Social Psychology – Goals In Interaction, Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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Adaptations
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Characteristics that are well designed for survival and reproduction in a particular environment
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Archival Method
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Examination of systematic data, originally collected for other purposes (such as marriage licenses or arrest records)
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Case Study
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An intensive examination of an individual or group
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Confound
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A variable that systematically changes along with the independent variable, potentially leading to a mistaken conclusion about the effect of the independent variable
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Correlation
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The extent to which two or more variables are associated with one another
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Correlation Coefficient
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A mathematical expression of the relationship between two variables
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Culture
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The beliefs, customs, habits, and language shared by the people living in a particular time and place
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Debriefing
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A discussion of procedures, hypotheses and subject reactions at the completion of the study
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Dependent Variable
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The variable measured by the experimenter
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Descriptive Methods
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Procedures for measuring or recording behaviors, thoughts and feelings in their natural state (including naturalistic observations, case studies, archival studies and surveys)
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Evolutionary Perspective
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A theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in the physical and psychological dispositions that helped our ancestors survive and reproduce
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Experiment
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A research method in which the researcher sets out to systematically manipulate one source of influence while holding others constant
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Experimental Methods
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Procedures for uncovering causal processes by systematically manipulating some aspect of a situation
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External Validity
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The extent to which the results of an experiment can be generalized to other circumstances
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Field Experimentation
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The manipulation of independent variables using unknowing participants in natural settings
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Generalizability
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The extent to which the findings of a particular research study extend to other similar circumstances or cases
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Hypothesis
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A researcher's prediction about what he or she will find
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Independent variable
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The variable manipulated by the experimenter
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Informed Consent
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A research subject's agreement to participate after being informed of any potential risks and of his or her right to withdraw at any time without penalty
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Internal Validity
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The extent to which an experiment allows confident statements about cause and effect
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Naturalistic Observation
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Recording everyday behaviors as they unfold in their natural settings
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Natural Selection
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The assumption that animals that have characteristics that help them survive and reproduce will pass those characteristics on to their offspring
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Observer Bias
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Error introduced into measurements when an observer overemphasizes behaviors he or she expects to find and fails to notice behaviors he or she does not expect
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Person
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Features or characteristics that individuals carry into social situations
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Phenomenological Perspective
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The view that social behavior is driven by a person't subjective interpretations of events in the environment
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Psychological Tests
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Instruments for assessing a person's abilities, cognitions, motivations, or behaviors
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Random Assignment
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The practice of assigning subjects to treatments so each subject has an equal chance of being in any conditiong
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Reliability
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The consistency of the score yielded by a psychological test
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Representative Sample
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A group of respondents having characteristics that match those of the larger population the researcher wants to describe
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Situation
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Environmental events or circumstances outside the person
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Social Cognitive Perspective
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A theoretical viewpoint that focuses on the mental processes involved in paying attention to, interpreting, judging and remembering social experiences
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Social Constructionist View
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The idea that people, including scientists, do not discover reality, but rather construct or invent it
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Social Desirability Bias
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The tendency for people to say what they believe is appropriate or acceptable
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Social Learning Perspective
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A theoretical viewpoint that focuses on past learning experiences as determinants of a person's social behaviors
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Social Norms
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Rules and expectations for appropriate social behavior
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Social Psychology
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The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by other people
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Sociocultural Perspective
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The theoretical viewpoint that searches for the causes of social behavior in influences from larger social groups
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Survey Method
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A technique in which the researcher asks people to report on their beliefs, feelings, or behaviors
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Theories
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Scientific explanations that connect and organize existing observations and suggest fruitful paths for future research
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Validity
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The extent to which a test measures what it is designed to measure
