Social Problem Test Three (Final Study Guide) – Flashcards
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The formal organization that directs the political life of a society is
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Government
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The social institution that organizes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services is
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the economy
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Capitalism is an economic system in which natural resources and the means of producing goods and services are
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privately owned
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Which type of economic system places natural resources and the means of producing goods and services under collective ownership?
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socialism
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Which type of economic system has government working closely with large, privately owned companies?
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state capitalism
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In the United States, about what percentage of the gross domestic product comes from the privately owned sector of the economy?
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82 Percent
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Which concept refers to a political system in which power is exercised by the people as a whole?
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democracy
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The domination of an entire market by a single company is referred to as
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a monopoly
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Which concept refers to the efforts of special-interest groups and their representatives to influence government officials?
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lobbying
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The Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution extended the vote to
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women
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In the 2012 presidential election,
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women were slightly more likely to vote than men were.
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Which of the following categories of people face legal barriers to voting?
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convicted felons
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Each year, about how many U.S. workers suffer a work-related illness or injury?
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1 million
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The most recent technological change to the U.S. economy was
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the Information Revolution
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In the tertiary sector of the economy, most people in the labor force do what type of work?
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service work
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Which term refers to the expansion of economic activity around the world with little regard for national borders?
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globalization
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In 1970, the federal government created OSHA to oversee and regulate
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workplace health and safety
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According to Karl Marx, alienation in the workplace results from
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powerlessness
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Which term refers to shaping work in terms of the principles of efficiency, predictability, uniformity, and automation?
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McDonaldization
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Which term refers to bias built into the operation of the economy, education, and other social institutions?
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institutional discrimination
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Many states have "right to work" laws which, among other things,
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limit the power of unions to require membership as a condition of hiring
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Which term refers to a barrier—often involving institutional discrimination—that prevents women and other minorities from moving up in the workplace?
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glass ceiling
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What organizations seek to improve wages and working conditions through various strategies, including collective bargaining and strikes?
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labor unions
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Telecommuting has what major disadvantage for workers?
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It blurs the line between home and work
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Which term refers to one or two parents and their children?
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nuclear family
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Which of the following terms refers to parents and children, plus grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins, who often live close to one another and operate as a family unit?
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extended family
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Families are built around a lawful relationship, usually involving economic cooperation, sexual activity, and childbearing. What is this relationship called?
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marriage
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In the United States, about what share of people between twenty-five and forty-four years of age cohabit at some point?
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half
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In 2012, the average number of children born to the typical U.S. woman over her lifetime was about
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1.9
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In 2013, the typical age at first marriage for a woman was
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26.6 years old
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What percentage of African American children are born to a single mother?
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72 percent
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William Julius Wilson claims that the major cause of poverty among African American families is
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a lack of available jobs
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In the United States, most people who receive public assistance are
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white
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About what share of today's marriages will end in divorce, separation, or dissolution within twenty years?
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half
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Under "no-fault" divorce laws
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couples declare that their marriage is over due to irreconcilable differences
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Of the children who are awarded court-ordered child support, about what percentage receive partial payments or no payments at all?
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57 percent
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Most blended families manage to cope with the challenges, but research shows that blended families carry an increased risk of
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physical and sexual abuse of children
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Prenuptial agreements may be a good idea because
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there is a significant chance that the marriage will eventually end in divorce
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Which term refers to the social institution by which society transmits knowledge to its members?
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education
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A major reason that schooling is limited in poor societies of the world is that
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parents need their children to work to provide food and income
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The ability to read and write is referred to as
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literacy
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In the United States, what percentage of the population aged twenty-five to sixty-four has a four-year college or university degree?
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32 percent
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By which year had every state enacted a law requiring children to attend school?
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1918
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About what percentage of U.S. adults now complete high school?
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88 percent
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On the Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), for all racial and ethnic categories of people, a higher rate of poverty is linked to
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lower performance on the test
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Research shows that the quality of the school matters to student performance, but what matters even more?
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the student's home environment
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About 30 million men and women in the United States do not read, write, or do basic arithmetic well enough to carry out daily responsibilities. This situation is the problem of
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functional illiteracy
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In 1954, which decision by the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that racially segregated schools violated the Constitution, striking down the "separate but equal" standard that dated back to 1896?
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
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Which term refers to lifetime experiences and opportunities that enhance a student's ability to learn and succeed?
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cultural capital
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What percentage of undergraduates enrolled in U.S. colleges are women?
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57 percent
