Sociology 101 Chapter 12 Lyons – Flashcards
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In the United States, a majority of the country's politicians are men. Since men have traditionally held higher-level positions in politics, the economy, and the family, the gender system of the United States is best described as a(n) __________. oligarchy patriarchy fraternal order matriarchy
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b
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Mass media, family, peer groups, and school are all examples of __________. homophobic groups stereotypes transgendered groups agents of socialization
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d
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__________ refers to the impact that social forces have on the individual in terms of what it means to be male or female; __________ refers to how males and females differ in terms of anatomy, chromosomes, and hormones. Gender; sex Gender; patriarchy Sex; gender Patriarchy; gender
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a
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Gender-stereotypical behavior is most likely to occur when people believe they are __________. among strangers among their social superiors being ignored being watched
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d
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Studies that demonstrate that gender differences fluctuate depending on the social situation offer proof that __________. social forces have an impact on some gender differences biological influences have minimal impact on gender differences biological influences have no impact on gender differences social forces have no impact on gender differences
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a
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As demand for __________ grew, employment opportunities for women increased during the 1960s and 1970s. manufacturing workers technicians service workers managers
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c
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Changes in the lives of women in the last 50 years reflect __________ employment and educational attainment. decreases in women's decreases in men's increases in men's increases in women's
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d
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Of the following, which is the most plausible explanation for why women continue to earn less than men? Women have fewer years of experience than men. Women in the workforce, by choice or because of discrimination, are concentrated in lower-paying jobs. Women are not as motivated to be successful at work; they would rather be at home. Employers intentionally set lower pay rates in jobs filled mostly by women than in different jobs filled mostly by men.
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b
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Which of the following is the most plausible explanation for the underrepresentation of men in jobs as kindergarten teachers? Occupational segregation remains rigidly in force across all occupations. Men are naturally less adept at taking care of young children. Gender tracking in education discourages men's movement into teaching positions. Female-dominated occupations often pay less than male-dominated occupations.
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d
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Sexual attraction and behavior are shaped by __________. both biology and social construction social construction neither biology nor social construction biology
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a
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According to sociologists, why are women more likely than men to avoid casual sex? Women are less concerned about increasing their number of offspring. Women are more concerned about damage to their reputations. Women are more concerned about contracting sexually transmitted diseases. Women are less concerned about their own sexual satisfaction.
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b
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The term sexual minority refers to anyone who is not __________. lesbian heterosexual bisexual gay
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b
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Advertisements that portray romantic couples with images of one man and one woman convey __________ messages about sexual orientation. homonormative heteronormative gendernormative homophobic
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b
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__________ are terms used to describe bias directed at persons because of their sexual orientation. Homophobia and homosexism Heterosexism and heteronormativity Homophobia and heteronormativity Heterosexism and homophobia
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d
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__________ was the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage. California Hawaii Massachusetts New York
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c
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According to an online survey conducted in 2010 by researcher Paula England, __________ percent of college students had intercourse on their most recent hookup. 80 20 40 10
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c
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Which of the following statements supports the conclusion that surprisingly few gender expectations have changed in the romantic and sexual realm despite women's growing economic equality with men? Women who retain their birth-given names at marriage are in the majority. Women are much more likely than men to orgasm with first-time partners. Women ask men out on dates only slightly less often than men ask women. Men are much more likely to initiate sex than women.
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d
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The gender gap in orgasm is narrowest in __________. the second or third hookup with the same partner the third or fourth hookup with the same partner one-time casual hookups relationships of six or more months
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d
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Researchers attribute the incidence of births outside of marriage among individuals with lower levels of income and education to __________. religious censure ethnic differences inconsistent use of birth control promiscuity
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c
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The highest rate of births outside of marriage occurs among __________. lower-income men and women who do not finish college middle-income men and women who do not finish college college-educated men and women from lower-income families college-educated men and women from middle-income families
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a
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When Ashley's parents drop her off at school, she immediately goes to the bathroom and applies makeup. In this scenario, the agent of socialization impacting her immediate behavior is __________. her female peers her parents the mass media the school
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a
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Joseph was born a biological male. He always felt that he was supposed to be female and eventually had surgery to correct his perceived incorrect assignment. Joseph now lives as Josephine. Josephine is an example of a __________. bisexual transgendered individual homosexual lesbian
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b
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Ellen is a sociologist interested in studying how the gender revolution has impacted the composition of sexes in various fields of employment. She will study the percentage of males to females in specific occupations. Ellen is likely to utilize an index that will measure __________. occupational sex segregation the double standard of sexuality social construction of gender heteronormativity
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a
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Kendra is an introductory sociology student. For a class project, she decides to study messages in the mass media. She notices that there are very few role models for young gays and lesbians. Kendra concludes that the messages in the media reflect __________. heteronormativity heterosexism homophobia a double standard of sexuality
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a
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Tom has been casually dating several women for the past year. He has been described as a "player" by his friends. Rosa, on the other hand, has been criticized for dating several men at the same time. This scenario is indicative of __________. changing sexual norms heterosexism a double standard of sexuality heteronormativity
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c
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Marcus has been ridiculed and harassed at school for being gay. His classmates shun his company and he has been the victim of numerous threats. Marcus is fearful for his life. He is the victim of __________. stereotyping heteronormativity homophobia a double standard of sexuality
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c
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After dating exclusively for four years, George and Michael would like to get married. Living in the United States in 2014, what is the most likely outcome for their getting married? They will be able to get married, but only in certain states. They can get legally married no matter where they live in the United States. They will have to obtain a domestic partnership, because gay marriage is illegal in the United States. They cannot legally get married or partnered anywhere in the United States.
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a
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Ben is interested in conducting research that looks at the sexual behavior of unmarried adults. He wants to utilize surveys that come from a sample with responses that are representative of the U.S. population. Ben is likely to use which research strategy? probability samples participant observation random-assignment experiments content analysis
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a
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Carrie and Steven plan to marry next summer and decide to move in together before the wedding. Carrie and Steven are engaging in what sociologists refer to as __________. cohabitation getting together a hookup hanging out
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a
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Mary has a very busy life. As a result, she prefers casual sexual liaisons with no expectation of a relationship to ensue. To Mary, __________ is ideal. a passionate attachment a hookup a romance scripted by gender cohabitation
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b
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How have parents' socialization practices changed over time? Fewer girls are now encouraged to go to college and enter the workforce. Parents no longer buy gendered clothing or toys for their kids. More boys are now encouraged to go to college. Girls are now encouraged to take part in a broader range of activities, including playing sports.
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d
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What are stereotypes? discrimination or bias against homosexual people when men and women are distributed differently across occupations beliefs about a group that are often untrue or exaggerated acts of unmarried couples living together
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c
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What does DOMA stand for? the Don't Open Marital Attainment Act the Double Occupational Minority Act the Defense of Minorities Act the Defense of Marriage Act
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d
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Advances in women's rights are largely the result of the __________. feminist movement Defense of Marriage Act civil rights movement legalization of cohabitation
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a
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Kelly and Jonah are in a romantic relationship. What is most likely their sexual orientation? asexual heterosexual sexual minority homosexual
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b
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__________ challenge the notion that gender is binary. Women Heterosexuals Lesbians Transgendered individuals
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d
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As a homework assignment, Dr. Calibri tells his students to find and bring to the next class meeting a picture of heteronormativity. Which of the following images is a student most likely to bring in? a picture of a female bride and male groom a picture of two men and their adopted baby a picture of two male grooms a picture of two female brides
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a
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Young people today are much more likely than young people in the 1970s to __________. cohabit engage in premarital sex marry young have children
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a
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Which of the following research designs would be most desirable to measure changes in two groups where one receives a "treatment"? random-assignment experiment random sampling experiment a sex vs. gender experiment a stereotypical experiment
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a
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As long as she can remember Sara has always wanted to be a kindergarten teacher. Which of the following explanations would a sociologist most likely give to explain Sara's occupational goals? Sara is probably immune to gender socialization. Sara has been gender socialized. Sara is naturally a nurturing person. Sara's parents encouraged her to engage in gender-neutral activities as a young child.
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b
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Which of the following is an unintended consequence of occupational sex segregation? the feminist movement homophobia the gender gap in pay heteronormativity
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c
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What is the difference between cohabiting and hooking up? Cohabiting implies one person in a couple is pregnant, while hooking up implies two people are in a long-term romantic relationship. Cohabiting involves living together while hooking up involves sexual behavior with or without commitment to a relationship. Cohabiting benefits men while hooking up benefits women. Cohabiting only occurs in heterosexual relationships, while hooking up occurs in all sexual orientations.
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b
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The double standard of sexuality tends to more harshly judge __________. men than women cohabiters than those who hook up women than men gay men than transgendered individuals
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c
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Which of the following groups faces the least disadvantage when applying for jobs? heterosexual white men homosexual black women homosexual black men heterosexual white women
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a
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Sociologists who have studied sexual orientation have concluded that sexual orientation __________. always stays the same over the life course can be fluid over the life course is based on biological sex, which is based on gender is more deeply rooted in genetics for bisexuals
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b
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A __________ will most likely not be a __________. homosexual; woman heterosexual; sexual minority bisexual; man transsexual; woman
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b
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Why do unmarried couples who expect to have, or already do have, a child outside of marriage not marry as frequently as these individuals who belonged to older cohorts? social norms have not changed regarding marriage more educated women are most likely to find themselves having a child outside of marriage and they are also most likely to be economically independent social norms have changed regarding out-of-wedlock childbearing out-of-wedlock childbearing simply doesn't occur as much as it used to
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c
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Eric and Carrie hooked up after a party last night. They have never hooked up before. What is the most likely outcome of their hookup? Both of them probably had orgasms. Carrie probably initiated the hookup. Carrie probably had an orgasm, but Eric didn't. They probably did not have intercourse.
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d
