Social Psychology 11-13 - Flashcards

Q: Altruism is to _______ as egoism is to _______.

another\'s welfare; one\'s own welfare

Q: Ralph White reviewed ten wars from the last century and reported that each was marked by at least one misperception. Which of the following was NOT on this list?

overestimating the leaders\' power

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Hatfield and her colleagues (1966) matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other?

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physical attractiveness

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All of the following are examples of implicit egotism EXCEPT

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we want to name our children using family names.

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You are a regular contributor to an Internet chat room. One day the other participants seem to ignore every comment you make. Research suggests you will likely

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experience stress and a depressed mood.

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The contrast effect of feeling less attractive after viewing a super attractive person applies to our self-perceptions, especially for

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women

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After learning about a former co-worker who recently passed away due to cancer, you call a loved one. This is an example of how reminders of death

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heighten our need to belong.

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The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as

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disclosure reciprocity.

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According to the text, the first step in scientifically studying romantic love is to

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define and measure it.

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The relationship between our degree of self-awareness and our willingness to help is

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positive.

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Social-exchange is a _______ theory, while social norms is a _______ theory.

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psychological; sociological

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If victims seem to have created their own problems by laziness or lack of foresight, people are less willing to offer help. Helping responses are thus closely tied to

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attributions.

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According to the social-exchange theory, the rewards that motivate helping are

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internal or external.

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When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help,

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men help most.

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According to the social-exchange theory, we use a _______ strategy in deciding when and whether to help others.

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minimax

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Altruism is to _______ as egoism is to _______.

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another's welfare; one's own welfare

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Attempting to explain one's own behavior situationally is a characteristic of

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both dilemmas

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In a small group, as opposed to large ones, individuals are

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less likely to take more than their equal share

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Ralph White reviewed ten wars from the last century and reported that each was marked by at least one misperception. Which of the following was NOT on this list?

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overestimating the leaders' power

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When considering reactions to a common external threat, approval of President Bush's performance after September 11, 2001

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increased.

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The U.S. Supreme Court's 2003 decision that racial diversity may be a criterion in admissions to colleges and universities was

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based on research findings that revealed that racial diversity in the classroom has positive consequences.

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When both sides of a conflict believe "we are peace-loving - they are hostile," each may treat the other in ways that _____ expectations.

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confirm

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According to Elliot Aronson, "as a relationship ripens toward greater intimacy, what becomes increasingly important is ___________."

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authenticity

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In an experiment by Zajonc and his colleagues, participants were exposed to brief novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks. Results indicated that mere exposure led to liking

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even when people were unaware of what they had been exposed to.

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Kenrick and his colleagues (1989) found that to men who have recently been viewing a television show featuring three beautiful women, average women seem _______ attractive, confirming the _______.

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less; contrast effect

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One national survey found that 86 percent of those who were unhappily married but who stayed with the marriage, were, when re-interviewed five years later,

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mostly "very" or "quite" happy.

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Hatfield gave university women evaluations, affirming the self-esteem of some and wounding others with negative evaluations. Each participant was then asked to evaluate a man who had earlier asked her for a date. Women whose evaluations had been _______ expressed _______ the man.

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negative; more liking of

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In a survey of college-age individuals, Buston and Emlen (2003) reported that the desire for _______ mates far outweighed the desire for _______ mates.

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similar; beautiful

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Schafer and Keith (1980) conducted surveys of several hundred married couples and found that spouses who perceived inequity in their marriage felt more

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distressed and depressed.

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Latané and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working _______ tended to notice the smoke in _______.

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alone; less than five seconds.

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In observing people's responses to staged emergencies, Darley and Latané (1970) found that _______ greatly decreased intervention.

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the presence of other bystanders

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According to the text, the _______ of altruism propose(s) two types of prosocial behavior: a tit-for-tat reciprocal exchange and a more unconditional, intrinsic helpfulness.

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social norms, social-exchange, and evolutionary theories

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The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines

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altruism

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_______ are twice as likely as _______ to seek medical and psychiatric help.

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Women ; men

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People are more likely to help another person if

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they expect to see them again.

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Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior?

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model prosocial behavior

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According to Slavin (2003), a "practical, proven method for implementing contact theory in the desegregated classroom," is

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cooperative learning

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According to Staub and Bar-Tal (2003) all of the following are characteristics of a group in intractable conflict EXCEPT the group that

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attributes similar characteristics to the other group.

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Studies from eleven countries show adolescents have more positive peer relationships and may achieve more when working _____, rather than _____.

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cooperatively; competitively

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_______ occurs when a neutral third party attempts to facilitate communication and offer suggestions for how to resolve a conflict.

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mediation

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The misperceptions of those who are in conflict with each other, such as two nations who regard each other with suspicion and hostility, are usually

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mutual

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Those involved in relationships marked by long-term equity

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are unconcerned with short-term equity.

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_____ rank attractiveness as important in a mate, while _____ assign importance to honesty, humor, and dependability.

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Men; women

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"Negative information carries more weight because being less usual, it grabs more attention." This statement is an example of the

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bad is stronger than good principle

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Which group is most likely to report their lives as being "very happy"?

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those who are married

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Melanie believes that her boyfriend enjoys far more benefits from their relationship than she does, even though she invests more time, effort, and resources. Clearly, Melanie believes that her relationship with her boyfriend lacks

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equity

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You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the

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social-exchange theory

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In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by

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time pressures

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Research on the relationship between personality traits and helping behavior revealed that

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the person and the situation interact to predict helping.

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Mr. Lemming's neighbors mowed his lawn, but he was too sick and weak to reciprocate. We can predict that Mr. Lemming may feel

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demeaned because he cannot reciprocate.

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_____ were most closely associated with other forms of civic involvement, like voting, jury service, community projects, and giving to charity.

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Members in religious groups

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The idea that altruism towards one's close relatives enhances the survival of mutually shared genes is referred to as

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kin selection

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Latané and Darley attempted to explain people's failure to intervene in cases like that of Kitty Genovese, a woman who was violently attacked, in terms of

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situational influences

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Mio (1993) and her colleagues found that after reading about the commons dilemma, theater patrons

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littered less

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Peace us defined as

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the outcome of creatively managed conflict

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Sato (1987) gave Japanese students opportunities to harvest trees in a simulated forest for money. When the students equally shared the costs of planting the forest, the result was that

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most of the trees were harvested before they had grown to the most profitable size.

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Studies from eleven countries show adolescents have more positive peer relationships and may achieve more when working _____, rather than _____.

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cooperatively; competitively

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In the Prisoner's Dilemma, if both prisoners confess, each will get a _______; if neither confesses, each will _______.

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moderate sentence; get a light sentence

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If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk

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near where people hang out

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Each year Canada and the United States record _____ divorce/s for every _____ marriage/s.

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1;2

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Social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by

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physical pain

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Darley and Berscheid (1967) gave university women ambiguous information about two other women. Asked how much they liked these people, the participants reported feeling more attracted to the person whom they

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expected they would eventually meet

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Which is NOT one of the three ways people cope with a failing relationship, according to Rusbult and her colleagues?

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denial, denying the problem exists

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Mary, a talkative, extraverted young woman, is strongly attracted to Shane, a quiet, introverted, middle-aged man. Mary's attraction to Shane would be predicted by the

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complementarity hypothesis

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Which of your friends is most likely to report a preference for a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold?

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your best friend Carol

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According to the text, an attribution of an uncontrollable predicament (such as a family crisis or natural disaster) is likely to encourage _______ to help.

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political conservatives

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The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called

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the bystander effect

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A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would

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be less likely to help others

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Which of the following statements is NOT true? As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, any given bystander is

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less likely to walk away

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Helping _______ a bad mood and _______ a good mood.

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softens;sustains

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Evolutionary psychology contends that the essence of life is

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gene survival

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Gurin and her colleagues (2002) found that informal interactions enabled by ethnic diversity in college classrooms

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tend to foster greater acceptance of difference among ethnic groups

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_______ occurs when conflicted parties seek an agreement through direct negotiation.

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bargaining

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What do self-serving biases, group polarization, and negative stereotypes have in common?

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They are potential seed of misperception

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One aspect of mirror-image perception is that one side tends to

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exaggerate its differences from its adversaries

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According to Phinney (1990), someone who identifies with both his or her ethnic culture and the larger culture is said to have a _______ identity.

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bicultural

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Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

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communication

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In Rubin's research, "strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they

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gazed more into each other's eyes

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Kalick (1977) had Harvard students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that

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post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.

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Which statement is NOT true?

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Humans in only some cultures use ostracism to regulate behavior.

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According to the text, the relationship between the extent to which we are in love with someone and how physically attractive we find that person to be is

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positive

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Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates

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will most likely become friends

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University students were more willing to make a charity pledge when

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it was for someone who had bought them candy

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Myers suggests that there are a number of reasons why individuals who live in big cities tend to be less helpful. Which of the following is NOT one of those reasons?

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They become cold and uncaring after living in a city

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Batson believes that true altruism does exist in feelings of sympathy and compassion for others. Which is NOT an example of genuine altruism?

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Helping others by giving to a charity that supports an issue we think is really important

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Darley and Batson (1973) gave Princeton seminary students time to think about a talk that they were about to have recorded, and then sent them to the recording studio. Participants who had been _______ were most likely to stop and offer aid to a "victim" they encountered en route to the recording studio.

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given extra time to reach the studio

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Which one of the following is an example of a non-zero-sum game?

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both the Prisoner's and Commons Dilemmas

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In order for contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict, the contact must

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be structured to confer equal status on both races.

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Conflict is defined as

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perceived incompatibility of actions of goals.

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In times of tension, such as during an international crisis,

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views of the opposing side become more simplistic.

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A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of

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A need to belong

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Williams and his colleagues (2001) found that when ostracized during an online Frisbee-like game, players were _______ to conform to others' wrong judgments on a subsequent perceptual task.

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somewhat likely

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Research indicates that friendships and romantic relationships that form on the Internet are more likely than in-person relationships to

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last at least two years

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Seven in ten infants exhibit _______ attachment.

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secure

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In terms of adult attachment styles, _______ individuals seem to be possessive and jealous, while _______ individuals are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them.

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preoccupied; dismissive

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You were walking down the street with your friend Sabrina when she stopped to ask a child why he was crying. The boy said that he was lost, so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home. Sabrina's behavior can be characterized by

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altruism

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The notion of egoism maintains that

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self-interest motivates all behavior.

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When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help,

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men help most

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A major weakness of the social-exchange theory is that it

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easily degenerates into explaining-by-naming

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We tend to help more often when

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we have just observed someone else helping.

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According to the evolutionary theory, genetic selfishness predisposes us to helping based on

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reciprocity

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In the commons dilemma, people often consume more than they realize when

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resources are not partitioned

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One potential way to prevent conflict is to

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avoid making excess regulations.

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If an attorney creates a Prisoner-like Dilemma for two suspects, the attorney's goal is to

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create an incentive for both of them to confess privately.

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Esses and his colleagues (2004) found that competition breeds conflict when

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people perceive that resources are limited and available on a non-zero-sum basis.

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When considering reactions to a common external threat, approval of President Bush's performance after September 11, 2001

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increased.

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Which of the following is NOT one of the four C's of peacemaking identified in the text?

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correction

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Paula has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Kristy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Heidi who lives in the room directly above hers?

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Joni

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Which theory provides the best explanation for the effects of proximity, similarity, and attractiveness on liking?

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reward theory

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Studies on computer composites of faces show that

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perfectly average is quite attractive.

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When we have no strong feelings about a product or person ______ increases sales and votes.

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repetition

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We like people with whom we associate good feelings. This fact is consistent with the ___________ theory of attraction.

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reward

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Which one of the following is NOT one of the ways that Myers suggests to increase social altruism?

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learn about egoism

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In McMillen and Austin's research (1971), participants who had lied were more likely to

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volunteer a large amount of time

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You are asked to participate in a blood drive. In thinking about doing so, you weigh the costs (e.g., being pricked by a needle) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about yourself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the

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social-exchange theory

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As Sherif noted, despite the fact that the competitive behavior of the boys in the warring camps seemed "wicked, disturbed, and vicious," what actually triggered their evil behavior was

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an evil situation

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David and Julie fought over what to name their new puppy, until finally they went to their children for a decision. David and Julie relied on _______ to resolve their conflict.

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arbitration

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In order for contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict, the contact must

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be structured to confer equal status on both races

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In order for contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict, the contact must

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competition between the groups was introduced

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What does your text refer to as the "golden rule" of social justice?

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"Whoever has the gold makes the rules."

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Mediators seek to establish _______ agreements that reconcile both parties' interests to their mutual benefit.

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integrative

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Which of the following is NOT cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

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competition

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_______ occurs when a neutral third party studies a conflict and imposes a settlement.

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Arbitration

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The communitarian synthesis emphasizes

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both individualist and collectivist values

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In both the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Commons Dilemma, people are tempted to explain their own behavior _______ and others' behavior _______.

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situationally; dispositionally

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What principle or concept suggests that rewarding people for their helpfulness may, in the long run, undermine their self-motivated altruism?

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the overjustification effect

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The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called

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the bystander effect

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A person who is intensely self-focused in profound grief would

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be less likely to help others.

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Solomon and Solomon (1978) found that bystanders who _______ were more likely to offer aid to a person.

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identified themselves to one another by name and age

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You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _______ others present.

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no

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Before agreeing to help out at the local homeless shelter, Sharon weighs the costs (e.g., getting up at dawn) and benefits (e.g., feeling good about herself) of doing so. This strategy can be predicted by the

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social-exchange theory.

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Miller and his colleagues (2001) reported that we are more empathic and helpful towards those who are _______ us.

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similar to

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In research conducted at the University of Warsaw, Lewicki (1985) asked students to choose which person in two photographs looked friendlier. Lewicki found that their choices were almost always influenced by whether or not the photographs

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reminded them of friendly or unfriendly experimenters.

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When two sides have clashing perceptions, at least one of them is misperceiving the other, and when that is the case, according to Bronfenbrenner (1961), "It is characteristic of such images that they are _______."

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self-confirming

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Which one of the following is NOT a characteristic that conflict expert Deutsch (1993) advises negotiators to exhibit?

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sympathy

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A goal that overrides people's differences from one another is called a(n)

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superordinate goal.

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John believes that he is hardworking and that his wife Rachel is lazy. Rachel believes that she is hardworking and that John is lazy. This is an example of

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mirror-image perception.

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Before they married, Melinda and Michael, who are both employed full time and collect the same pay, agreed to share equally in routine household tasks such as cleaning and grocery shopping. In reality, Melinda is now doing about 80 percent of the household work. This situation is an example of

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an inequitable relationship.

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When Bush called Iraq "evil" in the buildup to the invasion, he was making which common misperception?

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demonizing the enemy

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Which of the following is NOT one of the steps in Darley and Latané's decision tree?

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weighing the costs and benefits of helping

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Pedestrians who are more likely to help another pedestrian pick up a dropped envelope are those who

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just had their photograph taken.

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Social-exchange is a _______ theory, while social norms is a _______ theory.

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psychological; sociological

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The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as

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the social-exchange theory.

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Williams and his colleagues (2001) found that when ostracized during an online Frisbee-like game, players were _______ to conform to others' wrong judgments on a subsequent perceptual task.

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somewhat likely

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_______ includes strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor.

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Ingratiation

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When benefits are proportional to contributions in a relationship,

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equity exists.

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The tendency for opposites to mate or marry

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has never been reliably demonstrated.

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Self-disclosure involves

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revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

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Rodney and Ralph are twin brothers who each contributed $75 to purchase a new bicycle. Rodney rides it 75 percent of the time. This would be an example of

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an inequitable relationship.

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Triandis (1994) reported that _______ immigrants felt more comfortable identifying with their ethnicity than _______ immigrants.

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grandchildren of; second-generation

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Which of the following statements is NOT true? As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, any given bystander is

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less likely to walk away.

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Pedestrians who are more likely to help another pedestrian pick up a dropped envelope are those who

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just had their photograph taken.

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The network of traits that predisposes a person to be helpful are all of the following EXCEPT

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high in awareness.

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Studies of the effects of mood on helping suggest that adults who feel _______ are more likely than those in a neutral control condition to help.

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guilty

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In a study by Latané and Rodin (1969), a female experimenter apparently fell and hurt her ankle. What percentage of participants who were alone offered help?

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70 percent

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Which of the following is an effective way to increase helping behavior?

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model prosocial behavior

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The advice to continue having romantic dinners, trips to the theatre, and vacations once married would most probably be offered by the

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reward theory of attraction.

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Spouses are more likely than random paired people to share common attitudes, beliefs, and values. The _____ the similarity the _____ they are.

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greater; happier

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Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings?

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"opposites attract."

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What you find is attractive depends on

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what you are comparing it to.

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The opposite of altruism is

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egoism

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Who of the following is LEAST likely to help an injured pedestrian?

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Ivan, who is five minutes late for a committee meeting.

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Which statement tends NOT to be true, related to misperceptions in conflict?

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There are no issues related to "bias blind spots."

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Which of the following is cited in the text as a method for resolving social dilemmas?

answer

communication

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Motto and Yoko are roommates and are experiencing a conflict about what type of cable television service is within their budget. They negotiate by having Yoko, who wanted a more expensive service, pay the remainder of the bill after both of them have paid for half of the cost of the less expensive service. What form of communication did Motto and Yoko use to resolve their conflict?

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bargaining

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Through the use of _______, Muzafer Sherif made boy camper enemies into friends.

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superordinate goals

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In a non-zero-sum game

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both can win and both can lose

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According to the text, which characteristic is NOT true of people who usually stay married?

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They cohabited or became pregnant before marriage.

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We like people with whom we associate good feelings. This fact is consistent with the ___________ theory of attraction.

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reward

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The relationship between mimicry and rapport is

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positive

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An example of implicit egotism is our tendency to

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like the familiar

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Darley and Latané described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps?

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assessing the victim's desire for help

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According to the text, the social responsibility norm gets selectively applied according to which one of the following principles?

answer

Give people what they deserve.

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Some noncapitalist cultures define justice not as equity but as

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either equality or the fulfillment of a need.

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According to research, it seems that just knowing about the dire consequences of noncooperation in a social dilemma

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has little real effect on people's behavior.

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When volunteers in a research experiment spent time with strangers in self-disclosing conversations, they felt

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remarkably close to their partners.

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Which adult attachment style is marked by individuals being less invested in relationships and more likely to engage in one-night stands?

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dismissive

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Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of

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the matching phenomenon.

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In studies at the University of Maryland, Clark and Mills found that tit-for-tat exchanges _______ people's liking for each other when _______.

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diminished; they sought true friendship

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Which of the following techniques should elementary schoolteachers use if they hope to promote enduring altruistic tendencies in students?

answer

Show them films of heroes who risked their own welfare to help others.

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Which is NOT one of the reasons that affect us as to when we will help others?

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avoiding eye contact

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Group conflicts are often fueled by an illusion that top leaders are _____ and their people are _____.

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evil; good

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Which statement is NOT true? Win-lose competition _____

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will usually have a negative outcome.

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The smaller the group, the more

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responsibility each person feels for it.

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At the beginning of 2000, people were aware that global warming was already occurring, yet they were also buying gas-slurping SUVs in record numbers. This is an example of

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how knowing good does not always lead to doing good.

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What do self-serving biases, group polarization, and negative stereotypes have in common?

answer

They are potential seeds of misperception.

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Desegregation could be expected to have poor results when contacts were competitive, unsupported by authorities, and unequal. Contact should be _____

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equal in status

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Which one of the following is NOT one of the seeds of misperception, according to your text?

answer

reduced competition

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For Blacks, the most noticeable consequence of desegregated schooling is

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the increased likelihood of living and working in integrated settings.

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According to the text, individuals who identify as _______ in terms of spiritual commitment are most likely to report working among the poor, infirm, or elderly.

answer

highly committed

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DeBruine (2002) found that when students played an interactive game with a supposed other player, participants were _______ when the other person's pictured faced had some features of their own face morphed into it.

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more trusting and more generous

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Which of the following statements is NOT true? As the number of bystanders at an emergency increases, any given bystander is

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less likely to walk away

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There are many ways to increase helping behaviors in people. Which is NOT one of the ways identified in the chapter?

answer

Guilt-laden people don't tend to help others.

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After Mr. Walters' neighbor helped him paint his house, Mr. Walters felt obligated to offer to help the neighbor remodel his kitchen. Mr. Walters' sense of obligation most likely resulted from the

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reciprocity norm

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In a study by executives who were asked to describe a recent conflict, Thomas and Pondy (1977) found that 12 percent described the opposing party as _______ and 74 percent perceived themselves as _______.

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cooperative; cooperative

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In order for contact between opposing racial groups to reduce conflict, the contact must

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be structured to confer equal status on both races.

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Review of desegregation situations show that sometimes increased contact improves racial attitudes and sometimes it does not, especially when there is

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anxiety or perceived threat.

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Knowing that one's group has over-benefited can trigger

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devaluation of others' inputs.

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Simpson, Campbell, and Berscheid (1986) suspected that the rising divorce rate over the past 20 to 30 years is at least partly due to the

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growing importance of romantic love in people's lives.

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Anticipatory liking-expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible-increases the chance of

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forming a rewarding relationship.

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A stranger rides the same bus you do to school every day. According to the mere exposure effect, as the days pass you will come to view the stranger

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more favorably

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In real life, which of the following parallels the tragedy of the commons?

answer

pollution of rivers and streams

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Factory workers want a pay rate of $15 per hour, and management offers $12 per hour. After weeks of conflict, they agree to have a third party set the pay scale. After hearing both sides, the third party sets the rate at $14. This is an example of resolving conflict through

answer

arbitration.

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Keisha is stopped on the street by a panhandler. She is most likely to give money if

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she just had her picture taken

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Researchers have found that with door-to-door solicitation, there is more success with requests for contributions when they are

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small

question

Kenrick and his colleagues (1989) found that to men who have recently been viewing a television show featuring three beautiful women, average women seem _______ attractive, confirming the _______.

answer

less; contrast effect

Social Psychology 11-13 – Flashcards

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