question

In the United States, when stepping into an elevator, people often move to the back to allow others to get on or get off. This is an example of a. a value. b. a belief. c. knowledge. d. a norm.

answer

Norm

question

What is the difference between a more and a folkway? a. Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways. b. They are similar and can be used interchangeably. c. Folkways are more severe than mores. d. Violating a folkway may lead to public shame.

answer

Mores are more strictly enforced than folkways.

question

A sound, gesture, image, or object that represents something else is known as a(n) a. communication device. b. new technology. c. emoticon. d. symbol.

answer

symbol.

question

What did Lori Holyfield's research reveal about the symbol of the Confederate flag? a. There were multiple meanings given to the Confederate flag. b. It was first used by members of the Ku Klux Klan. c. Southerners still consider it a racist symbol. d. Most students in the South had a very good understanding of the symbolic meaning of the flag

answer

There were multiple meanings given to the Confederate flag.

question

What perspective emphasizes micro-level interactions? a. functionalist b. conflict c. feminist d. symbolic interactionist

answer

d. symbolic interactionist

question

Women continue to receive lower wages for similar jobs in society. This is an example of a. cultural lag. b. ideal culture. c. social phenomenon. d. real culture.

answer

d. real culture.

question

The mass media typically represents and reflects which type of culture? a. ideal culture b. dominant culture c. counterculture d. subculture

answer

b. dominant culture

question

The Black Panthers and the Ku Klux Klan could be considered examples of a. dominant culture. b. countercultures. c. high culture. d. real culture.

answer

b. countercultures.

question

Many universities often value and celebrate cultural differences. This value is known as a. colonialism. b. multiculturalism. c. assimilation. d. tolerance.

answer

b. multiculturalism.

question

Which theoretical perspective points to the domination of more powerful groups over those with less power? a. conflict b. symbolic interactionist c. functionalist d. structuralist

answer

a. conflict

question

Which best describes a social structure? a. recurring patterns of behavior b. the scaffolding that supports a building c. a strict hierarchy of power d. a system of social stratification

answer

a. recurring patterns of behavior

question

Positions in social systems that individuals can occupy are social a. roles. b. structures. c. expectations. d. statuses.

answer

d. statuses.

question

How are a police officer and a soldier similar? a. Both are social statuses. b. Both are roles, jobs, and social statuses. c. Both are roles. d. Both are only jobs, not social statuses.

answer

b. Both are roles, jobs, and social statuses.

question

What are social roles? a. the parts that actors play b. the positions that individuals occupy in the social structure c. the social expectations that go along with a given social status d. the governing methods of social structure

answer

c. the social expectations that go along with a given social status

question

Which of the following would be an example of a social status? a. the economy of a given country b. one school within a larger school system c. parents' need to care for their children d. a freshman student

answer

d. a freshman student

question

Which of the following would be an example of a role? a. a member of the royal family b. an airline pilot c. the expectation that parents should take care of their children d. the economy

answer

c. the expectation that parents should take care of their children

question

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the functionalist perspective? a. Structures within society meet the needs of society. b. Change in one part of society necessitates change in another part. c. Society is composed of interdependent social institutions. d. Society is held together by the domination of the poor by the rich.

answer

b. Change in one part of society necessitates change in another part.

question

The idea that a man calculates whether or not getting married would beneficial in terms of his finances illustrates which dimension of McDonaldization? a. efficiency b. calculability c. predictability d. control

answer

b. calculability

question

Achieved statuses are ones that individuals work toward, whereas ascribed statuses are ones that are assigned to someone. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

Which of the following is NOT a function of social institutions? a. the socialization of new members of the society b. the production and distribution of goods and services c. creating equal opportunity for all, regardless of social class d. the maintenance of stability and existence

answer

a. the socialization of new members of the society

question

When the different statuses of a person each brings with them significantly different amounts of prestige this causes ____. a. role strain b. status inconsistency c. role conflict d. status ambivalence

answer

b. status inconsistency

question

A status that is occupied from the moment of birth (e.g., your sex or race) is called an: a. acquired status b. assumed status c. ascribed status d. achieved status

answer

c. ascribed status

question

Which of the following is an example of a master status? a. a hero b. being disabled c. being an African American d. all these choices

answer

d. all these choices

question

Exchange theorists analyze human interaction in terms of: a. gender and class b. race and ethnicity c. profit and loss d. all of these choices

answer

c. profit and loss

question

Society, while made up of groups and individuals, has an existence beyond the scope of those groups and individuals. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

A master status is not socially imposed but rather a matter of individual choice. a. True b. False

answer

b. False

question

Society influences our everyday behavior. a. True b. False

answer

a. True

question

According to lecture, which of the following is not a characteristic of culture? a. Culture is shared b. Culture is universal c. Culture is symbolic d. Culture is varries across time and place

answer

b. Culture is universal

question

Which of the following is not a type of norm? a. Role b. More c. Folkway d. Law

answer

a. Role

question

What is the purpose of breaching experiments? a. Break social rules b. Violate basic norms c. Violate patterns of behavior d. All of the above e. A and B but not C

answer

d. All of the above

question

Who defined power as the ability to bring about an intended outcome, even when opposed by others? a. Virginia Held b. Nancy Hartsock c. Max Weber d. Bertrand Russell

answer

c. Max Weber

question

Which strategy contributes to empowerment? a. convincing and persuasion b. rewarding compliance c. financial incentive d. education and training

answer

d. education and training

question

Public schools in wealthy neighborhoods are typically better funded, better equipped, and more successful than their counterparts in underprivileged areas. This inequality is a result of the residents' greater _____ power. a. economic b. persuasive c. reward d. cultural

answer

a. economic

question

Television shows and movies disproportionately portray the wealthy in a positive light, often as glamorous, able, and good. In contrast, negative characters are often portrayed as poor, criminal, and morally deficient. This is an example of what type of power the media exert over their audience? a. informational b. soft c. legitimate d. cultural

answer

d. cultural

question

Max Weber defined legitimate power as based on a. democratic elections. b. the acceptance of and belief in authority. c. acceptance by the majority. d. accountability to a constituency.

answer

b. the acceptance of and belief in authority.

question

According to Dorothy Smith's "standpoint theory," people view society and power from a. an oppositional stance. b. an individualistic perspective. c. a biased standpoint. d. the perspective of their group.

answer

a. an oppositional stance.

question

Max Weber defined a person's status as a. inseparable from class. b. existing apart from the individual. c. indistinguishable from class. d. independent and distinct from class.

answer

d. independent and distinct from class.

question

Which of the following is an example of an ascribed status? a. college student b. female c. musician d. poor

answer

b. female

question

Systems of stratification based on an ascribed status a. allow upward social mobility. b. discourage social mobility. c. facilitate social mobility. d. allow virtually no social mobility.

answer

a. allow upward social mobility.

question

Systems of stratification based on an achieved status typically a. allow social mobility. b. prohibit social mobility. c. disregard achievement. d. discourage achievement.

answer

c. disregard achievement.

question

Which of the following best describes the Indian caste system? a. closed, without social mobility b. based on a strict legal system c. open, with limited social mobility d. based on force

answer

a. closed, without social mobility

question

What does it mean to say a category is "socially constructed"? a. It is dependent upon a society's definition. b. It is continually revised. c. It is changeable. d. All of the answers are correct.

answer

d. All of the answers are correct.

question

Lai is a powerful and wealthy businesswoman who enjoys all the benefits of her class background. To attain her position, however, she struggled to overcome the disadvantage and discrimination of her gender in a male-dominated business environment. This scenario corresponds with which concept? a. matrix of domination b. social closure c. traditional authority d. power as knowledge

answer

a. matrix of domination

question

Sociologists see social inequality as being rooted in a. a lack of individual effort. b. greed. c. factors beyond an individual's control. d. personal choice.

answer

c. factors beyond an individual's control.

question

What is the principal difference between capitalist and socialist ideologies? a. focus on freedom vs. control b. focus on money vs. government c. focus on the individual vs. the collective d. focus on democracy vs. authority

answer

b. focus on money vs. government

question

Culture

answer

learned and shared behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, and material objects that characterize a particular group or society

question

Society

answer

group of people that has lived and worked together long enough to become an organized population and to think of themselves as a social unit

question

Characteristics of Culture

answer

Culture is 1) shared, 2) learned, 3) taken for granted, 4) symbolic, 5) varies across time and place

question

Material Culture

answer

consists of the tangible objects that members of society make, use, and share...examples, tools, jewelry, pottery, clothing, furniture

question

Nonmaterial Culture

answer

shared set of meanings thats people use to interpret and understand...examples - political opinions, religious beliefs, marriage patterns

question

Symbol

answer

anything that stands for something else and has a particular meaning for people who share a culture....examples - words, gestures, physical objects

question

Language

answer

a system of shared symbols that enable people to communicate

question

Values

answer

The standards by which members of a particular culture define what is good or bad, moral or immoral, proper or improper, etc

question

Major U.S. Values

answer

Achievement and success, activity and work, morality, humanitarianism, progress, equality, individuality

question

Norms

answer

society's specific rules of right and wrong behavior...tell us what we should or should not do

question

Characteristics of Norms

answer

most are unwritten, instrumental, explicit or implicit, change over time, conditional, can be rigid or flexible

question

Three types of Norms

answer

Folkways, Mores, Laws

question

Folkways

answer

norms that members of a society look upon as NOT being critical and that may be broken without severe punishment

question

Mores

answer

norms that society considers very important because they maintain morals and ethics

question

Laws

answer

norms that are defined and enforced by a political authority

question

Sanctions

answer

rewards for appropriate behavior and punishments for inappropriate behavior

question

Ideal Culture

answer

The beliefs, values, and norms that people say they hold

question

Real Culture

answer

Actual everyday behavior

question

Cultural Universals

answer

customs and practices that are common to ALL societies

question

Subculture

answer

group of people whose distinctive ways of thinking, feeling, and acting differ somewhat from the larger society

question

Counterculture

answer

deliberately OPPOSES and consciously REJECTS some of the basic beliefs, vales, and norms of the dominant culture

question

Ethnocentrism

answer

the belief that one's culture and the way of life are SUPERIOR to other groups

question

Cultural Relativism

answer

recognizing that NO CULTURE IS BETTER than another and that a culture should be judged by its own standards

question

Multiculturalism

answer

coexistence of many cultures in the same geographic area without any one culture dominating

question

popular Culture

answer

beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared among a population in EVERYDAY LIFE

question

Cultural Change

answer

Diffusion, invention, innovation, discovery

question

Diffusion

answer

the process through which components of culture spread from one society to another

question

Invention

answer

the process of creating new things

question

Innovation

answer

turning inventions into mass-marketing products

question

Discovery

answer

exploration that results in new products

question

Cultural Lag

answer

the gap when nonmaterial culture changes more slowly than material culture

question

Sociological Perspectives on Culture

answer

Functionalists, Conflict theorists, Feminist Scholars, Interactionists

question

Functionalists

answer

_____________Focus on culture as a cement that BINDS society

question

Conflict Theorists

answer

_____________argue that culture can generate enormous INEQUALITY

question

Feminists Scholars

answer

_______________focus on GENDER differences

question

Interactionists

answer

__________________study how people INTERPRET and TRANSMIT culture

question

Social Structure

answer

An organized pattern of behavior that governs people's relationships

question

Status

answer

a social position

question

Status Set

answer

a collection of social statuses that an individual occupies

question

Ascribed Status

answer

a position that we are born into....latino, female, Chinese

question

Achieved status

answer

a position that we have through choice....a student, or a dentist

question

Status Inconsistency

answer

occupying social positions that create conflict because they are ranked differently

question

Role

answer

behavior expected of a person in a particular status...based upon mutual obligations

question

Role Performance

answer

the actual behavior of a person who occupies a status

question

Role Set

answer

different roles attached to a single status

question

Role Conflict

answer

the frustration and uncertainties a person experiences when confronted with the requirements of two or more statuses

question

Role Strain

answer

involves incompatible demands among roles within a single status

question

Symbolic Interaction Theory

answer

examines how people communicate knowledge, ideas, beliefs, and attitudes, and how they interpret situations

question

Social Construction of Reality

answer

occurs as people perceive and understand through social interaction

question

Ethnomethodology

answer

________studies how people construct and learn to share definitions of reality that make interaction plaza

question

Dramaturgical Analysis

answer

__________examines social interaction as if it were a stage where people act out of different scenes

question

Front Stage

answer

where the actual performance takes place

question

Back Stage

answer

a place, concealed from the audience, where people can relax

question

Social Exchange Theory

answer

assumes that social interaction is base rewards and minimizing COSTS

question

Feminists Perspectives

answer

________study interaction according to GENDER roles

question

Nonverbal Communication

answer

important part of interaction... includes SILENCE, gestures, expressions, eye contact, touch

Sociology 101 Exam 2 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards