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The term Homo sapiens, the name of our species, comes from Latin meaning

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"intelligent person."

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The fact that text messaging is based on a new set of symbols shows us that

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All of these responses are correct: today's young people are creating new symbols. there are many ways to use symbols to communicate. culture changes over time.

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This language, which is the native tongue or official language in several world regions, has become the preferred second language in most of the world.

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English

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Core values of U.S. culture

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are sometimes in conflict with one another.

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The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.

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real; ideal

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Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as

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popular culture.

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Compared to college students of the late 1960s, more of today's college students are concerned with

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making money

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Ethnocentrism refers to

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judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.

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Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people?

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the structural-functional approach

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Cultural universals are elements of culture that

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are part of every known culture.

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Of all the world's countries, the United States is the most

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multicultural

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Ideas created by members of a society are part of

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nonmaterial culture

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Sociologists define a symbol as

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anything that has meaning to people who share a culture.

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U.S. culture holds a strong belief in

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individuality

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Cheating on a final examination is an example of violating campus

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mores

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Which of the following phrases describes the concept of ethnocentrism

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judging an unfamiliar culture using the standards of your own culture.

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Subculture refers to

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cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.

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Which region of the United States has the largest share of people who speak a language other than English at home?

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the Southwest

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In human history, the "dawn of civilization" took place with the development of

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agriculture

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Which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality?

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the social-conflict approach

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culture

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the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.

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nonmaterial culture

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the ideas created by members of a society.

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material culture

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the physical things created by members of a society.

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society

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people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.

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culture shock

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personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.

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symbol

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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

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language

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a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.

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cultural transmission

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the process by which one generation passes culture to the next.

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Sapir-Whorf thesis

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the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language.

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values

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culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.

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beliefs

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specific ideas that people hold to be true.

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norms

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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of the members.

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mores

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norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

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folkways

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norms for routine or casual interaction.

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technology

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knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings.

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hunting and gathering

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the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food.

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horticulture

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the use of hand tools to raise crops.

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pastoralism

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the domestication of animals.

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agriculture

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large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.

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industry

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the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery.

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postindustrialism

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the production of information using computer technology.

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high culture

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cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite.

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popular culture

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cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population.

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subculture

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cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population.

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multiculturalism

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a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions.

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Eurocentrism

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the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns.

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Afrocentrism

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emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns.

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counterculture

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cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society.

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cultural integration

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the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system.

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cultural lag

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the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system.

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ethnocentrism

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the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.

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cultural relativism

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the practice of judging a culture by its own standards.

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cultural universals

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traits that are part of every known culture.

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gender

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the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attaches to being female or male.

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sociobiology

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a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture.

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Structional-functional theory

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views culture as a relatively stable system built on core values. All cultural patterns play some part in the ongoing operation of society.

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Social conflict theory

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sees culture as a dynamic arena of inequality and conflict. Cultural patterns benefit some categories of people more than others. Marx claimed that cultural patterns reflect the operation of a society's economic system.

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Feminist theory

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is a type of social-conflict theory that sees culture as a system of inequality based on gender.

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Sociobiology theory

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explores how the long history of evolution has shaped patterns of culture in today's world.

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What is Culture?

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* a way of life * a human trait * a product of evolution

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Elements of Culture:

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* language * values * beliefs

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We experience "culture shock" when:

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we enter an unfamiliar culture and are not able to "read" meaning in our new surroundings.

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We create culture shock for others when:

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we act in ways they do not understand.

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Culture relies on _____ in the form of words, gestures, and actions to express meaning.

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symbols

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Norms, which guide human behavior, are of two types:

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* mores * folkways

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Culture is shaped by ___

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technology

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cultural diversity:

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* is due to our country's history of immigration * reflects regional differences * reflects differences in social class that set off high culture from popular culture.

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cultural change results from:

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* invention * discovery * diffusion

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cultural lag results when

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some parts of a cultural system change faster than others.

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Ethnocentrism links people to their society but can cause ___ and ___ between societies.

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misunderstanding and conflict

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Culture can limit

answer

the choices we make.

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