question

During the last twenty years, which category of the U.S. population has experienced the largest gains in average income?

answer

The highest-paid 20 percent

question

Based on what you have read, as the United States develops a postindustrial economy, economic inequality is ________

answer

increasing.

question

Working class people might also be described as ________

answer

lower-middle class.

question

One-third of all homeless people are ________

answer

entire families

question

The ending of apartheid in South Africa has led to ________

answer

little improvement for millions of poor, black people.

question

The concept "feminization of poverty" refers to the fact that, in the United States ________

answer

women make up an increasing percentage of the poor.

question

Who coined the concept "survival of the fittest"?

answer

Herbert Spencer

question

According to Karl Marx, social stratification in a capitalist society always involves ________

answer

class conflict.

question

According to Karl Marx, which class forms the core of the industrial proletariat?

answer

The working class

question

Looking around the world today, income inequality is greatest in which region?

answer

Latin America

question

In 2013, the median income for U.S. families was ________

answer

$63,815.

question

Olga works as a district sales manager for a small corporation. This category of work can be described as ________

answer

white-collar

question

Based on income statistics in the chapter, it is correct to say that the richest 20 percent of the population earns more than _____ times as much as the poorest 20 percent.

answer

twelve

question

According to the Davis-Moore thesis ________

answer

more important jobs must provide enough rewards to attract the talent necessary to perform them.

question

Which of the following types of societies comes closest to being egalitarian?

answer

Hunting and gathering

question

A category of people defined as "untouchable" because they perform work that is viewed as "unclean" has been part of social stratification in ________

answer

India.

question

The point of the story about passenger deaths that accompanied the sinking of the ocean liner Titanic is that ________

answer

social stratification is important and can sometimes be a matter of life and death.

question

The idea that social inequality is harmful and divides society is associated with the ________

answer

social-conflict approach.

question

In the People's Republic of China ________

answer

a new set of social classes is gradually emerging.

question

Sociologist William Julius Wilson suggests the cause of poverty lies in ________

answer

too few available jobs.

question

Davis and Moore point out that an egalitarian society ________

answer

could exist, but only if people are willing to allow anyone to perform any job.

question

Social stratification is a concept that refers to ________

answer

ranking categories of people in a hierarchy.

question

Based on what you have learned in this chapter, about what percentage of all U.S. families have little or no wealth?

answer

40 percent

question

Max Weber claimed that social position was based on a person's ________

answer

economic class, degree of social status, and amount of power.

question

Which concept refers to earnings from work or any investments?

answer

Income

question

__________ refer(s) to the culturally and socially constructed differences between females and males found in the meanings, beliefs and practices associated with "femininity" and "masculinity."

answer

Gender

question

Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit ________ behavior, while females are more ________.

answer

instrumental; expressive

question

On average, young men show greater _______ ability than young women; young women show greater ________ ability than young men.

answer

mathematical; verbal

question

The "beauty myth" refers to the idea that ________

answer

women learn to measure their personal importance in terms of physical appearance.

question

Feminists do not support ________

answer

limiting sexual freedom

question

The concept of "glass ceiling" refers to ________

answer

the barrier that prevents women from reaching the top.

question

In the United States in 2013, women in the labor force working full time earned __________ to every dollar men earned.

answer

78 cents

question

Which type of feminism seeks to end patriarchy by eliminating the idea of gender itself?

answer

Radical feminism

question

In today's U.S. work force, ________

answer

women are concentrated in several categories of jobs.

question

The factor which accounts for the greatest share of the difference in the earnings of working women and men in the United States is ________

answer

the type of work men and women do.

question

Women have served in the U.S. armed forces ________

answer

since colonial times.

question

Structural-functional analysis points out that industrialization encourages ________

answer

growing gender equality.

question

On average, do women or men live longer?

answer

women outlive men by about five years.

question

What is the form of social organization in which females dominate males?

answer

Matriarchy

question

Opposition to feminism is ________

answer

directed mostly at socialist and radical feminism.

question

The concept of "comparable worth" means that ________

answer

people should be paid according to the level of skill and responsibility involved in the work.

question

Which type of feminism accepts the basic organization of U.S. society, but seeks to give women the same rights and opportunities as men?

answer

Liberal feminism

question

Most cases of female genital mutilation occur in ________

answer

Africa.

question

In his global study of how societies view gender, George Murdock found ________

answer

many tasks that were considered masculine by some societies were viewed as feminine by others.

question

Approximately what percentage of U.S. women are working for income today?

answer

60

question

Comparing the performances of female and male athletes over time shows ________

answer

women have been closing the gap with men in most athletic performances.

question

When did feminism begin as a social movement in the United States?

answer

1840s

question

What is at the heart of the controversy over women's participation in the military?

answer

Women are seen as nurturers rather than people who kill.

question

In about what percentage of rapes and attempted rapes on college campuses does the woman know her attacker?

answer

90

question

According to intersection theory, ___________ is a source of social disadvantage.

answer

gender, race, and class

question

Today, sociologists emphasize that race is a ____________________________, not a biological one.

answer

socially constructed reality

question

A minority is defined as a category of people who are ________

answer

set apart by that society and subordinated or disadvantaged.

question

The Hispanic population of the United States is ________

answer

concentrated in the West, Southwest, and southern Florida.

question

Assimilation refers to the process by which ________

answer

minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a shared cultural heritage?

answer

Ethnicity

question

The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants in the United States is an example of ________

answer

assimilation.

question

People who are called "WASPs" have ancestors from which country?

answer

England, Scotland, Wales

question

The overall social standing of Native Americans is ________

answer

below the national average.

question

Historically, WASPs dominated social life in the United States until about ________

answer

1960, with the election of John F. Kennedy.

question

Four states currently have a "minority majority." Which are they?

answer

Texas, New Mexico, California, and Hawaii

question

Which of the following is the largest minority category within the U.S. population?

answer

People of Hispanic descent

question

For Chinese immigrants, one result of living in Chinatowns was _____.

answer

maintaining traditional culture, forming kinship networks, or clans, reducing their chance to learn English, which limited job opportunities

question

According to the most recent data, African Americans accounted for about what percentage of the U.S. population?

answer

13.2

question

Sociologists define the concept of "race" as ________

answer

a socially constructed category composed of people who share biologically transmitted traits that members of a society consider important.

question

The largest category of Asian Americans in the United States is people of _____ ancestry.

answer

Chinese

question

Scapegoat theory states that prejudice is created by ________

answer

frustration among disadvantaged people.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to biological reproduction by people of different racial categories?

answer

Miscegenation

question

The killing of people in the Darfur region of Africa is a recent example of ________

answer

genocide.

question

Which of the following statements about prejudice is true?

answer

Prejudice involves prejudgments, Prejudice treats everyone in some category the same way, Prejudice can be positive or negative.

question

Which of the following categories of Hispanics in the United States is largest in terms of population size?

answer

Mexican Americans

question

The claim that defining members of some minority as inferior will make them inferior is one application of ________

answer

the Thomas theorem.

question

Which of the following categories of the U.S. population is most likely to own and operate a small business?

answer

Korean Americans

question

Why do sociologists consider the "scientific" racial types of Caucasian, Mongoloid, and Negroid to be misleading and even harmful?

answer

Every society's population contains a lot of genetic mixture, Various racial categories are genetically very much alike, The skin color of Caucasian people ranges from very light to very dark.

question

According to Theodor Adorno's authoritarian personality theory, prejudiced people ________

answer

view society as naturally hierarchical.

question

Based on research using the social distance scale, you can correctly say that U.S. college students today ________

answer

are less prejudiced than students were fifty years ago, see less difference between minority categories than students did fifty years ago, express greater prejudice toward Arabs than African Americans.

question

Dependency theorists see large corporations as ________

answer

intensifying global inequality.

question

Contrasted with socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems are typically ________

answer

more productive.

question

The concept "oligopoly" refers to ________

answer

domination of a market by a few producers.

question

Which of the following nations comes closest to having a political system that is "totalitarian"?

answer

North Korea

question

Over the course of human history, revolutionary changes in which of the following have brought great transformation to the economy?

answer

Production technology

question

In a socialist economic system, "justice" amounts to ________

answer

trying to meet the basic needs of all in an equal manner.

question

Contrasted with socialist economic systems, capitalist economic systems typically ________

answer

generate more economic inequality.

question

Socialist societies base their claim to democracy on ________

answer

meeting the basic needs of all.

question

Which of the following categories of the U.S. population is LEAST likely to vote in national elections?

answer

Hispanic people

question

The economy first became a distinct social institution during which historical stage of technological development?

answer

Agrarian societies

question

Which sector of the economy generates raw materials directly from the natural environment?

answer

Primary sector

question

Capitalism is an economic system in which there is ________

answer

private ownership of property

question

Concerning the issue of personal freedom, capitalist systems emphasize people's ________, while socialist systems emphasize people's ________.

answer

freedom to pursue their self-interest; freedom from basic want

question

Terrorism refers to ________

answer

the use or threat of violence as a political strategy by an individual or group.

question

In the United States, about what percentage of the labor force performs tertiary sector work?

answer

85

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a political system in which a single family rules from generation to generation?

answer

Monarchy

question

Modernization theorists see large corporations as ________

answer

unleashing the productive power of capitalism to speed development in poor nations.

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a political system in which power resides in the hands of the people as a whole?

answer

Democracy

question

Capitalist societies base their claim to democracy on ________

answer

people having personal liberty.

question

Terrorism has been called a new kind of warfare because ________

answer

it lacks clearly stated objectives and is not about controlling territory.

question

Which nations in the world today claim to be democratic?

answer

Most high-income nations

question

Which of the following concepts refers to a political and economic system that combines a mostly market-based economy with extensive social welfare programs?

answer

Welfare capitalism

question

In the United States about what share of the population aged sixteen and older is in the paid labor force?

answer

59

question

Socialism is an economic system in which there is ________

answer

collective control of production

question

The concept of "global economy" refers to ________

answer

economic activity that moves across national borders.

question

Secularization refers to which of the following?

answer

The historical decline in the importance of the sacred

question

Religion is a social institution that is best defined as involving ________

answer

beliefs and practices concerning what is sacred.

question

A family that includes parents, children and other kin is called ________

answer

an extended family.

question

In the United States, family violence is ________

answer

a serious, often criminal problem.

question

In the United States, the Amish would be an example of a ________

answer

sect

question

The claim that the United States is a post-denomination society is based on a movement ________

answer

supporting spiritualism, but away from formal denominations.

question

In the United States, ________ are more religious than ________.

answer

older people; younger people women; men members of sects; members of churches

question

Regardless of race, families headed by single women are ________

answer

at high risk for poverty.

question

Ritual is a matter of ________

answer

formal, ceremonial behavior.

question

Following Emile Durkheim, the ordinary elements of everyday life are correctly considered to be ________

answer

profane.

question

Typically, industrial societies make use of which of the following systems to trace ancestry?

answer

Bilateral descent

question

Compared to what it was a century ago, the U.S. divorce rate is now ________

answer

about three times higher.

question

Max Weber carried out historical analysis of the rise of the Industrial Revolution and capitalism that linked this change to ________

answer

religious values and beliefs, especially those associated with Calvinism.

question

Most people in the United States who divorce ________

answer

remarry within five years.

question

As the official Church of England, the Anglican Church is correctly described as which of the following?

answer

State church

question

Which of the following religious organizations began as a cult?

answer

Islam Christianity Judaism

question

Faith is a way of knowing based on ________

answer

conviction or belief in things unseen.

question

On national surveys, about what percentage of people in the United States claim to believe in a divine power?

answer

90 percent

question

In his analysis of Protestantism and the rise of capitalism, Max Weber stated that Protestantism ________

answer

stressed duty and hard work, boosting economic production and fostering the rise of capitalism.

question

A system of marriage that unites one woman with two or more men is called ________

answer

polyandry.

question

Supporters of liberation theology hope that this social movement will achieve which of the following goals?

answer

Reducing social inequality and, especially, poverty

question

Almost all adults who abuse children typically have what in common?

answer

They were abused themselves as children.

question

A religious organization that is well integrated into the larger society is called a ________

answer

church

question

An analysis of how religion supports the interests of a society's elites would fall under which of the following theoretical approaches?

answer

Social-conflict approach

question

Mounting research suggests that cohabitation ________

answer

may actually discourage marriage.

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