Social Psychology: Group processes – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
group cohesiveness
answer
the extent to which forces push group members close together, such as through feelings of intimacy, unity and commitment to group goals.
question
social facilitation
answer
the process in which the presence of others enhances performance on easy tasks but impairs performance on difficult tasks.
question
mere presence theory
answer
the proposition that the mere presence of others is sufficient to produce social facilitation.
question
evaluation apprehension theory
answer
a theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others are seen as potential evaluators.
question
distraction-conflict theory
answer
a theory that the presence of others will produce social facilitation effects only when those others distract from the task and create attentional conflict.
question
social loafing
answer
a group-produced reduction in individual output on tasks where contributions are pooled.
question
collective effort model
answer
the theory that individuals will exert effort on a collective task to the degree that they think their individual efforts will be important, relevant, and meaningful for achieving outcomes that they value.
question
deindiviation
answer
the loss of a person's sense of individuality and the reduction of normal constraints against deviant behaviour.
question
social identity model of deindividuation effects (SIDE)
answer
a model group behaviour that explains deindividuation effects as the result of a shift from personal identity to social identity.
question
process loss
answer
the reduction in group performance due to obstacles created by group processes, such as problems of coordination and motivation.
question
process gain
answer
the increase of group performance so that the group outperforms the individuals who comprise the group.
question
group polarization
answer
the exaggeration of initial tendencies in the thinking of group members through group discussion.
question
groupthink
answer
group decision making style characterized by an excessive tendency among group members to seek concurrence.
question
escalation effect
answer
the condition in which commitments to a failing course of action are increased to justify investments already made.
question
biased sampling
answer
the tendency for groups to spend more time discussing shared information than unshared information.
question
group support systems
answer
specialized interactive computer programs that are used to guide group meetings, collaborative work, and decision making processes.
question
social dilemma
answer
a situation in which a self=interested choice by everyone will create the worst outcome for everyone.
question
prisoner's dilemma
answer
one party must make either cooperative or competitive moves in relation to another party. The dilemma is typically designed so that the competitive move appears to be in one's self-interest, but if both sides make this move, they both suffer more than if they had both cooperated.
question
resource dilemmas
answer
social dilemmas involving how two or more people will share a limited resource
question
graduated and reciprocated initiatives in tension-reduction (GRIT)
answer
a strategy for unilateral persistent efforts to establish trust and cooperation between opposing parties
question
integrative agreement
answer
a negotiated resolution to a conflict in which all parties obtain outcomes that are superior to what they would have obtained from an equal division of contested resources.
