SOCI1301 Chapter 2 – Flashcards
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The fact that some married men and married women are sexually unfaithful to their spouses is an example of _____ culture, while the fact that most adults say they support the idea of sexual fidelity is an example of _____ culture.
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real; ideal
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Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population are referred to as
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popular culture.
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Compared to college students of the late 1960s, more of today's college students are concerned with
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making money
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Ethnocentrism refers to
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judging another culture using the standards of your own culture.
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Which theoretical approach states that the stability of U.S. society rests on core values shared by most people?
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the structural-functional approach
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Cultural universals are elements of culture that
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are part of every known culture.
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Of all the world's countries, the United States is the most
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multicultural
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Ideas created by members of a society are part of
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nonmaterial culture
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Sociologists define a symbol as
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anything that has meaning to people who share a culture.
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U.S. culture holds a strong belief in
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individuality
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Cheating on a final examination is an example of violating campus
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mores
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Which of the following phrases describes the concept of ethnocentrism
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judging an unfamiliar culture using the standards of your own culture.
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Subculture refers to
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cultural patterns that set apart a segment of a society's population.
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Which region of the United States has the largest share of people who speak a language other than English at home?
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the Southwest
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In human history, the "dawn of civilization" took place with the development of
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agriculture
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Which theoretical approach focuses on the link between culture and social inequality?
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the social-conflict approach
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culture
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the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.
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nonmaterial culture
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the ideas created by members of a society.
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material culture
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the physical things created by members of a society.
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society
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people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.
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culture shock
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personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.
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symbol
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anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.
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language
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a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.
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cultural transmission
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the process by which one generation passes culture to the next.
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Sapir-Whorf thesis
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the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language.
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values
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culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.
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beliefs
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specific ideas that people hold to be true.
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norms
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rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of the members.
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mores
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norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.
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folkways
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norms for routine or casual interaction.
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technology
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knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings.
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hunting and gathering
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the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food.
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horticulture
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the use of hand tools to raise crops.
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pastoralism
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the domestication of animals.
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agriculture
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large-scale cultivation using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.
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industry
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the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery.
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postindustrialism
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the production of information using computer technology.
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high culture
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cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite.
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popular culture
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cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population.
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subculture
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cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population.
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multiculturalism
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a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions.
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Eurocentrism
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the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns.
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Afrocentrism
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emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns.
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counterculture
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cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society.
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cultural integration
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the close relationships among various elements of a cultural system.
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cultural lag
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the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system.
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ethnocentrism
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the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture.
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cultural relativism
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the practice of judging a culture by its own standards.
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cultural universals
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traits that are part of every known culture.
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gender
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the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attaches to being female or male.
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sociobiology
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a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture.
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Structional-functional theory
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views culture as a relatively stable system built on core values. All cultural patterns play some part in the ongoing operation of society.
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Social conflict theory
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sees culture as a dynamic arena of inequality and conflict. Cultural patterns benefit some categories of people more than others. Marx claimed that cultural patterns reflect the operation of a society's economic system.
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Feminist theory
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is a type of social-conflict theory that sees culture as a system of inequality based on gender.
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Sociobiology theory
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explores how the long history of evolution has shaped patterns of culture in today's world.
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What is Culture?
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* a way of life * a human trait * a product of evolution
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Elements of Culture:
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* language * values * beliefs
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We experience "culture shock" when:
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we enter an unfamiliar culture and are not able to "read" meaning in our new surroundings.
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We create culture shock for others when:
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we act in ways they do not understand.
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Culture relies on _____ in the form of words, gestures, and actions to express meaning.
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symbols
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Norms, which guide human behavior, are of two types:
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* mores * folkways
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Culture is shaped by ___
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technology
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cultural diversity:
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* is due to our country's history of immigration * reflects regional differences * reflects differences in social class that set off high culture from popular culture.
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cultural change results from:
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* invention * discovery * diffusion
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cultural lag results when
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some parts of a cultural system change faster than others.
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Ethnocentrism links people to their society but can cause ___ and ___ between societies.
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misunderstanding and conflict
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Culture can limit
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the choices we make.
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