question

A very strong cultural norm dictates that males should be taller than their female mates. This height norm is cited in your text as evidence that

answer

biology and culture interact to develop gender-role norms.

question

Research on the differences in men and women show all EXCEPT

answer

men tend to be more democratic, women autocratic.

question

Research on possible hormonal influences on aggression has indicated that

answer

violent male criminals have higher than normal testosterone levels.

question

The male-to-female arrest ratio for murder in the United States is

answer

10 to 1.

question

_______ are more likely to favor conservative political candidates.

answer

Men.

question

Evolutionary psychologists study

answer

both physical and psychological traits.

question

According to anthropologists, which of the following is NOT true?

answer

We are more different than we are alike.

question

How did Asch's studies of conformity differ from those of Sherif?

answer

Asch's participants could clearly see the correct judgment.

question

Cultural values influence conformity. It is more responsive to others' influences

answer

in collectivistic countries than individualistic countries.

question

Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of

answer

psychological reactance.

question

A lone black female lawyer in a group of black and white male lawyers will be most conscious of being

answer

female.

question

If you clean your room only because your parents order you to, your behavior is a form of

answer

obedience.

question

Which of the following statements is TRUE of conformity and obedience?

answer

They are universal phenomena that vary by culture.

question

Even though you really dislike wearing a dress, you decide to wear one to your cousin's wedding. This is an example of

answer

compliance.

question

When Werner and his colleagues (2002) placed signs on a campus with a two-sided message that not only stated the importance of recycling but also acknowledged the inconvenience of it, recycling

answer

increased to 80 percent.

question

Studies have shown that if people are aware of opposing arguments, a _______ presentation is more persuasive and enduring.

answer

two-sided

question

Persuasion can be resisted by

answer

making a public commitment to one's own position.

question

The _______ effect occurs when we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

answer

sleeper

question

People tend to have different social and political attitudes depending on their age because the attitudes older people adopted when they were young persist through life largely unchanged. This refers to the _______ explanation for how age plays a role in persuasion.

answer

generational

question

Which route to persuasion is most likely to create long-lasting attitudes and behavioral changes?

answer

central

question

Which of the following is a universal norm according to the textbook?

answer

incest

question

Norms _____ behavior.

answer

prescribe

question

The text suggests that most religions encourage us to view ourselves as _______ and others as _______.

answer

free agents; influenced by their environments

question

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that males are sexually assertive while females are more selective of sexual partners because

answer

each strategy is likely to promote gene survival.

question

Human kinship is to the _______ perspective as social diversity is to the _______ perspective.

answer

evolutionary; cultural

question

What cultural differences or similarities were found in the research on pedestrian interaction in the U.S. and Japan?

answer

Both cultures tended to look back at someone who looked at them.

question

In psychology, the characteristics by which people define male and female, whether biologically or socially influenced, is referred to as

answer

gender.

question

The psychological reactance theory may help explain why

answer

All of the above

question

In the 60s and 70s, researchers observed only weak connections between personal characteristics and conformity. Later research finds

answer

it can predict average rather than specific actions.

question

Research on social influence points out the key issues EXCEPT

answer

situations can't induce ordinary people to be cruel.

question

When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists, college students, and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment, the respondents said that they thought _______ would _______.

answer

they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts

question

We tend to feel more sadness when we learn about one person's death on the news than we feel when we hear of thousands killed in a natural disaster. This is

answer

because of personalization of the victim.

question

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request, while privately disagreeing, is called

answer

compliance.

question

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate _______ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate.

answer

decreases

question

Inoculation research suggests that children

answer

fail to grasp the persuasive intent of commercials.

question

Speaking to a huge anti-union retail store, an anti-union political candidate's expertise seems to

answer

increase.

question

Which statement is NOT true about the best way to deal with media information?

answer

Messages are best comprehended and recalled when spoken.

question

Which of the following illustrates media influence through a two-step flow of communication?

answer

A man buys a new laundry detergent after having it recommended by a friend, who had read that it was both effective and environmentally safe in a consumer magazine article.

question

Abelson and his colleagues (1982) found that voting preferences in the United States could be reasonably predicted from voters'

answer

emotional reactions to the candidates.

question

Studies comparing different sources of media found that the more _______ the media, the more persuasive the message.

answer

lifelike

question

Which has the most influence on personality differences?

answer

peer influence.

question

As people mature to middle age and beyond,

answer

gender differences in interpersonal behavior decrease.

question

According to Myers, most Americans maintain a personal space between themselves and strangers of approximately

answer

4 or more feet.

question

Research on the Big 5 personality traits indicates that

answer

differences among these traits in different countries is quite small.

question

Twin and adoption studies indicate that shared environmental influences explain approximately ___ percent of individual variations in personality traits.

answer

0-10

question

Leung and Bond (2004) reported that there were five universal dimensions of social beliefs. Which of the following is NOT one of those five?

answer

justice.

question

According to the text, women of all ages tend to prefer men _______ themselves.

answer

slightly older than.

question

Consistent with what is known about depersonalization, Lydon and Dunkel-Schetter (1994) found that expectant women expressed more _______ to their pregnancies after seeing an ultrasound photo of the fetus.

answer

commitment

question

In his classic study of _______, Sherif had participants in groups call out estimates of the distance that a small point of light appeared to move in a dark room.

answer

norm formation.

question

In Western individualistic societies, the word "conformity" carries

answer

a negative value judgment.

question

Research on social influence points out the key issues EXCEPT

answer

situations can't induce ordinary people to be cruel.

question

The copycat suicide phenomenon is most likely to occur

answer

in places where the suicide story is publicized.

question

The spread of bodily complaints within a school or workplace with no organic basis for the symptoms is called

answer

mass hysteria

question

Speaking to a labor union, a pro-union professor's expertise seems to

answer

increase.

question

Americans' support for the Iraq war increased after the war began mainly because of the

answer

persuasive messages in the U.S. media.

question

People most vulnerable to cults are usually

answer

under the age of 25 and facing a personal crisis.

question

If people remember the message better than the reason for discounting it, the impact of a noncredible person may _______ over time.

answer

increase.

question

Inoculation research suggests that children

answer

fail to grasp the persuasive intent of commercials.

question

People with _______ self-esteem are the easiest to influence.

answer

moderate.

question

Being a student of social psychology, you can predict with reasonable accuracy that _______ are more likely to contribute to charitable organizations.

answer

women.

question

Your family is anticipating the arrival of an exchange student from Latin America. Being a student of social psychology, you are aware that the student's preference for personal space will likely

answer

be less than your family's.

question

According to research on gender differences, which statement is NOT true?

answer

Women are more vulnerable to autism.

question

As women's employment in formerly male occupations has increased, the gender difference in self-reported masculinity/femininity has

answer

decreased.

question

Evolutionary psychology has been criticized for

answer

hindsight bias

question

The experimenter in Milgram's study used all EXCEPT which of the following verbal prods to encourage participants to continue?

answer

"You will be penalized if you refuse to go on."

question

In Milgram's research, when the experimenter gave the commands by telephone instead of in person, full obedience

answer

dropped 21 precent.

question

The names we choose for our children often express our

answer

desire for uniqueness.

question

According to conformity research, a group's social power is deflated when

answer

just one other person also differs from the majority.

question

Perceived expertise in a speaker includes all of the following EXCEPT

answer

someone speaking hesitantly.

question

We tend to like people who are like us. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness?

answer

similarity.

question

Another term for a cult is a(n)

answer

new religious movement.

question

The Eldersveld and Dodge (1954) study identified which group casting the most votes in an election?

answer

The one that was exposed to mass media and visited personally

question

The _______ effect refers to how information that is presented last can have the most influence.

answer

recency.

question

Which route to persuasion is most likely to create long-lasting attitudes and behavioral changes?

answer

central.

question

The Nurture Assumption refers to the belief that

answer

the way parents bring up their children governs who their children become.

question

According to a 2003 Gallup poll, ___ percent of American men and ___ percent of American women reported having cried as a result of the war in Iraq.

answer

12; 43

question

Maccoby (2002) found that girls tend to _______ compared to boys.

answer

talk more intimately

question

Women's wages in industrial nations are ___ percent of men's.

answer

77

question

If we expect someone to be hostile, our actions toward that person may induce hostility. This is an example of how

answer

people create their social situations.

question

Your mother has commented on how little time your older sister, who recently married, spends on housework, as compared to what she herself used to spend when she was a newlywed. Your mother's comment reflects how gender roles

answer

vary over time

question

Both men and women desire _______ in their relationships.

answer

kindness and love.

question

When we go along with the crowd and act counter to our own beliefs and values, we are conforming because of

answer

normative influence.

question

Sherif is to the study of _______ as Asch is to the study of _______.

answer

norm formation; conformity

question

Conformity that involves publicly acting in accord with an implied or explicit request, while privately disagreeing, is called

answer

compliance.

question

In the 60s and 70s, researchers observed only weak connections between personal characteristics and conformity. Later research finds

answer

it can predict average rather than specific actions.

question

Knowing that someone is trying to coerce you may prompt you to do the opposite of that person's wishes. This response is predicted by

answer

the reactance theory.

question

Arguments, especially emotional ones, are often more influential when they come from beautiful people. This exemplifies which characteristic of attractiveness?

answer

physical appeal.

question

Research has concluded that stimulating thinking makes stronger messages _______ persuasive and (because of counter-arguing) weak messages _______ persuasive.

answer

more ; less

question

Whether a one-sided or two-sided message is more persuasive depends on all of the following EXCEPT

answer

whether the audience thinks information is being shared in an appropriate way.

question

A cult has all of the following characteristics EXCEPT

answer

isolation from the surrounding "evil" culture.

question

According to Myers, advertisers for beverages and clothing tend to adopt marketing strategies that use the _______ route to persuasion.

answer

peripheral

question

Cults like Jim Jones's People's Temple typically recruit and retain members by using

answer

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

question

Although there are many unoccupied tables in the restaurant, Rudolph decides to sit at the same table in the chair right next to James. James feels uncomfortable because Rudolph has violated

answer

his personal space.

question

You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper. Given what you have learned in social psychology, you can reasonably predict a(n) _______ committed the murder.

answer

man.

question

The vicarious experience of another's feelings or ability to put oneself in another's shoes is

answer

empathy.

question

Seven-year-old Mary says "Thank you" after opening each birthday present she receives because her family considers it to be proper behavior. This best illustrates the influence of a

answer

norm.

question

______ is the study of the evolution of behavior using principles of natural selection.

answer

evolutionary psychology.

question

In one variation of his original experiment, Milgram arranged for a confederate "clerk" (posing as a fellow participant) to assume command in the experimenter's absence. As a result of this manipulation,

answer

80 percent of the teachers refused to comply fully.

question

When Regina returned to the U.S. after two years in Madagascar, she felt uncomfortable and out of place. She was experiencing

answer

reentry distress.

question

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate decreases in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate, especially if the non-jaywalker is well dressed. This is an example of the power of _______ on conformity.

answer

status

question

Frank (1982) noted that psychotherapy is similar to cults and zealous self-help groups because they provide all of the following EXCEPT

answer

isolation from outside world.

question

When two messages are back to back, followed by a time gap, the _______ effect usually occurs.

answer

primacy

question

Individuals who are typically regarded as thinking people may be inclined to use the peripheral route to persuasion if

answer

the speaker has apparently good motives.

question

The way a message is delivered is what social psychologists refer to as the _______ of communication.

answer

channel

question

Hunter (2002) noted that culture shaping usually occurs _______, as cultural elites control the dissemination of information and ideas.

answer

top-down

question

A person who is both _______ would be considered androgynous.

answer

assertive and nurturing

question

Smoreda and Licoppe (2000) reported that when on the telephone, women's conversations with

answer

friends are longer than are men's.

question

Evolutionary explanations of gender differences have been criticized because they

answer

do not explain cultural changes in behavior that occur over relatively short periods of time.

question

A set of behavioral expectations for males or females defines gender

answer

role

question

A psychiatrist who interviewed 40 of Milgram's participants a year after their participation concluded that

answer

none had been harm

question

Ahmed generally likes to go home to visit his family during vacation. However, after his father tells him that he must be home during spring vacation, Ahmed decides to remain at college. Ahmed's behavior is best understood in terms of

answer

psychological reactance.

question

When we go along with the crowd and act counter to our own beliefs and values, we are conforming because of

answer

normative influence.

question

In the spring of 1954, Seattle residents were alarmed by widespread reports of damage by a mysterious windshield-pitting agent. According to the text, the true cause of public concern was most likely

answer

mass suggestibility.

question

Group members who feel attracted to the group are more responsive to its influence. This fact illustrates the impact of _______ on conformity.

answer

cohesiveness

question

When the influence of the situation is _______, the consequent behavior is more likely to be a result of _______.

answer

weak; individual personalities

question

Persuasion can be resisted by

answer

making a public commitment to one's own position.

question

Research on attitude inoculation suggests that religious educators are wise to avoid

answer

creating a "germ-free ideological environment."

question

According to Aronson, Turner, and Carlsmith (1963), the effect of a large versus a small discrepancy between the communicator and the receiver of a message depends on whether or not the

answer

communicator of the message is credible.

question

Werner and his colleagues (2002) conducted a study on aluminum can recycling at the University of Utah and found that the most effective message was a

answer

two-sided one.

question

Research has found that _______ speakers are rated as more objective, intelligent, and knowledgeable.

answer

fast.

question

Which one of the following is NOT one of the conditions under which a thinking person would adopt the peripheral route to persuasion?

answer

when the arguments are strong and compelling

question

Much of the style we attribute to men is

answer

humorous

question

According to Aronson (1997), when fear aroused by a persuasive message is relevant to a pleasurable activity (e.g., sex or smoking), the result is often

answer

denial

question

Which route to persuasion is most likely to create long-lasting attitudes and behavioral changes?

answer

central

question

The process by which media influence often occurs through opinion leaders, who in turn influence others, is referred to as

answer

two-step flow of communication

question

Sherif is to the study of _______ as Asch is to the study of _______.

answer

norm formation : conformity

question

Conformity based on a person's desire to fulfill others' expectations, often to gain their acceptance, is called

answer

normative influence

question

According to the text, Asch's experiments lacked _______ but did possess _______.

answer

mundane realism; experimental realism

question

Compared to people in individualistic countries, those in collectivist countries are

answer

more responsive to others' influence.

question

Mullen and her colleagues (1990) found that the average baseline jaywalking rate _______ in the presence of a non-jaywalking confederate.

answer

decreases

question

In follow-up experiments to his initial study, Milgram made the learner's protests more compelling by having him complain of a heart condition, then scream and plead for release, and finally refuse to answer. With this added condition,

answer

the majority of participants still fully obeyed the experimenter's demands.

question

Worldwide, women's vocational interests, compared to men,

answer

relate to people rather than things.

question

Evolutionary psychology would explain the male tendency to display their "abs and assets" as an example of their striving to offer what women desire, which is

answer

external resources and physical protection.

question

Much of the style we attribute to men is

answer

typical of people of both sexes of higher status and power.

question

In psychology, the characteristics by which people define male and female, whether biologically or socially influenced, is referred to as

answer

gender

question

One dramatic finding from developmental psychology (Plomin & Daniels, 1987) is that two children in the same family are, on average,

answer

as different from one another as two children selected at random.

question

One example of how gender roles vary with culture is that

answer

most North American doctors and dentists are men.

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