question

The sociological definition of status is

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a category or position a person occupies

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Female is an example of a(n)

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ascribed status

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The expected behavior that is associated with a status is called a

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role

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Shared rules that guide people's behaviors in specific situations are called

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norms

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Societies categorize members by statuses and then rank these statuses in some fashion. This is known as

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social stratification

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The oversimplified conception that people who are a part of a group all share the same characteristics is called

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stereotype

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When male-centered norms operate throughout all social institutions of a society, that society can be said to be

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patriarchal

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Androcentrism refers to

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male-centeredness

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Discrimination based on sex is called

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sexism

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Sex refers to ___________. Gender refers to _____________.

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a biological characteristic; a social, cultural, and psychological characteristic, an ascribed status; an achieved status, male or female; masculinity or femininity (All of the above is correct)

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According to functionalism,

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society is made up of interdependent parts, and each contributes to the function of the whole.

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The idea that men as a group conspire to keep women in subordinate positions is a critique that is associated with

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conflict theory

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The social-psychological explanation that social interaction is a dynamic process in which people continually modify their behavior based on their perceptions is most related to

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symbolic interactionism

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Concepts such as impression management, scripts, and enactment of roles are all associated with

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dramaturgy

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The belief that the inherent biological and genetic difference between men and women make them naturally suited to fulfill certain roles regardless of their intellect, desires, expertise, or experience is called

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essentialism

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The XX chromosomal configuration is associated with

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a superior immune system for females

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The term for males or females who psychologically believe that they are really members of the other gender is

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transsexuals

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The term for people who do not conform to culturally-defined traditional gender roles is

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transgendered

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Shared beliefs concerning what society defines as acceptable sexual thoughts, feelings, and behaviors for each gender are called

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sexual scripts

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Which of these statements about sexual attitudes is false?

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Women and men both believe that a woman's orgasm is a sign of the woman's success as a lover.

question

The process by which people learn the cultural expectations of femininity and masculinity is called

answer

gender socialization

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Which cultural factors impact gender socialization?

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Race, social class and values (All of the above is correct)

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Which theory of socialization asserts that, once children learn gender identity, they make choices based on that identity?

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Cognitive identity theory

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From a social learning perspective, socialization into gender roles is based on

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rewards and punishments, modeling and imitation and differential reinforcement (All of the above is correct)

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The statement, I am a boy and I want to do boy things, is indicative of which theory?

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Cognitive development

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Cognitive structures that are used to understand the world, interpret perception, and process new information are called

answer

schema

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Which gender schema is most complex?

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In-group

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The most significant agent of socialization is

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the family

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Research concludes that parents

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describe infants in gender-stereotypical ways, allow sons to engage in risk-taking behaviors more often and believe that girls require more help than boys (All of the above are correct)

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In general, toys can be described by all of the following gender characteristics except which one?

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Girls' toys are more complex and of better-quality materials than boys toys

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Studies of play in boys and girls indicate that

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very active play that emphasizes motor functions is encouraged more in boys' play than in girls' play

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It is more socially acceptable for

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a girl to be a tomboy

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Among children, heavy television viewing is strongly associated with

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stereotyped gender views

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The integration of traits that are considered masculine and feminine is called

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androgyny

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Television commercials that are aimed at children tend to

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reinforce gender stereotypes

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The shared belief that females and males are opposite beings is called

answer

gender polarization

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The use of generic terms is associated with

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male imagery

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The word man is more often used to

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distinguish man from woman

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The structure and vocabulary of English have been fashioned by men, and they retain the power to name and leave unnamed. This idea is consistent with which theoretical perspective?

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Conflict

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Over time, English words for women

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acquired debased or obscene references

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Which is an example of how language trivializes women?

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Women's place, lady doctor and little woman (All of the above is correct)

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A qualifier in a statement acts to

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soften evaluative statements

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In educational settings

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teachers listen to male students more than female students

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Since men are expected to be in leadership positions, they

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are more likely to be direct and succinct in communication

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In language, men are more likely than women to use

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imperatives

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In nonverbal communication

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women smile more than men

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Parents are more likely to allow boys to express _________ but not__________.

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Parents are more likely to allow boys to express anger but not fear.

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Research demonstrates

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the use of masculine generics can bias one's thinking, the use of masculine generics can negatively impact girls' self-esteem and those who use sexist language in written form are also likely to use it in oral form (All of the above is correct)

question

Compared to men, women are more likely to be referred to in _______.

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sexual terms

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Conversational strategies for women are likely to be geared towards _______.

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intimacy, rapport and cementing friendships (All of the above is correct)

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Men with hyphenated names are perceived to be

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accommodating, nurturing and committed to their marriage (All of the above is correct)

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When a man wants to encourage development of a friendship with another male, he is likely to

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engage in activities with the friend

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Men and women are equally likely to gossip about

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dating

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Your textbook suggests that language

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should reflect modern egalitarian roles, instills beliefs that women are lesser persons and functions as a primary shaper of attitudes (All of the above is correct)

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The notion of women's compensatory history focuses on

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exceptionally notable women

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The term misogyny refers to

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the disdain and hatred of women

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Greek mythology saw the Amazons as

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societies with capable female warriors who had little need for men

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Plato believed that women could

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become educated, participate in all occupations and distract men from the pursuit of knowledge (All of the above is correct)

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Women who were accused of witchcraft in Europe and America were likely to be

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active, independent, and deviant from the norm of womanhood

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When colonial women entered into civil death, they were

answer

recently married

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According to the cult of true womanhood, women were expected to

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exhibit the qualities of purity, piety, and submissiveness

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At all levels, economic disparities between men and women are associated most with women's

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lack of education

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Historically in the U.S., women first entered the workplace in very large numbers by seeking employment as

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workers in the textile mills

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The idea of romantic love as the basis for marriage

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is a nineteenth century phenomenon in America, is not accepted by many contemporary societies and has replaced arranged marriages based on economic considerations in America and many other parts of the world (All of the above is correct)

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Love as a basis for marriage will be strengthened in societies with beliefs in

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gender equality

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When asked who their non-romantic best friend is

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both men and women identify someone of the same sex

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Women are more likely than men to marry someone who is ______ than they are.

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of higher socioeconomic status

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A result of homogamy in mate selection is

answer

assortive mating

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In the United States, immigration accounts for the increase in this fastest growing minority group.

answer

Asian Americans

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Which has contributed to the feminization of poverty?

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the tendency for women to be in lower paying jobs, the increased number of female-headed households and the failure of fathers to pay court-ordered child support (All of the above is correct)

question

No-fault divorce

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usually means property is divided equally, allows couples to decide for themselves if they want to stay married and is likely to put women in financial hardship compared to men (All of the above is correct)

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Custody revisionists are challenging maternal preference for child custody by arguing that

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women are the privileged ones in divorce, fathers are more economically capable of supporting a child and earning a living by the mother means she cannot be with young children so a father who remarries can have a full-time caretaker (All of the above is correct)

question

In summarizing the research on the effect of maternal employment on adolescents, it is shown that

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adolescents from dual career families appreciate their mother's working

question

In the African-American family, research indicates all but which one of the following is true?

answer

Husbands expect that the roles of wife and mother and wage earner are not exclusive

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Puerto Rican marriage and families are characterized by

answer

high cohabitation rates and fragile marriages

SOC212 Gender and Society (Midterm) – Flashcards

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