Social Classes in Latin America
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Spanish and Portuguese officials. Resided in Latin America temporarily for political and economic gain. Drained Latin America of their wealth. From the Iberian Peninsula.
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Who were the peninsulares?
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Descendants of Europeans born in Latin America. Live there permanently. Did not like the Peninsulares because they took the wealth from the Americas back to Europe.
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Who were creoles?
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People of European and Indian descent. They're a mix of European and Native American. The largest group but lower down on the social ladder. Worked as servants, laborers, and farmers.
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Who were the mestizos?
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When Napoleon took control of Portugal and Spain's monarchy and overthrew them.
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What events in Europe weakened the authority of the Spaniards and Portuguese in their Latin American empires?
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François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture
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Who led more than 100,000 slaves in a revolt in the French colony of Saint Domingue on the island of Hispaniola?
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Miguel Hidalgo (he was later executed)
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What is the name of the priest who became a hero of Mexican Independence?
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Father Hidalgo studied it.
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How did the French Revolution help inspire the revolution in Mexico?
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Agustín de Iturbide (creole)
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Who led conservative elites to declare Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821?
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José de San Martin and Simón Bolivar
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Who led the struggle for independence in Venezuela, then went on to liberate New Granada (Colombia), Ecuador and other countries in South America?
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He led his forces over the Andes. Suffered from cold temps., oxygen deprivation.
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How were Jose de San Martin and his forces able to surprise the Spaniards in Chile in 1817?
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Trade and Colonization
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What action did the leading nations of Europe (except Britain) favor in Latin America in the early 1820s?
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Warned against any intervention from Europe. Provided independence for the Latin America countries.
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What was the Monroe doctrine?
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They ruled chiefly by military force, supported by the landed elites.
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How did caudillos rule? Who supported them?
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Antonio Lopes de Santa Anna.
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What is the name of the caudillo who ruled Mexico from 1833 to 1855?
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Texas (Alamo)
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In what Mexican state did American settlers revolt in 1835?
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Mexico was defeated by the US in a war 1846-1848.
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How did Mexico lose half of its territory to the United States?
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Separation of church and state Land distribution to the poor Educational systems across Mexico
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What liberal reforms did Benito Juarez bring to Mexico?
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Raw materials were exported and used for industrial states in America and Great Britain.
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How was Latin America's economy dominated by Europe and the United States?
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Ran governments controlled courts kept a system of inexpensive labor Land was the basis of wealth
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How did the landed elite dominate the citizens of countries in Latin America?
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Cuba became a United States' protectorate. The US acquired the Philippines and Guam as well as Puerto Rico.
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What were the results of the Spanish-American war in 1898?
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The US supported a rebellion in Panama and in return gained control a 10 mile strip of land.
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What happened in 1903 that enabled the US to build the Panama Canal?
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About one thousand families.
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About how many families owned almost all of Mexico during the dictatorial reign of Porfirio Diaz from 1877 to 1911?
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Emiliano Zapata
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Who led landless peasants to seize the estates of the wealthy landowners during the Mexican Revolution?
