Social Psychology Myers 11th Edition Ch 1-3 – Flashcards
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Random Sampling
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Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion
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Framing
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The way a question or an issue is posed; Can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions
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Independent Variable
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The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates
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Dependent Variable
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The variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the other variable
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Random Assignment
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The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition.
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Mundane Realism
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Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations.
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Experimental Realism
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Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves participants
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Demand characteristics
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Cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected.
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Spotlight Effect
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The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are
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Illusion of Transparency
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The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
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Self-schema
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Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information
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Possible selves
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Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
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Social Comparison
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Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
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Individualism
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The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.
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Independent self
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Construing one's identity as an autonomous self
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Collectivism
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Giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly
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Interdependent Self
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Construing one's identity in relation to others
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Planning fallacy
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The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task
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Impact Bias
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Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events
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Dual attitude system
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Differing implicit and explicit attitudes toward the same object. Verbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuasion; implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habit.
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Self-esteem
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A person's overall self evaluation or sense of self-worth
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Terror management theory
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Proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses when confronted with reminders of their mortality.
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Self-efficiency
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A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self-worth.
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Locus of control
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The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces
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Learned helplessness
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The sense of hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or animal perceives no control over repeated bad events
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Self-serving bias
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The tendency to perceive oneself favorably
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Self-serving attributions
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A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors
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False consensus effect
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The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.
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False uniqueness effect
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Tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors
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Self-handicapping
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Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
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Self-monitoring
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Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desire impression
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self-presentation
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The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals.
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Priming
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Activating particular associations in memory
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Embodied cognition
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Mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitive preferences and social judgements
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Belief perseverance
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Persistence of one's initial conceptions, such as when the basis for one's belief is discredited but an explanation of why the belief might be true survives
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misinformation effect
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Incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event, and receiving misleading information about it.
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Controlled processing
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"Explicit" thinking that is deliberate, reflective, and conscious.
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Automatic Processing
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"Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awareness; roughly corresponds to "intuition."
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Overconfidence Phenomenon
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Tendency to be more confident that correct---to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs.
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Confirmation bias
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Tendency to search for info that confirms one's preconceptions
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Heuristic
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A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgements
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Representativeness Heuristic
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Tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling a typical member.
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Availability heuristic
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Cognitive rule that judges the likelihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace.
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Counterfactual thinking
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Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't.
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Illusory correlation
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Perception of a relationship where none exists, or perception of a stronger relationship that actually exists
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Illusion of control
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Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are.
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Regression toward the average
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Statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average
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Misattribution
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Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the wrong sources.
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Attribution theory
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The theory of how people explain others' behavior---for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions or to external situations
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dispositional attribution
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Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits
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Situational attribution
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Attributing behavior to the environment
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Spontaneous trait inference
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Effortless, automatic inference of a trait after exposure to someone's behavior.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior.
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Conclusion to Princeton Dartmouth football game
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There is an objective reality out there, but we always view it through the lens of our own beliefs and values
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Correlation and Causation
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When two variables correlate, and combination of three explanations is possible. Either one may cause the other, or both may be affected by an underlying third factor.
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when we experience an increase in affluence we
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compare upward
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when facing competition we often protect our self concept by perceiving what about our competitors
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they are advantaged
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people feel freer to share positive feedback versus negative this can cause
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overestimation the appraisal of our self image
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most cultures in Asia, Africa, Central and South America place greater value on
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collectivism
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Western Countries place greater value on
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individualism
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schema
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mental templates by which we organize our worlds
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Is it true that others have a more accurate prediction of our behavior vs self
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true
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immune neglect
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the human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system" which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen
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people that break by blaming themselves for giving up have
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low self esteem
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people that usually react to a self esteem threat by blaming someone else or trying harder
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high self esteem
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we use downward social comparisons to
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make us feel good
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we use upward social comparisons to
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help us identify as a part of a better group, inspire or challenge us
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western cultures are taught to
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express themselves
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eastern cultures are taught to
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focus more on tradition and shared practices
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western cultures make______ comparisons
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downward
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eastern cultures make_______ comparisons
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upward
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who has the more stable self concept collectivists or individualists
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individualist
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individualists' happiness comes from
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feeling superior and proud
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collectivists happiness comes from
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feeling close to family and pleasing others
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better than average effect
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people tend to rate themselves and their immediate family as better than average
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unrealistic optimism
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feel that there is less risk for negative things to happen
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defensive pessimism
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using pessimism to prepare for negative outcomes
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impression management
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cautious effort to control impressions of ourselves with others
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can impression management lead to self handicapping
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yes
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