Soc Midterm 2 – Flashcards
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affirmative action
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positive action to improve employment or education for omen or members of minority groups
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apartheid
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policy of racial segregation and political and economic discrimination against non-european groups in south africa
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between school effects
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inequalities among children who go to different schools
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capitalist economic system
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a type of modern economic system in which people and organizations invest capital and the production of goods and services to make a profit
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comparable worth policies
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adjust pay so that people who work in predominantly female occupations are not penalized for conflict over control in organizations
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consumer society
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a society whose inhabitants think of themselves more as consumers than as producers
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craft workers
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employees who combine an intense pride in their work with a broad knowledge of tools, materials and processes as well as manual skills acquired by long training
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cultural capital
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a concept referring to cultural qualities that are prized in the educational system as well as society overall
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denaturalization
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the process by which something assumed to be normal, universal and accepted is challenged or modified and thus no longer seems obvious or natural
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discrimination
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behaviors based on cultural beliefs that stigmatize members of a minority group
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disenchantment
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a process in which previously religious concepts, values and ideals become detached from their religious roots
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division of labor
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the specialization of tasks required to produce goods
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emotional labor
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management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display
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ethnicity
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group distinctiveness based on a common territory, history, and tradition
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ethnocentrism
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an attitude based on a belief in the cultural superiority of one's own ethnic group above all others
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exploitation
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the manipulation of one person or group by another for the latter's own benefit and profit.
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family relations
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property relations within a family
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generational property
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rights regarding children
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erotic property
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rights over human bodies
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household rights
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rights over goods help or owned by the family
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fordism
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a manufacturing system based on mass production and consumption of cheap standardized goods
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post-fordism
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involves more flexible production and labor arrangements
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free agent
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an individual who does not seek jobs but rather is on the lookout for projects, new knowledge and info, and connectedness through the internet
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gender
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a term that refers to cultural ideas, norms, and values that construct images and expectations of females and males particularly in terms of behavior and appearance
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gendered division of labor
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the differing ways that work and responsibility are divided up in the family between husband and wife
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gender gap
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the difference between men's and women's labor force participation
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gender schemas
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tacit assumptions about men and women that unconsciously shape people's perceptions of other gender socialization
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gender typing
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predominately female occupations usually that have lower status and pay
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genocide
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the systematic murder of a group of people
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industrial economy
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an economy characterized by the employment of large numbers of workers in the mass production of manufacturing goods
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de-industrialization
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systematic disinvestment in a nation's manufacturing infrastructure
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jim crow
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laws that enforced racial segregation in the US
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life chance
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the opportunities for sharing in material or cultural goods during life
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marriage squeeze
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the restricted supply of available partners that results when a women chooses to delay marriage
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middle america
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the one big middle class that man americans identify themselves as part of
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nativism
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the ethnocentric attitude of a native born population toward immigrants
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new age religion
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an umbrella term that covers a mix of beliefs, practices, and ways of life all of which share the element of self spirituality
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nuclear family
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a form of family organization typically consisting of a husband, wife and children who are their offspring
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extended family
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a form of family organization that combines several generations and a variety of different kinship relations, as when grandparents, aunts or uncles live together with a tradition nuclear family
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occupational sex segregation
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the concentration of men and women into different types of occupations with different status and prestige
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outsourcing
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the process by which corporations send work to offsite contractors in order to avoid paying high wages or providing benefits
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Patriarchal
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organization of the family around father tule with male dominance, superiority and power
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political opportunity system
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consistent but not necessarily formal or permanent dimensions of the political environment that provide incentives for collective action by affecting people's expectations for success or failure
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privatization
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the process by which people make the transition from identifying as part of a class or group to thinking of themselves as individuals (consumers)
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prestige
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the esteem, honor, or deference assigned to one's social position
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professionals
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workers characterized by control of a large body of abstract, formal knowledge
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protestant ethic
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the belief that worldly successes stemming from individual responsibility and a compulsion to save and invest are a sign of God's favor
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race
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biologically speaking, an arbitrary classification assigned on the basis of genetic characteristics
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racism
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behavior based on the belief that a group is inferior because of inherited physical differences that are inherently connected with behavioral differences
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religious economies model
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the theory that religion thrives—even in modern societies—when religious organizations compete freely for followers (also known as the rational choice theory of religion
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religion
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a substantively defined a system of beliefs and practices that has a particular kind of content usually a god or supernatural force
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rites
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rules that prescribe to how people must conduct themselves with sacred things
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sacred
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refers to things set apart and forbidden
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scientific management
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(also known as Taylorism)- there was one best way to perform every task, and that this way could be discovered by observing workers and then developing a more efficient means of accomplishing their work
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second shift
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women continue to bear the main responsibility for domestic tasks (the "second shift"), despite the fact that more women are working in paid employment outside the home (the "first shift") than ever before
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secularization
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the declining significance of religion in social institutions, culture, and individual experience
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service economy
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an economy devoted to supplying service such as information processing, teaching, nursing, advertising, marketing, or food
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sex
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biological differences between men and women
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social closure
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occurs when a group monopolizes resources and excludes others from having access to them
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social mobility
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the ability of individuals or groups to change their social position or status, either for better or for worse, within a social hierarchy
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social stratification
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the hierarchical ranking of people on the basis of social difference—specifically with regard to their access to desirable resources, with life chances and their social influence
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step family
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a family in which at least one partner has children from a previous marriage, living in the home or nearby
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stereotype
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a neutral tern, referring to fixed cognitive preconceptions that are necessary for understanding modern society
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transformation of marriage
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a term that refers to postmodern efforts to denaturalize marriage and redefine the nature of the marriage contract
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craft unionism
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limits union membership to skilled workers engaged in a particular craft
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industrial unionism
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combines all workers, skilled and unskilled, who are employed in a particular industry
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social movement unionism
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links improvements in wages and working conditions to organizing other workers and promoting economic equality in society
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within school effects
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refers to differences among students in the same school, e.g., differences between students in honors and remedial classes
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victorian love revolution
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the change in marriages from economically and property based to love and compassion based
