Sociology 101 Ch 1
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Sociology
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The scientific study of human social relations, groups, and societies
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Social embeddedness
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The idea that economic, political, and other forms of human behavior are fundamentally shaped by social relations.
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Sociological imagination
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The ability to grasp the relationship between our individual lives and the larger social forces that help to shape them.
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Agency
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The ability of individuals and groups to exercise free will and to make changes on a small or large scale
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Structure
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Patterned social arrangements that have an effect on agency
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Critical thinking
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The ability to evaluate claims about truth by using reason and evidence
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Norms
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accepted social behaviors and beliefs
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Anomie
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A social condition of normlessness; a state of normative uncertainty that occurs when people lose touch with the shared rules and values that give order and meaning to their lives
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Social statics
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The way society is held together
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Social dynamics
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The laws that govern social change
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Positivist
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Science that is based on facts alone
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Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
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A French social theorist. (Founder of modern sociology) associating it with the scientific study of social relationships
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Objective
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Unbias
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C. Wright Mills
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Idea that the ability to grasp the relationship between individual lives and the larger social forces that shape them
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Harriet Martineau
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Had to work under a male pseudonym. Used social observation to record and analyze American society. (focus on gender discrimination and slavery)
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Max Weber
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Argued for subjective understanding. Understanding things from other points of view. \"Tradition- is not always reasonable\"
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Karl Marx
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\"The greatest social scientist\" Studied capitalism, class conflict (over resources) and alienation
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Emile Durkheim
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\"Greatest sociologist\" Analyzed social order, social solidarity, division of labor and social integration.
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W.E.B. Du Bios
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Used community studies as the basis for sociological work. African Americans experience double-consciousness.
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Social Facts
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Qualities of groups that are external to individual members yet constrain their thinking and behavior
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Social solidarity
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the bonds that unite the members of a social group
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Collective conscience
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Encompasses the common beliefs and values that bind a society together.
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Class conflict
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The product of competition between social classes over the distribution of wealth and power in society
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Proletariat
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The working class; wage workers
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Bourgeoisie
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The capitalist (property- owning) class
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Means of production
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The sites and technology that produce the goods we need and use
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Formal rationality
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A characteristic of modern societies which means that people's pursuit of goals is shaped by rules, regulations and larger social structures.
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Bureaucracies
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Formal organizations characterized by written rules, hierarchical authority, and a paid staff, intended to promote organizational efficiency.
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Double Consciousness
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An awareness of oneself both as American and as Black, never free of racial stigma.
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Jane Addams
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Social reformer. Worked to address social problems. \"Don't just write about it, do something!\" worked with the Homeless Holl House
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Macro-level paradigm
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Theories of the social world that are concerned with large-scale patterns and institutions
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Micro-level paradigm
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Models or images of the world that are concerned with social relations and interactions in specific, individual situations
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Structural functionalism
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A theory that seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of the roles preformed by different social structures and institutions.
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Manifest functions
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Functions of an object, an institution, or a phenomenon that are obvious and intended
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Latent functions
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Functions of an object, an institution, or a phenomenon that are not recognized or expected
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Social conflict Paradigm
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A theory that seeks to explain social organization and change in terms of the conflict that is built into social relations.
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Symbolic interactionism
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Both the individual self and society as a whole are the result of social interactions based on language and other symbols
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Power
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The ability to mobilize resources and achieve goals despite the resistance of others
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Globalization
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The process by which people all around the planet become increasingly interconnected economically, politically, culturally, and environmentally.
