Sociology 101 Chapter 1 & 2 – Flashcards
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culture
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Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people.
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Enthocentrism
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is the belief that your own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures.
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cultural shock
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Feelings of suprise and disorientation that are experienced when people encounter cultural practices different from their own
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cultural relativism
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Principle that people's beliefs and activities should be interpreted in terms of their own culture
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gesture
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Motion of hands or body to emphasize or help to express a thought or feeling
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values
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Beliefs of a person or social group in which they have an emotional investment (either for or against something).
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norms
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Expectations for the way group members will behave while in a group.
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sanctions
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-rewards or punishments that encourage conformity
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folkways
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norms that are not strictly enforced
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mores
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Customs, manners, or morals of a particular group
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taboos
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A custom prohibiting or restricting a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing.
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subcultures
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groups that share in some parts of the dominant culture but have their own distinctive values, norms, language, and/or material culture
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counterculture
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A counterculture (also written counter-culture) is a subculture whose values and norms of behavior deviate from those of mainstream society, often in opposition to mainstream cultural mores.
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value clusters
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two or more values that support each other
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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A theory claiming that language influences perception. Example: people who are into decorating can distinguish color by descriptive adjectives i.e. pearl white.
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individualism
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Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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scientific method
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A logical, systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem
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Auguste Comte
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"Father of Sociology"
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What is the relationship between theory and research, according to C.Wright Mills?
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Theory without research is abstract and empty
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Symbolic Interactionist
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Sociologist who analyze how social life depends on the ways that people define themselves and others.
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Protestant ethic
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Max Weber referred to the self-denying approach to life characterized by people living frugal lives and saving their money.
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The French Revolution
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What was the social event that most influenced Auguste Comte to explore patterns within society and become interested in what holds society together?
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Society
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The sociological perspective emphasizes how the social context influences people's lives, particularly how people are influenced.
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Latent function
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College has provided a haven for several million potential workers who are classified as "students" rather than "unemployed" which helps stabilize the job market. This situation represents what Merton would describe as a ______.
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Structure
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Functionalist refer to how parts of society fit together to form a whole.
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External Influence
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Social and cultural aspects of life as a consumer
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Manifest Functions
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According to Robert Merton, ______ are the intended beneficial consequences of people's actions.
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Variables
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A hypothesis predicts a relationship between or among ______, factors that vary, or change, from one person or situation to another.
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Capitalism
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According to Max Weber, the Protestant ethic was a central factor in the birth of ______.
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Sociologist use ____ basic research designs to gather data.
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Seven
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Herbert Spencer
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"The second founder of sociology"
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Talcott Parsons
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The American sociologist who focused on social analysis, developing abstract models showing how parts of society harmoniously work together.
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Conflict theorist and functionalist
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Social theorist who focus most on macro-level analysis when examining patterns of society.
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Social location
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When sociologist group people into categories based on their age, gender, education level, job, and income, they are trying to determine their __
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Auguste Comte; Herbert Spencer
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Two sociologist who referred to society as being a kind of living organism were _____ and _____.
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Ideal Culture
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Going to college and having a successful career is an example of _____.
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Leisure
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An emerging value in the U.S. that emphasizes taking time to go to the spa and weekend getaway vacations is an example of _______.
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Ideal culture; real culture
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Americans glorify academic progress and material success. However, most students do not graduate with honor and most citizens are not wealthy. This condition characterizes the difference between _____ and ______.
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Cultural Leveling
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McDonald's sells quarter pounders in Tokyo, Moscow, Paris, Berlin, and practically every other major city in the world. Mickey Mouse and Fred Flintstone are among the most popular cartoon figures in Mexico. These are examples of.
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Cultural Lag
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Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations
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Ralph Linton
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who said "the last things a fish would ever notice would be water." We don't realized we are different.
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ethnocentrism; cultural relativism
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The refusal of Christians to accept Islam as a valid religion is a form of ________, while the sincere effort to understand the practice of having multiple wives in some societies is a form of ________.
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They are all members of subcultures
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Courtney raises champion sheep, Joe is a cab driver in New York, and Rufus is a member of the RAW family of professional wrestling. What do Courtney, Joe, and Rufus have in common?
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a value cluster
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Americans usually recognize hard work, education, and material comfort as desired qualities. Where one of these qualities is found, the other two also apply. This is an example of ________.
