Question 1

Social psychology

Accepted Answer

the study of how people related to and influence each other uses the experimental method to study people

Question 2

Norman Triplett

Accepted Answer

** conducted the first official social psychology type experiment in 1897 on SOCIAL FACILITATION  - found that cyclists performed better when paced by other than when they rode alone  - He then demonstrated this effect in a controlled, laboratory experiment and concluded that children perform a simple lab task faster in pairs than when performing by themselves.

Question 3

Kurt Lewin

Accepted Answer

- FOUNDER OF THE FIELD OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY - applied Gestalt ideas to social behavior - FIELD THEORY: the total of influences on an individual behavior - a person\'s life space is the collection of forces upon the individual - Valence, vector, and barrier and forces in the life space   - one of the first to study group dynamics and organizational development. - Lewin\'s equation for behavior B = Æ(P, E), behavior is a function of the person in their environment - Force field analysis provides a framework for looking at the factors (forces) that influence a situation, originally social situations. It looks at forces that are either driving movement toward a goal (helping forces) or blocking movement toward a goal (hindering forces). The principle, developed by Kurt Lewin, is a significant contribution to the fields of social science, psychology, social psychology, organizational development, process management, and change management.[7]  - Lewin coined the term \'group dynamics\', the way that groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances.  - Lewin applied his interactionism formula B = Æ(P, E), to explain group phenomena, where a member\'s personal characteristics (P) interact with the environmental factors of the group, (E) its members, and the situation to elicit behaviour (B). Given his background in Gestalt Psychology, Lewin justified group existence using the dictum \"The whole is greater than the sum of its parts\". He theorized that when a group is established it becomes a unified system with supervening qualities that cannot be understood by evaluating members individually. This notion - that a group is composed of more than the sum of its individual members - quickly gained support from sociologists and psychologists who understood the significance of this emerging field.

Question 4

Fritz Heider

Accepted Answer

- founder of attribution theory: the study of how people infer the causes of other\'s behavior (people will attribute intentions/emotions to geometric shapes)  - balance theory: the study of how people make their feelings and/or actions consistent to preserve psychological homeostasis   - wrote: The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations

Question 5

Attribution theory

Accepted Answer

Fritz Heider  Attribution theory (as one part of the larger and more complex Heiderian account of social perception) describes how people come to explain (make attributions about) the behavior of others and themselves. Behavior is attributed to a disposition (e.g., personality traits, motives, attitudes), or behavior can be attributed to situations (e.g., external pressures, social norms, peer pressure, accidents of the environment, acts of God, random chance, etc.) Heider first made the argument that people tend to overweight internal, dispositional causes over external causesâthis later became known as the fundamental attribution error (Ross, 1977) or correspondence bias (Fiske & Taylor, 1991; Jones, 1979, 1990).

Question 6

Balance theory

Accepted Answer

Fritz Heider  Balance Theory is a motivational theory of attitude change, proposed by Fritz Heider.[1] It conceptualizes the cognitive consistency motive as a drive toward psychological balance. The consistency motive is the urge to maintain one\'s values and beliefs over time. Heider proposed that \"sentiment\" or liking relationships are balanced if the affect valence in a system multiplies out to a positive result.  ex. Balance Theory is also useful in examining how celebrity endorsement affects consumers\' attitudes toward products.[2] If a person likes a celebrity and perceives (due to the endorsement) that said celebrity likes a product, said person will tend to liking the product more, in order to achieve psychological balance.  However, if the person already had a dislike for the product being endorsed by the celebrity, she may like the celebrity less in addition to liking the product more, again to achieve psychological balance.

Question 7

Actor-observer attributional divergence

Accepted Answer

the tendency for the person who is doing the behavior to have a different perspective on the situation than a person watching the behavior

Question 8

Self-serving attributional bias

Accepted Answer

interpreting one\'s own actions and motives in a positive way, blaming situations for failures and taking credit for successes we like to think we are better than average

Question 9

Illusory correlation

Accepted Answer

assuming that two unrelated things have a relationship

Question 10

Slippery slope

Accepted Answer

a logical fallacy that says a small insignificant first step in one direction will eventually lead to grater steps that will eventually have significant impact

Question 11

Hindsight bias

Accepted Answer

believing after he fact that you knew something all along

Question 12

Halo effect

Accepted Answer

thinking that if someone has one good quality then he has only good qualities

Question 13

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Accepted Answer

occurs when one\'s expectations somehow draw out, or in a sense cause, the very behavior that is expected

Question 14

False consensus bias

Accepted Answer

assuming most other people think as you do

Question 15

Lee Ross

Accepted Answer

studied subjects who were first made to believe a statement and then later told it was false the subjects continued to believe the statement if they had processed it and devised their own logical explanation for it

Question 16

Richard Nisbett

Accepted Answer

showed that we lack awareness for why we do what we do

Question 17

Base-rate fallacy

Accepted Answer

overestimating the general frequency of things we are most familiar with

Question 18

M.J. Lerner\'s just world bias

Accepted Answer

the belief that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people its uncomfortable for people to accept that bad things happen to good people, so they blame the victim

Question 19

Ellen Langer

Accepted Answer

illusion of control the belief that you can control things that you actually have no influence on the illusion is the driving force behind manipulating the lottery, gambling or superstition

Question 20

Illusion of control

Accepted Answer

Ellen Langer the belief that you can control things that you actually have no influence on the illusion is the driving force behind manipulating the lottery, gambling or superstition

Question 21

Oversimplification

Accepted Answer

the tendency to make simple explanations for complex events people hold onto original ideas about cause even when new factors emerge

Question 22

Representative heuristic

Accepted Answer

using a shortcut about typical assumptions to guess at an answer rather than relying on actual logic ex. one might assume that a woman who is six feet tall and beautiful is more likely to be a model than a lawyer, even though there are many more lawyers than models

Question 23

Availability heuristic

Accepted Answer

when people think there is a higher proportion of one thing in a group than there really is because examples of that one thing come to mind more easily ex. if someone has read a list of names, half of which were names of celebrities and the other half of which were names randomly selected from a phone book, the person would later report that there were more celebrities than phone book names on the list, because the celebrity names were easier to remember

Question 24

Leon Festinger

Accepted Answer

COGNITIVE DISSONANCE THEORY  it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match their actions after making a difficult decision, people are motivated to back their actions up by touting corresponding beliefs the less the act is justified by circumstance, the more we feel the need to justify it by bringing our attitude in line with the behavior

Question 25

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

Accepted Answer

Leon Festinger   it is uncomfortable for people to have beliefs that do not match their actions after making a difficult decision, people are motivated to back their actions up by touting corresponding beliefs the less the act is justified by circumstance, the more we feel the need to justify it by bringing our attitude in line with the behavior

Question 26

Daryl Bem

Accepted Answer

SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY  offers an alternate explanation to cognitive dissonance - when people are unsure of their beliefs, they take their cues from their own behavior (rather than actually changing their beliefs to match their actions)  ex. if a man demanded $1000 to work on a Saturday, he would probably realize that he does not like his job all that much

Question 27

Self-Perception Theory

Accepted Answer

Daryl Bem   offers an alternate explanation to cognitive dissonance - when people are unsure of their beliefs, they take their cues from their own behavior (rather than actually changing their beliefs to match their actions)  ex. if a man demanded $1000 to work on a Saturday, he would probably realize that he does not like his job all that much

Question 28

Overjustification effect

Accepted Answer

follows from self-perception theory the tendency to assume that we must not want to do things that we are paid or compensated to do  ex. a person who loves to sing and is then paid to do so will lose pleasure in singing because the activity is now overjustified

Question 29

Gain-loss theory

Accepted Answer

people act in order to obtain gain and avoid loss people feel more favorably toward situations that start off negatively but end positively (even when compared to positive situations)

Question 30

Social exchange theory

Accepted Answer

suggests that humans interact in ways that maximize reward and minimize cost

Question 31

Self-presentation

Accepted Answer

self-presentation, particularly positive self-presentation, is an important influence on behavior we act in ways that are in line with our attitudes or in ways that will be accepted by others

Question 32

Self-monitoring

Accepted Answer

the process by which people pay close attention to their actions often, as a result, people change their behaviors to be more favorable

Question 33

Impression management

Accepted Answer

behaving in ways that might make a good impression

Question 34

Social facilitation

Accepted Answer

the tendency for the presence of others to either enhance or hinder performance  ex. ROBERT ZAJONC: found that the presence of other helps with easy tasks but hinders complex tasks

Question 35

Social comparison

Accepted Answer

evaluating one\'s own actions, abilities, opinions, and ideas by comparing them to those of others because these \"others\" are generally familiar people from our own social group or strata, social comparison has been used as an argument against mainstreaming  ex. when children with difficulties are thrown into classes with children without such difficulties, the comparison may result in lower self-esteem for the children with problems

Question 36

Role

Accepted Answer

the set of behavior norms that seem suitable for a particular person

Question 37

Morton Deutsch

Accepted Answer

Deutsch was the first psychologist to use the Prisoner\'s Dilemma to study trust between small groups or pairings of individuals  used the prisoner\'s dilemma and the trucking company game story to illustrate the struggle between cooperation and competition

Question 38

Prisoner\'s dilemma

Accepted Answer

Deutsch was the first psychologist to use the Prisoner\'s Dilemma to study trust between small groups or pairings of individuals  Premise: if 2 criminal cohorts are detained separately and charged with the crime, the best strategy is for neither to talk this way, no information will be given but because a person can never be sure what the other might do (perhaps a plea bargain and testify against him), remaining silent is a gamble that requires trust

Question 39

Trucking company game

Accepted Answer

game describes 2 companies that can choose to cooperate 9and agree on high fixed prices) or compete against each other with lower prices the best strategy would be to cooperate and agree on high prices, but because one company cannot totally trust the other, they choose to compete  - similar to prisoner\'s dilemma but in ECONOMIC terms

Question 40

Equity theory

Accepted Answer

people feel most comfortable in situations in which rewards and punishments are equal, fitting, or highly logical  - overbenefited people tend to feel guilty random or illogical punishments make people anxious

Question 41

Overbenefited

Accepted Answer

Equity theory: people feel most comfortable in situations in which rewards and punishments are equal, fitting, or highly logical  these people tend to feel guilty random or illogical punishments make people anxious

Question 42

Stimulus-overload theory

Accepted Answer

STANLEY MILGRAM  explains why urbanites are less prosocial than country people are; urbanites don\'t need any more interaction

Question 43

Reciprocal interaction

Accepted Answer

the constant exchange of influences between people, is a constant factor in our behavior

Question 44

Conformity

Accepted Answer

going along with real or perceived group pressure Compliance: people may go along publicly but not privacy Acceptance: change actions and beliefs to conform Dissenter: an individual is more likely to conform when:  - there is a majority opinion - the majority has a unanimous position - the majority has high status, or the individual is concerned with her status - the situation is in public - the individual was previously committed to another position - the individual has low self-esteem - the individual scores high on a measure of authoritarianism

Question 45

When is an individual most likely to conform?

Accepted Answer

an individual is more likely to conform when:  - there is a majority opinion - the majority has a unanimous position - the majority has high status, or the individual is concerned with her status - the situation is in public - the individual was previously committed to another position - the individual has low self-esteem - the individual scores high on a measure of authoritarianism

Question 46

Reactance

Accepted Answer

the refusal to conform that may result of a blantant attempt to control - people will often not conform if they are forewarned that others will attempt to change them

Question 47

Stanley Milgram

Accepted Answer

- Study: participants were given the role of \"teacher\" and ordered by the experimenter to administer \"painful shocks\" to a \"learner\" in an adjacent room when the learner provided an incorrect response (no one actually being shocked, learner was a confederate) - Experiment explored how people respond to the orders of others - Conditions that facilitate conformity: remoteness of the victim, proximity of the experimenter/commander, a legitimate-seeming commander, and the conformity of the subjects - Subjects went along with the experiment 66% of the time - Used to explain the actions of Nazi war criminals - Experiment upset many participants, raised ethical questions in research

Question 48

What conditions facilitate conformity?

Accepted Answer

Stanley Milgram - remoteness of the victim, proximity of the experimenter/commander, a legitimate-seeming commander, and the conformity of the subjects

Question 49

Philip Zimbardo

Accepted Answer

Working off Stanley Milgram\'s experiment - Found that people who were wearing hoods (and so DEINDIVIDUATED) were more willing to administer higher levels of shock than people without hoods - PRISON SIMULATION EXPERIMENTS: normal subjects could easily be transformed into sadistic prison guards - Showed people will step into some surprising roles  - found that antisocial behavior positively correlates with population density - he left broken-down cars in NYC and CA, monitored by cameras- the car in NYC was stripped and destroyed within 10 min, in CA it was left untouched for 3 days

Question 50

Solomon Asch

Accepted Answer

- Had subjects listen to the staged \"opinion\" of others about which lines on a board were equal - The subjects then gave their own opinion  - Subjects conformed to the clearly incorrect opinion of others about 33 percent of the time - Unanimity seemed to be the influential factor

Question 51

Muzafer Sherif

Accepted Answer

- Found the people\'s descriptions of the AUTOKINETIC EFFECT were influenced by other\'s descriptions  - - showed that win/lose game-type competition can trigger serious conflict in groups - ROBBERS\' CAVE EXPERIMENT: (study about prejudice) showed that group conflict is most effectively overcome by the need for cooperative attention to a higher SUPERORDINATE GOAL

Question 52

What factors influence how likely an individual speaker is to change a listener\'s attitude?

Accepted Answer

The speaker is: - expert and/or trustworthy - similar to the listener - acceptable to the listener - overheard rather than obviously trying to influence - the content is anecdotal, emotional, or shocking - the speaker is part of a two-person debate rather than one-sided argument

Question 53

R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo

Accepted Answer

- ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL OF PERSUASION: people who are involved in an issue listen to the strength of the arguments in the issue rather than more superficial factors, such as the characteristics of the speaker

Question 54

Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion

Accepted Answer

- R.E. Petty and J.T. Cacioppo - ELABORATION LIKELIHOOD MODEL OF PERSUASION: people who are involved in an issue listen to the strength of the arguments in the issue rather than more superficial factors, such as the characteristics of the speaker

Question 55

Sleeper effect

Accepted Answer

explains why persuasive communication from a source of low credibility may become more acceptable after the fact

Question 56

Innoculation Theory

Accepted Answer

McGuire: asserts that people\'s beliefs are vulnerable if they have never faced a challenge - once they have experienced a challenge to their opinions, however, they are less vulnerable - challenge is like a vaccination

Question 57

Deindividuation

Accepted Answer

occurs when individual identity or accountability is de-emphasized - this may be the result of mingling in a crowd, wearing uniforms, or otherwise adopting a larger group identity

Question 58

The Kitty Genovese Case

Accepted Answer

- the murder of a woman witnessed by scores of people - BYSTANDER EFFECT: people are less likely to help when other\'s are present

Question 59

Bystander effect

Accepted Answer

- people are less likely to help when other\'s are present - Kitty Genovese Case

Question 60

Diffusion of Responsibility

Accepted Answer

the tendency that the larder the group, the less likely individuals in the group will act or take responsibility - Ex. Genovese case: the more bystanders nearby, the less likely anyone will help, everyone waits for someone else to act--> this is the result of DEINDIVIDUATION

Question 61

Social loafing

Accepted Answer

the tendency to work less hard in a group as the result of diffusion of responsibility - it is guarded against when each individual is closely monitored

Question 62

Competition for scarce resources...

Accepted Answer

causes conflict in a group

Question 63

Robber\'s cave experiment

Accepted Answer

Muzafer Sherif - ROBBERS\' CAVE EXPERIMENT: (study about prejudice) showed that group conflict is most effectively overcome by the need for cooperative attention to a higher SUPERORDINATE GOAL

Question 64

Contact with the opposing party....

Accepted Answer

decreases conflict

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