Social Psych Chapter 8 (Group Influence) – Flashcards
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What is a group?
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two or more people who interact with and influence one another and perceive one another as "us"
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Our groups greatly contribute to our _____?
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self-identity
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What did Shaw's study find?
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the definition of a group; the similarity amongst all groups is that the members interact with each other
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What is the social comparison theory?
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centers on the belief that there is a drive within individuals to gain accurate self-evaluations; aka how we compare ourselves to others
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What is functional perspective?
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each aspect of society is interdependent and contributes to society's stability and functioning as a whole
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What did Schutz's study find?
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often times there is a relationship between psychological needs and group formation
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What is social facilitation?
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tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present
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What did Triplett's study find?
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discovered positive correlation between speed (cycling) in presence of others; cyclists rode faster in the presence of others
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Who's study was the first known social psychology experiment?
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Triplett's in 1898
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What was the layout of Zajonc's Drive Theory of Social Facilitation experiment?
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placed cockroaches in two different mazes (one complex and one simple) and observed how they performed in the presence of other cockroaches in both mazes
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What did Zajonc's study find?
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cockroaches in box, run faster when roaches present in simple box, run faster when roaches not present in complex box
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What is a dominant response?
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response that is most likely to occur in a given situation
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What did Hirt and Kimble's study find?
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demonstrated that professional basketball, baseball, and football teams won a greater percentage of their home games as opposed to their away games
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What did Baumeister and Stenhilber's study find?
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that the home field advantage and arousal that it brings only facilitated performance during the regular season of play
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What did Michael et al.'s study find?
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found that "good" pool players did much better when observed
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What did Summer and Ross' study find?
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demonstrated that seating arrangements affect human interaction
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What did Summer and Olsen's study find?
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leadership role is closely associated with the chair at the head of the table
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What was the layout of Calhoun's Behavioral Sink experiment?
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overcrowding experiment; gathered rats and allowed them to breed freely in a quarter-acre pen, inserted dividers allowing dominance and overpopulation--- overcrowding led to murders of young and fighting amongst the population
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What term did Calhoun's study find?
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behavioral sink
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What is a behavioral sink?
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crowding that leads to a general collapse of social behavior
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What is territoriality?
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when a specific space is marked out and defended against intrusion from others
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What is a common example of territoriality in the household?
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parents entering a kid's room
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What are the three types of territory that Altman found in his study?
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1) Primary territory 2) Secondary territory 3) Public territory
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What is an example of primary territory?
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your room
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What is an example of secondary territory?
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school (classroom seat)
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What is an example of public territory?
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dining hall, public restroom
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Martha is excellent at organizing her employees, setting goals, and focusing on achieving goals for the company. What type of leadership is Martha exhibiting?
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task leadership
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A loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension, which can occur in group situations, is called?
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deindividuation
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A looting mob is a good example of?
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deindividuation
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When group discussion strengthens members' initial inclinations we say that ____ has occurred.
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group polarization
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Social loafing can be minimized if?
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the individuals can be identified
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I become more cautious in the group because other members are becoming more cautious. My shift is an example of ?
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informational influence
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___ and ___ convey self confidence.
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persistence; consistency
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The fact that active participation in discussion produces more polarization is best explained by?
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information influence processes
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A review on studies of deindividuation showed that physical anonymity makes one_____ to cues presented in a situation.
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more reponsive
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What did Zimardo's study on anonymity show?
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when women were hooded, they were more likely to enact things they were told
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What did Diener et al.'s study show?
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when a bowl of halloween candy was left out: - the bigger the group the more likely they were to take more candy - the more anonymous the costume, more likely to take more candy - when mirror was present, less likely to take more candy
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What did Mullen's study find?
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that in the 50's/60's, the larger the lynch mob, the worse the level of mutilation of the lynched
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What did Watson's study find?
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conducted a cross-cultural study and found that warriors who disguised their appearance - for example, through face paint - tended to be more aggressive, suggesting that deindividuation effects are universal.
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What did Myer's and Bishop's study find?
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supported the claim that discussion among like-minded individuals tends to increase and intensify pre-existing attitudes, thereby demonstrating group polarization (in regard to racism for study)
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What is the evaluation-apprehension theory?
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we are aroused in the presence of others because of the concern that others are evaluating us
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What is the driven-by-distraction theory?
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heightened arousal in the presence of others results from being pulled in two different directions at once; it divides our attention between the people and the task at hand
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What is social loafing?
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the tendency for people to exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal than when they are individually accountable
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Social loafing is the opposite of _____?
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social facilitation
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What are free riders?
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those who benefit from the group, but give little in return
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True or false? Women are more likely to social loaf than men.
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false
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True or false? Collectivistic societies are more likely to social loaf than individualistic.
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false
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What did the Ingham study show?
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in a blind tug-of-war experiment, when they thought no one was present they pulled harder
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What did the Latane et al study show?
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social facilitation; when they thought someone was present they clapped louder
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What is deindividuation?
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loss of self-awareness, with resulting loss of individuality and self-restraint from certain group situations
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True or false? Anonymity can release positive as well as negative impulses
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true
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What did the Gergen, Gergen, and Barton study show?
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- those in the lightened room sat around making light conversation - those in the dark room talked less, but about more important things
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True or false? The bigger the group, the greater the loss of social identity
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true
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Group experiences that diminish self-consciousness tend to disconnect _________ from _______.
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behavior; attitudes
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What is group polarization?
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group produced enhancements of members' preexisting tendencies; a strengthening of the members' average tendency, not a split within the group (more extreme)
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What type of influence best attributes to group polarization?
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informational influence
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You like Bernie, but don't know why you support him; you listen to strong supporters of Bernie and you like him a lot more now. You are exhibiting signs of adhering to what type of influence?
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informational
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How does normative influence relate to group polarization?
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involves social comparison, which is evaluating one's opinions and abilities by comparing oneself to others
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You like Bernie and are exposed in an area that has a lot of Bernie propaganda i.e. posters, hats, shirts. You like Bernie more now. You are exhibiting signs of adhering to what type of influence?
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normative
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What Schkade and Sunstein's study find?
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the group polarization effects with political party sidings
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What did the Sanders, Baron, and Moore study find?
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found that the presence of audiences impaired performance on the complex list and assisted performance on the simpler task
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What did the Douglas and McGarty study show?
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deindividuation on internet chat rooms and how it can negatively affect reality of relationships
