example of...
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Assimilation
answer
When a group takes over the attitudes and language of the dominant community.
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Why has racism thrived in the period since European expansion in to the rest of the world?
answer
a) As cultural symbols, white and black have long been seen as opposites in European culture, with white representing purity and black symbolizing evil. b) The concept of race itself was invented and spread by Europeans in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. c) Racism was needed to justify the exploitation of nonwhite peoples by Europeans.
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An example of the interaction between between micro and macro factors that influence migration
answer
A family that leaves Liberia to escape the civil war moves to Minneapolis, Minnesota, because they can work at a family business.
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One of the several problems with the biological classification is that
answer
most people are not physically distinctive.
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An example of prejudice
answer
feeling negatively about people from a particular ethnic group.
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Institutionalized discrimination
answer
The long histories of discrimination in education, the economy, politics, and other areas of American life has resulted in...
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Scapegoating
answer
A social psychological cause of prejudice and discrimination.
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Prejudiced discriminators
answer
According to Robert K. Merton's analysis of prejudice ad discrimination, the KKK is...
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'Third wave' of feminism
answer
welcoming men to join women in addressing problems that affect both sexes
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A lack of unity regarding the role of women
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According to Naomi Wolf, the reason why women have not recognized their power as a majority of the voting population
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Gender roles are somewhat flexible from society to society
answer
Cross-cultural studies concerning gender roles suggest that in other societies...
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It can be safely said that
answer
nature accounts only for physical differences between men and women
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Socialization and culture
answer
According to research, many of the sexual differences found in early childhood, such as boys' superiority in math, are due to
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The role of women in politics today
answer
Women play an important role but they far from achieving equality
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Sterotypes that women and men are supposed to be
answer
the basic division of labor underlying traditional gender roles in the United States has been accompanied by many popular
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Her emphasis on day care programs shows that she is an one-issue candidate
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Mollie wanted to enter a political race against a man. This statement is most likely based on Sexism.
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This definition of sexual harrassment was accepted by the Supreme court in 1993
answer
any conduct that makes the workplace environment hostile or abusive.
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This is true about the role of women today in the work force
answer
Women are still far from economically equal to men
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Some sociologists believe that the elderly should be considered a minority group because
answer
like other minority groups, they face prejudice and discrimination.
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Hereditary genes
answer
Social factors that may contribute to the aging process include all of the following EXCEPT
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Social forces such as gender and race
answer
can aggravate the impact of chronic problems of the elderly
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Andragogy and geragogy are most likely to emphasize
answer
building on the extensive life experience of older learners
question
Medical Care
answer
As the number of elderly people continues to grow, which area of public policy will feel the greatest burden
question
The elderly can be divided into three age groups. Aside from their younger age, what advantages do the young old have over the oldest old?
answer
a) The young old tend to be more educated b) The young old grew up during a time of economic prosperity c) The young old went to school, acquired wealth, and stable employment.
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Procreation
answer
The family that one established through marriage, consisting of oneself and one's spouse and the future children, is called a family of....
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Exogamy
answer
In most societies, people are required to practice, (blank) which is the act of marrying someone from outside one's group.
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The interaction between husband and wife
answer
The aspects of family life that would be of the most interest to symbolic interactionists.
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Romantic love
answer
It provides for intrinsic satisfaction as opposed to extrinsic rewards.
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Two-Career Family
answer
one form of family in the United States that has become very common
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Bilateral
answer
In modern American society, for the most part, families prefer (blank) residential patterns.
question
Violence with the American family
answer
has cultural encouragement
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Different research projects have found all of the following to be true about the effect of a wife's employment on the marriage, EXCEPT that it
answer
almost always benefits both husband and wife
question
Increased individualism
answer
Jane was married but after a while she became more concerned about her own needs and interests. She decided to get a divorce an dgo back to school. Her experience was based on what cause of divorce?
question
an increase in unwed mothers
answer
Two reasons for the increase in single-parent families are increased divorce and
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Research has found that children raised by homosexual couples
answer
develop the same as children raised by heterosexual parents.
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The rise in cohabitation rates
answer
has raised concerns about the institution of marriage.
question
Domestic Parternship agreement
answer
In the US, gay couples generally do not have the same legal protection and financial benefits as heterosexual couples. Recently, a number of cities in the U.S. have addressed the issue by providing unmarried couples a...
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An outcome for the family that sociologists predict as the most likely...
answer
many diverse forms of the family.
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Gender Roles
answer
Vary greatly from culture to culture.
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Stress
answer
process of perceiving and responding to events (stressors)
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Eustress
answer
good stress
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Reaction to a Threatening Stressful Event
answer
panic, freeze up
question
Reaction to a Challenging Stressful Event
answer
alert, focused
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Sympathetic Stress Response
answer
body arouses, fight or flight
question
Parasympathetic Stress Response
answer
calms body, conserves energy
question
Adrenal Gland
answer
gland that releases hormones
question
3 Types of Hormones
answer
epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol
question
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
answer
the body's resistance to stress can last only so long until exhaustion - seyle's adaptive response to stress
question
Phase 1
answer
alarm, mobilize resources
question
Phase 2
answer
resistance, cope with stressor
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Phase 3
answer
exhaustion, reserves depleted
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Health Psychology
answer
subfield of psychology - contributes to behavioral medicine
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Behavioral Medicine
answer
interdisciplinary field that studies behavior and medicine
question
18 - 24 years old
answer
most stressed out age group
question
Change
answer
factor that leads to stress
question
Learning Process
answer
learning to cope with stress
question
Catastrophic Events
answer
hurricanes, combat stress, floods
question
Life Changes
answer
death, divorce, loss of job, promotion
question
Daily Hassles
answer
traffic, long lines, job stress, burnout
question
Stress is Intensified By
answer
actual or lack lack of situational control
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Coronary Heart Disease
answer
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle
question
Atherosclerosis
answer
Clogging, narrowing, and hardening of the body's large arteries and medium-sized blood vessels.
question
Hypertension
answer
a common disorder in which blood pressure remains abnormally high (a reading of 140/90 mm Hg or greater)
question
Type A Personality
answer
higher stress level - competitive, impatient, aggressive, and anger prone
question
Type B Personality
answer
more laid back - easygoing, relaxed
question
Type D Personality
answer
distressed, depressed, anxious - newer type
question
Psychological Illness
answer
"mind-body" illness - stress related - forms of hypertension and headaches
question
Hypochondriasis
answer
misinterpreting normal physical sensation as symptoms of a disease
question
Lymphocytes
answer
2 types of white blood cells in body's immune system
question
B Lymphocytes
answer
stored in bone marrow - release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
question
T Lymphocytes
answer
stored in thymus gland - attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
question
Placebo Effect
answer
positive effects derived from expectations
question
Nocebo Effect
answer
negative effects derived from expectations
question
Personality
answer
a characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting - fairly stable across time and situations
question
Kokology
answer
how you respond to scenarios
question
What Drives the Unconscious Mind?
answer
childhood sexuality and unconscious motivation - influences personality
question
Freud's Theory of Personality
answer
attributes our thoughts/actions to unconscious tension
question
Psychoanalysis
answer
approach to treating disorders - exposing and interpreting unconscious tenstion
question
Unconscious
answer
according to Freud...reservoir of unacceptable thoughts, feelings, and memories
question
Freuds 3 Structures That Control Personality
answer
id, superego, ego
question
Id
answer
unconscious psychic energy - strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives,
question
Super Ego
answer
the part of personality that presents internalized ideals - promotes standards for judgment (conscience) and for future aspirations
question
Ego
answer
the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality - the arbitrator between the id and superego - operates on the reality principle, satisfies the id in ways that realistically bring pleasure than pain
question
Freud Idea
answer
parental strife and sexual motivation are powerful influences on personality development
question
Identification
answer
children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos
question
Psychosexual Stages
answer
childhood stages of development - id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
question
Freuds Psychological Stages
answer
oral stage - anal stage - phallic stage - latency stage - genital stage
question
Oral Stage (0-18 months)
answer
pleasure on the mouth - suckling, biting, chewing
question
Anal Stage (18-36 months)
answer
pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
question
Phallic Stage (3-6 years)
answer
pleasure zones is the genitals; incestuous sexual feelings
question
Latency Stage (6-puberty)
answer
dormant sexual feelings
question
Genital Stage (puberty on)
answer
maturation of sexual interests
question
Fixation
answer
lingering focus of energy at a psychosexual stage - occurs when conflicts are unresolved
question
Oedipus Complex (for a male)
answer
sexual desires toward mother - jealousy and hatred for the "rival" father
question
Freud Idea
answer
the unconscious mind helps us cope with stress and anxiety
question
6 Defense Mechanisms
answer
repression - regression - reaction - projection - rationalization - displacement
question
Repression
answer
banish anxiety arousing thoughts and memories from consciousness
question
Regression
answer
retreat to more infantile psychosexual stage
question
Reaction
answer
unconsciously switching impulses into its opposite form - expressing the opposite of the anxiety arousing feeling
question
Projection
answer
disguise threatening impulse by attributing them to other others
question
Rationalization
answer
provide justification that substitute for the real (more threatening) unconscious reason for actions
question
Displacement
answer
shifts sexual/aggressive impulses toward "acceptable" or "less threatening" object or person
question
Projective Test
answer
type of personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli that triggers the projection of one's inner dynamics
question
Free Association Test
answer
projective test using methods that explore the unconscious - person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind
question
Other Projective Tests
answer
thematic apperception test (TAT) - rorschach inkblot test -
question
Rorschach Inkblot Test
answer
the most widely used projective test
question
3 Criticisms of Freud's Theories
answer
not a true science - conscious interpretation of events is equally as important as unconscious mind - sex and aggression are not all consuming emotions. people are driven by a variety of goals/needs
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Alfred Alder
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importance of childhood tension - growth motivation, deficiency motivation - "inferiority complex"
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Karen Horney
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balanced Freud's masculine biases; counted notion of "penis envy"
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Carl Jung
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emphasized the "collective unconsciousness" - shared, inherited reservoir of memory from our species history
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Abraham Maslov
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studied self actualization in productive and healthy people
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Humanistic Perspective
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self actualization including ultimate need, after others needs are met, motivation to fulfill one's potential
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Carl Rogers
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focused on growth and fulfillment - geniuses, acceptance, empathy - introduced group therapy
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Rogers Acceptance
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unconditioned positive regard - altitude of total acceptance toward selves and others/self concept: "who am I?" our thoughts/feelings about ourselves
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Trait
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innate characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving
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Hans and Sybil Eysneck
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2 personality dimensions: stability-instability/introversion-extroversion
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Personality Inventory
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a structured survey - items gauge feelings and behaviors - assess select personality traits
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Theory Driven Survey
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based on definition of traits
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Empirically Derived Survey
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develop a pool of items that predict traits
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Extrovert
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one who gains energy, motivation and comfort from social interactions
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MMPI
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most widely researched and used personality traits/identifies emotional disorders/used for multi-purpose screening
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Big Five Personality Inventory
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identifies dominant personality traits/ typically used in healthy populations/used for multi-purpose screening
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Social -Cognitive Perspective
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behavior influenced by the interaction between people and their social contexts
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Reciprocal Determinism
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interacting influences between personality and environment
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Personal Control
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our sense of controlling our environments, rather than feeling helpless
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External Locus of Control
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forces beyond one's control determine fate
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Internal Locus of Control
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perception that one controls own fate
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Learned Helplessness
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hopelessness and passive resignation/learned when unable to avoid repeated aversive events/results in stress and depression/uncontrollable bad events->perceived lack of control->generalized helpless behavior
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Self
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shaped by biases
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Self Serving Basis
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readiness to perceive oneself today
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Spotlight Effect
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overestimate others noticing our appearance, performance, and blunders
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Self Esteem
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ones' feelings of high or low self worth
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Self Efficacy
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belief in one's ability to perform a certain task
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Synthetic Model
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interaction between biological, psychological, and socio-cultural influences - creates psychological disorders
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Mental Healthcare
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developing science and practice
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Anxiety Disorders
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distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
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Generalized Anxiety Order (GAD)
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uncontrollable worry about domains of functioning - chronic autonomic nervous system arousal - 66% women
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Panic Disorder
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minutes long episodes of intense dread
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Phobia Disorder
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persistent, irrational fear of a specific object or situation
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
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unwanted repetitive thoughts and/or actions
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Dissociative Disorders
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awareness becomes separated from previous memories; thoughts and feelings
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Personality Disorders
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disorders characterized by inflexible, enduring behavior patterns; impairs social functioning
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3 Clusters of Personality Disorders
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expresses anxiety - expresses eccentric behaviors - impulsive behaviors
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Antisocial Personality Disorder
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"sociopath" or "psychopath" - lacks conscience for wrongdoing - may be aggressive and ruthless, or a clever con artist - usually male; characteristics can emerge at an early age
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Mood Disorders
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characterized by emotional extremes
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Major Depressive Disorder
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for no apparent reason, person experiences 2 or more weeks of depressive moods, feelings of worthlessness, diminished interest/ pleasure in most activites
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Bipolar Disorder
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person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy, and the overexcited state of mania (Manic-Depression)
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Manic Episode
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disorder marked by a hyperactive widely optomistic state
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Depressed Brain Has Less?
answer
serotonin and norepinephrine
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Who Is More Likely to Commit Suicide?
answer
men
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Who Is More Likely to be Depressed?
answer
women
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