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Sociologists tend to study behavior at the ________ level, whereas social psychologists study behavior at the _______ level.

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group, individual

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Although related to other fields, social psychology is distinct in that its emphasis is on

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understanding the immediate situational factors that influence human behavior.

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Social psychology differs from common sense in that

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it relies on scientific method to test theories.

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Ringelmann and Triplett are best labeled as

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the founders of social psychology

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Which historical event sparked great interest in and gave shape to the field of social psychology

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The Nazi Holocaust during WWII

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Floyd Allport's social psychology text, published in 1924, is credited with

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establishing the field's emphasis on the scientific method.

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By stressing both internal differences around individuals and differences among external situations, the interactionist perspective is an approach combining

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personality psychology with social psychology

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Much of the debate in social psychology during the period of "confidence and crisis" occurred in reaction to

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the use of laboratory experiments

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Social neuroscience is best described as the study of

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the interaction of social and neural processes

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Social psychologists use the scientific method when they study human behavior in order to

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allow other social psychologists to attempt to replicate the findings

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A hypothesis provides a means to ________ a theory

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testing

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An organized set of principles used to explain observed phenomena is called a

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theory

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Construct validity is best defined as the extent to which

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the operational definitions reflect the conceptual variables of interest

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Self-report measures and observational measures are similar in that both

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can be influenced by desirability concerns.

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Social psychologists use descriptive research in order to describe

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general patterns and trends in the variables of interest

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A study that examines existing records or databases is referred to as an

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archival study

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In principle, the purpose of random sampling is to make sure that research participants

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constitute a representative sample from the population of interest

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The primary goal of using correlational research is to

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determine the nature and strength of the association between two measured variables.

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In an experiment, the independent variable is _____ while the dependent variable is _______

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manipulated, measured

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A factor other than the independent variable that varies between conditions of an experiment is a

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confound

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A confound is a threat to _________ validity

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internal

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The "ABC's of the self" refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which of these three concepts is the most relevant to the idea of self-esteem?

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Affect

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The term self-concept refers to

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the sum total of a person's beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics.

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Beliefs about the self that guide the processing of self-relevant information are called

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self-schemas

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The process of reflecting on your own inner thoughts and feelings in order to gain self-knowledge is called

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introspection

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According to research by Nisbett and Wilson (1977)

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people are often unable to give accurate explanations for the causes of their own behavior`

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The process of predicting how one will feel in response to future events is called

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affective forecasting

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The tendency for extrinsic rewards to undermine intrinsic motivations is called

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the overjustification effect

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in terms of autobiographical memory, to what does the phrase "reminiscence peak" refer?

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Older adults tend to retrieve a large number of memories from adolescence and early adulthood than other periods of life.

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The theory that humans cope with the fear of their own deaths by constructing worldviews that help preserve their self-esteem is called

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terror management theory

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According to self-discrepancy theory, experiencing negative emotions. such as anxiety or depression, is often caused by the

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degree of incongruity among the actual, ought, and ideal selves.

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The process by which we seek to control or alter our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and urges is called

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self-regulation

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As social perceivers, people's impressions of others are

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influenced by the physical appearance of a person

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Scripts are often culture-specific. This means that

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the same behaviors may be perceived very differently in different cultures

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The process by which people attribute humanlike mental states to various animate and inanimate objects is called

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mind perception

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Behavior that communicates a person's feelings without words is called

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nonverbal behavior

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A group of theories that describe how people explain the causes of behavior is known as

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attribution theory

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Research on motivational biases suggests that if you are a people person, you will

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value social skills more in leaders than if you are task oriented

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Which of the following psychological process best explains why it is that people sometimes react to news of a natural disaster or violent crime with something less than full sympathy on behalf of the victims?

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belief in a just world

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_______ __________ theory combines the personal dispositions of the perceiver with a weighted average of the target person's characteristics.

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information integration

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The idea that impressions are based on a perceiver's disposition to form certain impressions and a weighted average of the target person's characteristics is most consistent with

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information integration theory

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The trait negativity bias refers to the tendency for

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negative trait information to have a greater impact on impression

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Prejudice and discrimination based on a person's racial background, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one racial group over another, is known as

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racism

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Prejudice and discrimination based on a persons gender, or institutional and cultural practices that promote the domination of one gender over another, are known as

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sexism

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Negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social category is called

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prejudice

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Being persistently stereotyped. perceived as deviant, or devalued in society because of a membership in a particular social group or because of a particular characteristic is the definition of being

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stigmatized

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According to research by Crocker and colleagues (1991), African-American students who positive interpersonal feedback from Caucasian student experienced

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a reduction in self-esteem

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Which of the following is a risk for stigmatized targets?

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Increased risk for long-term physical and mental health problems

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A stereotype exists in many cultures that men are better than women at math. Ramya is about to take a diagnostic achievement test in math. According to research on stereotype threat, under which of the following conditions is Ramya most likely to preform poorly on the test?

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Ramya is asked to indicate her gender at the beginning of the test

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Research on stereotype threat suggests that under-performance by African-Americans in academic settings may be due to

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a fear of confirming negative stereotypes of African-Americans.

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Which of the following experimental procedures would a researcher investigating stereotype threat be least likely to use?

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Having women complete a math test

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Which of the following is an essential requirement for stereotype threat to occur?

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the individual in question must be aware of negative stereotypes about his or her group

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Social categorization is advantageous because it

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frees up cognitive resources

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Social categorization leads people to

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overestimate differences between groups

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All of the following result from social categorization expect

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increased tendency to notice behaviors inconsistent with group stereotype

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Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are called the

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ingroups, outgroups

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The tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as less variable, or more similar to one another, then members of the ingroup is called

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outgroup homogeneity effect

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Realistic conflict theory proposes that

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intergroup hostility arises from competition among groups for scarce but valued resources

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The tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of stereotyped groups posess

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illusory correlations

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The feeling of ambivalence can be described as an attitude that is both _____ and

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strong, mixed in terms of positive versus negative valence

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Attitudes are useful because they

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allow us to judge whether something we encounter is good or bad

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The most direct and straightforward way to assess an attitude is through the use of

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self-report measures

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Saniqua plans to use a self report measure in which people indicate their agreement or disagreement with a list of statements. She is suing

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a likert scale

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One potential problem with self-report measure is that

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respondents might not respond truthfully

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Implicit Association Tests (IATs) can detect implicit attitudes by measuring

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the speed at which participants associate stimuli with a positive or negative word.

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The process by which we form an attitude toward a neutral stimulus because of its association with a positive or negative person, place, or thing is called

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evaluative conditioning

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According to the theory of planned behavior, one reason that a person's behavior might not be consistent with that person's attitudes in that the behavior

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is determined by norms that are counter to the person's attitudes.

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The process by which attitudes are changed is called

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persuasion

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The process by which a person is persuaded by cues is the persuasion context rather than thinking critically about the content of a persuasive message is called

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the peripheral route to persuasion

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While watching the presidential debate on television, Matilda critically evaluated the arguments made by each candidate and was persuaded to support a particular candidate because of the quality of her arguments. Matilda exhibited

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central route persuasion

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The main factor influencing sources likability are

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similarity and physical attractiveness

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A sleeper effect occurs when a

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persuasive message from a non-credible source becomes more persuasive over time

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A negative reaction to the feeling that one's freedom is being threatened is called

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psychological reactance

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A major difference between cognitive dissonance theory and self-perception theory involves the extent to which __________ ___________ is necessary to lead to self-persuasion and attitude change.

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physiological arousal

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The basic prediction of ________ theory is that attitude change occurs when people infer how they feel by observing their own behavior.

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self-perception

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The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called ____________

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social influence

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The tendency to unconsciously mimic the nonverbal behavior of others is called

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the chameleon effect

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The tendency to alter perceptions, opinions, and behavior in ways that are consistent with group norms is called

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conformity

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The "minority slowness effect" refers to the finding that

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people with minority opinions are slower to respond to questions about the topic than people with the majority opinions

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Interpersonal credits a person earns by following group norms are called

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idiosyncrasy credits

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According to the dual-process approach to understanding minority influence

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group majorities and minorities exert their influence in very different ways.

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Psychologists tend to refer to a culture that values the virtues of interdependence and social harmony as

answer

collectivist

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The original Milgram obedience study

answer

has been followed up by a number of additional studies that have varied specific aspects of the research situations

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