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Social Psychology

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science studying the influences of our situations; special attention to how we view and affect one another

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Examples of what Social Pscyh studies I:

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Social Thinking: how you perceive solves selves and others, what we believe, how we make judgments and how we form personal attitude

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Examples of what Social Psych studies II:

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Social Influence: culture, pressure to conform, persuasion, how groups of people change thinking

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Examples of what Social Psych studies III:

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Social Relations: prejudice, aggression, attraction, intimacy, helping

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Six Big Ideas of Social Psychology I: We construct our social reality

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objective always viewed through our beliefs and values

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Six Big Ideas of Social Psychology II: Our social intuitions are powerful

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have very influential backstage mind - people fear flying but it is much safer than flying

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Six Big Ideas of Social Psychology III: Social Influences shape our behaviors

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we are social creatures with strong desire to belong - how we feel about same sex marriage = where we were born

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Six Big Ideas of Social Psychology IV: Personal Attitude and Beliefs shape Behaviors

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not completely controlled by society we live in - how much we give to the poor matches our opinion of the poor

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Six Big Ideas of Social Psychology V: Social Behavior rooted in biological make-up

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different people have different natural dispositions effecting how we react in social situations

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Six Big Ideas of Social Psychology VI: Social Psychology principals applied to everyday life:

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Social psychology is not supposed to answer the purpose of life but understand how life works

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Obvious ways human values affect research:

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Chosen topics of research often reflect current issues - 1990's diversity and sexual orientation Location: social psychology in U.S. is more on an individual groups

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Different fields of study attract different people: roughly eighty percent of social psychologists are liberal

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Obvious ways human values affect research

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Not-so-obvious ways human values affect research

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all science is subjective: personal lens, overlooking something, misinterpretations a concept can have hidden values: define a good life?

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Psychological advice: advice skewed by personal views Concept bias: personality test says you have a tendency to ignore negative comments Labeling bias: labeling brings different associated values. High self esteem vs. arrogance

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Not-so-obvious ways human values affect research

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Hind-sight bias:

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tendency to exaggerate after learning an outcome' one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out

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Example of hindsight bias:

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I knew he was going to fail the test because I didn't see him study.

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Theory:

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something made up of facts, explaining and predicting observed events

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Hypothesis:

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testable proposition describing relationship between two events

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Correlational relationship:

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two or more things preforming in synchronized manner

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Example of correlational research:

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Ice cream sales and murder rates go up in the summer because it's hot not because of each other

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Independent variable:

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variable manipulated by experimenter

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Dependent variable:

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variable varied by experiment

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Confounding variable:

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variable very hard to control, outside factors can potentially affect the experiment

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Why do psychologists feel that behavior in a lab can predict behavior in real life?

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B/c the lab simulation is similar to what people may experience in real life. If it feels like they're not in lab they will act as if they're not

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Mundane realism:

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degree to which experiment is superfically similar to everyday situations engaging in real psychology processes

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Experimental realism:

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degree to which experiment absorbs and involves participant informed consent, confidentiality, debriefing

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Spotlight effect:

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belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they actually are

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Often we see ourselves as center stage

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spotlight effect

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Illusion of transparency

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illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others

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it is drastically harder for others to read our emotions than we realize

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illusion of transparency

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Self-concept

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what we know and believe about ourselves I am . . .

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Self-schema:

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beliefs about one's self that organize and guide processing of self-relevant information mental template for how we organize the world

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Individualistic Society:

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concept of giving priority to one's own goals over the groups goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications Western cultures: I am . . .

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Collectivism Society:

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giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity according to the group identity in relation to others

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Planning fallacy:

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assuming that work and projects will take less time than they actually do

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friends and room mates are a better judge of your actions than you are

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planning fallacy

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Impact bias

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over estimated the enduring impact of emotion causing events

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we think we will take longer to recover than we actually will

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impact bias

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Self-esteem:

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overall self-evaluation or sense of our self-worth; naturally motivated to maintain it

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Self=efficacy:

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how competent we feel about a task

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Narcissism:

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excessive interest in the our self and one's appearances

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Locus of control:

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one's tendency to believe that the perceived outcome is either controlled internally or externally

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if the locus of control is continually pushed toward, exteriors factors eventually experience

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learned helplessness

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learned helplessness

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feeling of hopelessness and resignation when there is no perception of control over repeated events

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Self-serving bias:

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tendency to perceive ones self as being more favorable

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Self-serving attribution:

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attribution of positive outcomes to the self and negative outcomes to exterior forces

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we allow ourselves to maintain a positive self-image by distancing ourselves from failure

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self-serving attributions

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unrealistic optimism

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increases vulnerability to misfortune we believe our children our less likely to drop out of school, be unemployed

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defensive pessimism

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am adaptive value of anticipating potential problems and harnessing anxiety

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be optimistic enough to sustain hope but pessimistic enough to motivate you

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defensive pessimism

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False consensus

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tendency to overestimate commonality of one's opinions and one's own desirable or unsuccessful behaviors

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more people share your views than actually do

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false consensus

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False Uniqueness Effect:

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tendency to underestimate commonality of one's abilities and one'es desirable or successful behaviors

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very few people are able to do the job that we do

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false uniqueness effect

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Self-handicapping

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protecting one's self image with behaviors that create handy excuse for later failure

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if we fail under pressure we blame the fact that we were pressured for failing

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self-handicapping

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Self-presentation:

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act of expressing oneself and behaviors in ways designated to create favorable impression, or impressions that correspond one's ideals

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trying not to brag too much

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self-presentation

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Self-monitoring

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being attuned to way one presents our self in social situations and adjusting one's performance

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too much self-monitoring

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never expressing true self

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too little self-monitoring

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over expressing our opinions, one may be seen as an arse

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Priming

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activating particular associations in memories

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our perception of situations based on the past

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priming

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Embodied cognition

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mutual influence on bodily perceptions, cognitive preferences and social judgments

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Belief preservation

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persistence of one's initial conceptions such as when the bias for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief is true still survives

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difficult to change one's deeply rooted belief

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belief preservation

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Misinformation affect

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incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of event after witnessing event and receiving misinformation about it

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Will perceive event differently if given the wrong information about it - this person is mean, than we will perceive them as being mean or expect them to act that way

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misinformation effect

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Controlled processing

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deliberately reflective and conscious revealing past experiences, names, etc - controlled

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Automatic processing

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effortless, habitual, without awareness, skills, conditioned dispositions, schemas, and emotional reactions - automatic

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Over confidence phenomenon

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bleeds into all of social judgments

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confirmation bias

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pay extra attention to into that confirms ones beliefs

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keeps confidence because we always have evidence backing up beliefs

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confirmation bias

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heuristics

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thinking strategy used to make quick, and efficient judgments

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representativeness heuristics

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tendency to presume that someone or something belongs to particular group resembling a particular member

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Availability Heuristic

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cognitive rule judges likelihood of things in terms of their availability in our memory

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if a lot of people say it's dangerous, it's considered dangerous

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availability heuristic

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Counterfactual thinking

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imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened that didn't

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illusion of control

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perceive order in random events, we often feel that we can control random events and have a perception of events being more in control than they actually are

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attribution theory

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how people explain others behaviors, internal and external dispositions

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spontaneous interference:

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an effortless, automatic inference of a trait that after exposure to someones behaviors

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Three parts of spontaneous interference:

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Consistency: does behavior occur often? Distinctiveness: does a person often behave differently Consensus: do others act the same way

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Fundamental attribution error:

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tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate disproportional influences of behaviors of others

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Misattribution

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mistakenly attributing behavior to wrong source how we judge the behaviors of people

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Self-fulfilling prophecy:

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beliefs that leads to it's own fulfillment own beliefs affect world aroun us

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Behavior confirmation

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type of self-fulfilling prophecy, peoples social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to confirm expectations it feel liked, we will act nice

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