question

Social Network

answer

the ties or connections between people, groups, and organizations

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Society

answer

A large group of people who live in the same area and participate in a common economy culture

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Sociology

answer

The study of societies and the social world that individuals inhabit within them. -not the study of the individual but rather how we live together

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Sociological Imagination

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The capacity to think systematically about how many things we experience as personal problems are really social issues that are shared by others born in similar time and location. -example: debt, student loans, divorced parents, etc.

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C. Wright Mills

answer

-Sociologist -1959 -"the SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION enables us to gasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society." -understanding world around us and how it works based on influences of people, places, and time

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Stereotype

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a simplified generalization about a group that is usually not true or exaggerated.

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aphorisms

answer

short phrases stating a truth or opinion

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which of the following statements best describes why a sociological imagination is important for understanding society?

answer

only when we develop this ability can we start to see how larger issues in society relate to personal problems

question

best description of how people commonly develop stereotypes?

answer

A person receives that a group is distinct because of a certain characteristic, then assumes that an individual from that group must have that characteristic.

question

sociologist can ask a broad array of questions. which of the following best identifies what these sociological questions all have in common?

answer

sociological questions consider how social contexts matter

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Social Context

answer

the social environments, including economic and cultural conditions, that influence people's lives.

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Pat Sharkey

answer

-New York University Sociologist -link between neighborhood violence and children's school performance -teaches how violence can be absorbed

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Identities

answer

the conceptions we and others have about who we are and what groups or categories we are members

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Social interaction

answer

the way that people act together, including how they modify and alter their behavior in response to the presence of others. -social interaction governed by norms.

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Norms

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basic rule of society that defines whats right and wrong -evolve over time

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Social Structure

answer

The external forces, most notably social hierarchy, norms, and institutions that provide the context for individuals and group action.

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Social hierarchy

answer

any relationship between individuals or groups that is unequal and provides one person or group with more status and power than another .

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two components of the social worlds humans create

answer

-social interaction -social structure

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race, gender, and religion are all examples of

answer

identities

question

what do synagogues, political organizations, and schools have in common?

answer

they are all contexts where people might gain special opportunities

question

what does it mean to connect individual biographies to history?

answer

connecting biography to history means understanding how an individual's problem is really a social problem affecting many individuals

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Edward is introduced to Jessah and intends to kiss her on the cheek in greeting. He ends up kidding her on the lips, both laugh at the mistake. what can be drawn based on this scenario?

answer

Edward's mistake was a violation of social norms.

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Auguste Comte

answer

-first one to use the term sociology -sociology would eventually become the ultimate science of social life - "social statistics" -"social dynamics"

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Emile Durkheim

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-"father of sociology" -founded the first European sociology department -first major european journal of sociology -socialization -through observation we learn certain behavior -social solidarity

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Max Weber

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-observed industrial revolution -establishing an identity for sociology as a discipline in that country. -hardwork = salvation -protestant ethics- working hard leads to salvation

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Herbert Spencer

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-publishes Principle of Sociology in England 1874

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industrialization

answer

a process of economic change characterized by the decline of farming and the growth of factories and large scale goods production.

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urbanization

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growth of cities in the late 19th century

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Urban Areas

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geographic area with a high population

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Two fundamental distinctions of sociology

answer

1. Sociology concepts and theories cover a wide range of topics than other disciplines 2.Sociologist move from individuals to groups to institutions to global society

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Interdisciplinary research

answer

Method of research that integrates ideas, theories, and data from different academic fields.

question

in the late 1800s the united states went trough a period of -------, which refers to a pronounced growth in factories and cities.

answer

Industrialization

question

the field of sociology has spawned other areas of study. which of the following is an area of study spawned by sociology

answer

gender studies

question

relative to other disciplines, such as economics and political science, sociology -------- engages in interdisciplinary research.

answer

is the most likely discipline to

question

statement that best reflects the relationship between sociology and different units of analysis?

answer

sociological explanations of how the world shapes peoples's behavior often take into account different units of analysis.

question

Institution

answer

structure and enduring practices of human life built around established rules and norms -example government, churches, schools

question

the social sciences were first founded in the late 1800s and early 1900s. why was this the case?

answer

-Rapid industrialization and urbanization of the time resulted in the need to study society and its groups. the social sciences formed to address this need.

question

forming a good sociological question requires that we learn not to take ---- for granted

answer

stereotypes and commonsense

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Social Theories

answer

-Systematic ideas about the relationships between individuals and societies -analytical framework for understanding the social world

question

theories that are very grand or "macro" in nature typically seek to explain

answer

universal features of individuals

question

understanding theories when having trouble with them

answer

"sociology has multiple and competing theories and most sociologist draw on more than one at a time to make sense of their research."

question

the central questions all sociological theories face

answer

what is the nature of the individual? what are the basis of social order? what are the circumstances under which societies change?

question

different theoretical traditions offer ------ answers to the question "what are the circumstances or conditions under which society changes"

answer

different

question

19th and early 20th century 4 characteristics of change

answer

1. the change from an economy rooted in farming and agriculture to one based on industry and factory work 2. movement of people from rural areas to cities 3. change of government from monarchies to democracies 4. changes in the role of religion in society -decline in religious influence on public life as nonreligious ideas became increasingly important

question

Karl Marx

answer

-founding figure of the socialist movement -posed each of 3 questions central to social theory -primarily focuses on inequality in economic systems

question

classes

answer

group of people who share a similar set of economic interests.

question

modes of production

answer

In maxis theory, a mode of production is a concept for characterizing the dominant economic system in society. - mode of production has two parts, the forces of production has two parts - the forces of production and - social relations of production

question

forces of production

answer

-one part of the modes of production - the technological and productive capacity of any society at any given point in time.

question

social relations of production

answer

-one part of the modes production - the relationships and inequalities between different kinds of people wishing the economy.

question

bourgeoisie

answer

the group in a capitalist economy who own and employ people to work for them. -most powerful class in a capitalist society.

question

capital

answer

money or other assets that can be used for business investment

question

Proletariat

answer

individuals in capitalist economies who work in exchange for pay. -'working class'

question

socialist

answer

In marxist theory, a socialist mode of production is one in which the productive forces of society are collectively owned (not by individual business owners).

question

Class struggle

answer

the idea that classes of people who are treated differently by the economic system are inevitably going to be in conflict with one another

question

social fact

answer

according to Emilie Durkheim, those regularities and rules of everyday life that exist independently and outside the control of individuals.

question

social forces

answer

all of the forms of social structure (hierarchies and institutions) that any individual must operate within. Social forces are related to what Durkheim called "social facts"

question

Socialization

answer

the process by which individuals come to understand the expectations and norms of their group as well as the various roles they transition into over the life course and how to behave in society or in particular social settings.

question

social solidarity

answer

the social forces that hold any society together.

question

mechanical solidarity

answer

According to Durkheim, mechanical solidarity refers to the factors that hold primitive societies together, mostly through family and kinship ties and a collective consciousness shared by all members of the community.

question

division of labor

answer

-specialization of tasks -with an economic base consisting primarily of hunting and gathering or simple agriculture.

question

organic solidarity

answer

a very extensive division of labor and mutual depend among people can be found.

question

sacred

answer

holy

question

interpretative sociology

answer

-the study of the meanings individuals ascribe to their actions.

question

types of social action

answer

-instrumental rationality behavior oriented toward gaining or achieving some specific reward. -value rationality behavior guided by a belief in some ultimate value, regardless of rewards -Affectual motives action that is guided by positive or negative emotions -traditional motives action guided by a belief in following established traditions

question

power

answer

as a person's ability to achieve his or her objective even if someone else wants to try to prevent it.

question

authority

answer

the capacity to get people to do things because they think that they should abide by the commands of people above them.

question

legitimacy

answer

the acceptance of the authority of a ruler and /or system of government. legitimacy exists when virtually all members of society accept the right of their rulers to govern their society.

question

Charisma

answer

"gift of grace" -refers to unique individuals who claim special powers on gifts that their followers believe to be true.

question

status groups

answer

a term invented by Max Weber to describe any group that forms a common identity and develop ways of distinguishing insiders from outsiders.

question

stratification system

answer

the full range of social hierarchies found in any society; which create inequalities between individuals and groups

question

social closure

answer

the process by which organized groups seek to establish or maintain privileged access to rewards or opportunities.

question

George Simmel

answer

-group membership cheerleader and athletes sit together, nerds, etc. -"how do you know you wanna be with these people" -"why do they categorize you"

question

Social distances

answer

the boundary between rich and poor, or between groups

question

network analysis

answer

a research technique that focuses on identifying the connections among individuals, groups, or organizations.

question

social network

answer

the ties or connections between people, groups, and organizations.

question

W.E.B. Du Bois

answer

-racism "people aren't born racist" -representative of the founders of the national colored people -stereotypes specifically of the black race, how do these stereotypes impact the race over all -double consciousness

question

racism

answer

the assumption that members of a racial group are inherently inferior to other races.

question

Term that best describes the idea that capitalists are driven to push down the wages of worker, which is in direct conflict with the goal of worker, who seek to secure higher wages?

answer

class struggle

question

which social theorist was most interested in understanding how people interpret and give meaning to the world around them

answer

max weber

question

college students academic outcome depending on whom they have their social network to help them through college. which social theorist might be useful with this research.

answer

Georg simmel

question

Concept that refers to W.E.B. Du Bois's idea that unlike white americans, black americans must live multiple lives, one as a black person and one as an american?

answer

double consciousness

question

structural functionalism

answer

a theory of society in which individuals, groups, and the institutions of any society are guided by an overarching social system and can be explained by the needs of society to reproduce itself.

question

natural selection

answer

theory of how species evolve that emphasize the process through which biological traits become more or less common depending on whether they enhance the survival of the species.

question

social theorists working in the tradition of -----theorized social change happened much like the theory of -----

answer

structutal functionalism; evolution

question

which theoretical perspective focuses on how social and economic inequalities persist because powerful individuals and groups work to protect their advantages?

answer

Conflict theory

question

which of the following best characterizes the focus of symbolic interactionism?

answer

Symbolic interactionism focuses on how people interact and create shared meaning.

question

which of the following concepts would symbolic interactionists most likely use in their research ?

answer

impression management

question

conflict theory

answer

a type of social theory that emerged out of dissatisfaction with structural functionalism - conflict arises in groups based on the uneven distribution of power and wealth between groups

question

symbolic interactionism

answer

the theory of the social world that focuses on the meaning that individuals give to objects and social practices and how they use symbolic meanings in their interactions with one another.

question

Neo-Marxism

answer

updated form of Marxism -contends that the capitalist state could, and indeed often has, forced powerful economic classes to make "concessions" to the working class -improving the living standards of all citizens

question

capitalist state

answer

the governing institution and legal system in a capitalist society.

question

Capitalist world system

answer

Concept invented by Immanuel Walllerstein -describes the ways in which capitalist economies are linked in global systems -developed countries able to exploit undeveloped countries

question

globalization

answer

the increasing flow of goods and services across national borders

question

feminist social theory

answer

social theory which places gender relations and male domination at the center of their conceptualization of societies.

question

patriarchy

answer

the idea that societies are set up to ensure that women are systematically controlled (devalued)

question

social constructions

answer

the process by which people interpret the natural world and make it meaningful

question

psychoanalysis

answer

the study of the conscious and unconscious aspects of the mind and their influence on individual behavior

question

Michel Foucault

answer

-sought to uncover how power works -the role of "discipline" (how we try to discipline ourselves and how institutions discipline us)

question

Pierre Bourdieu

answer

-focused on rethinking understanding the mechanics of social inequality -everyday actions people undertake -people actions based on class location

question

habitus

answer

concept introduced by Pierre -different ways people develop understanding and engrained habits reflecting their class background.

question

cultural capital

answer

the type and level of education and cultural knowledge possessed by an individual.

question

social capital

answer

the resources available to a particular individual through his or her connections to others.

question

symbolic capital

answer

your reputation

question

middle-range theory

answer

makes specific researchable positions about particular aspects of society that consciously connect social structure with individual action

question

analytical sociology

answer

approach to social theory and research that center on "middle -range" questions and seek to uncover the processes, or mechanisms, through which individuals are influenced by social forces.

question

structural individualism

answer

connection between social structure and individual structure

question

robert merton

answer

founding figures of analytical sociology -invented self-fulfilling prophecy -unanticipated consequences of social action -argued that theories should be more detailed rather than general

question

james coleman

answer

founding figure of analytical sociology -mathematical models of social life -applying insights from economics about individuals are motivated to act -build social theories from the ground up

question

mechanism

answer

the process where one thing causes something else

question

social solidarity

answer

the social forces that hold any society together

question

socialization

answer

process by which individuals come to understand the expectations and norms of their groups as well as the various roles which they transition into over their life and how to behave in society

question

social facts

answer

according to emile durkheim the regularities and rules of everyday life that exists in independently and outside the control of individuals

question

socialist

answer

a society which the productive forces of society are collectively owned (not by individual business owners)

question

intersectionality

answer

forms of inequality that overlap and potentially reinforce one another. -ex. class, race, religion, gender

question

which of the following describes how sociology is different from economics?

answer

sociology makes use of a number of different theoretical traditions.

question

----is one of the common themes that nearly all social theories have sought to address.

answer

how does the individual act within the context of society?

question

Karl Marx's social theory primarily focuses on

answer

inequality in economic systems

question

according to Karl Marx, capitalism, feudalism, and slavery are all examples of ----.

answer

modes of production

question

you enter elevator and face the door like everyone else. according to emilie durkheim, your behavior has been impacted by

answer

social fact

question

people learn how to behave in society through a process of

answer

socialization

question

Emilie Durkheim emphasized------, while Max Weber emphasize---- in his theory of society.

answer

social facts, social actions

question

drawing on the theory developed by Karl Marx, Rupert Murdoch, owner of largest media conglomerates, is best characterized as

answer

a member of the bourgeoisie

question

------solidarity, unlike----solidarity, is associated with an extensive division of labor in society

answer

organic; mechanical

question

jonas belongs to a political club, but he notices that he does not always get invited to hangout with some of the more popular members of the club after their club meetings. after reading about the work of Georg Simmel in his sociology class, Jonas realizes that what he is experiencing is an example of----

answer

social distance

question

contrary to dominant theories at the time, W.E.B. Du Bois argued that racial inequality was-----.

answer

manufactured by American society.

question

your friend Mary Jo tells you that the purpose of religion is to ensure that the individuals of a given society all hold a common set of values. which theoretical perspective offers a view of religion that is similar to the one cared by Mary Jo?

answer

structural functionalism

question

Herbert Blumer distinguishing between three types of objects that can be the subject of interpretation. What are those 3 objects?

answer

Physical Objects, Social Objects, and Abstract Objects

question

the interlocking nature of inequality, or how gender inequalities are formed in a relation to inequalities based on race, class, and sexuality

answer

intersectionality

question

which pair of social theorist are similar in that they both emphasized how social class matters in social life

answer

Marx and Bourdieu

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