Soc Chapter 8 (Semester Test)
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How is poverty measured in the United States?
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by setting an annual base level income for a family of four
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people who work at low-skill jobs and have an income below the poverty line
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working poor
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a fairly large group of people with professions that range from upper level managers and professionals to non-retail salespeople
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middle class
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people who are poor, unemployed, and frequently come from families that have a history of not working regularly
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underclass
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a large segment of society, composed of hourly workers whose income is somewhat below average
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working class
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a small, elite group based on heritage rather than accomplishment
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aristocracy
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Rates of infant mortality, access to clean water, and life expectancy are indicators that are often used to measure poverty. (t/f)
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t
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What occurs when an agrarian society experiences industrialization?
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Urbanization increases.
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Which of the following best describes how social class is related to social stratification?
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Each layer of social stratification constitutes a social class.
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Cambodia, Afghanistan, and Somalia are examples of middle-income countries. (t/f)
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f
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Which of the following is an indicator that is used to measure poverty?
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infant mortality rate
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A skilled plumber would most likely be a member of the
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working class.
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What is one reason that many Americans today risk downward mobility?
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the globalization of business
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People who do not earn enough money to pay for a safe place to live and for food
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live in absolute poverty.
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Karl Marx believed that the only thing of value that the proletariat had was
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its labor.
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One effect of globalization is that it may limit the economic development of poor nations. (t/f)
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t
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Which of the following is true of middle-income nations?
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Living standards among these countries vary greatly.
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Which of the following refers to the different layers of people who possess varying amounts of scarce resources
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social stratification
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According to symbolic interactionism, a person's self-concept helps preserve the existing stratification structure. (t/f)
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t
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Which of the following best describes how Americans regard class consciousness?
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less important than other markers of identity
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Which of the following best describes the functionalist theory of social stratification?
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The inequality of social classes helps assure that the most qualified people fill the most important positions.
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Which of the following is true about a caste system?
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A caste system is a closed-class system.
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Which of the following statements is true of prestige?
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What might be considered prestigious by one social class may not be considered prestigious by another.
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Which of the following best characterizes an open-class system?
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from rags to riches
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Which of the following describes rates of poverty for African Americans and Latinos?
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much higher than rates for whites
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Irina moves from a job as a computer programmer to a job as a Webpage designer. This is most likely an example of
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horizontal mobility.
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Some sociologists believe that many poor nations are poor because
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powerful nations took control of their resources.
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Which of the following is an example of intergenerational mobility?
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a surgeon's son becomes a lawyer
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According to conflict theory, social stratification exists because
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some people are willing to exploit others.
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How does horizontal mobility differ from vertical mobility?
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Horizontal mobility does not involve a change in class.
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Which of the following people would most likely be a member of the working poor?
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a man with few marketable skills who comes from a family in which people typically worked only enough to get by
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change in class that takes place over a generation
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intergenerational mobility
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changing occupations within the same class
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horizontal mobility
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changing from one social class to another
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vertical mobility
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development of an increasingly integrated world economy
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globalization
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each layer in a stratification system
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social class
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group that labors without ownership
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proletariat
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the state in which one is unable to secure life's necessities
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absolute poverty
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the group that owns the means of production
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bourgeoisie
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movement from an economy based on agriculture to one based on manufacturing
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industrialization
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measure of poverty by economic disparity
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relative poverty
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Global stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and resources among countries. (t/f)
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t
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Which of the following is least likely to live in poverty in the United States today?
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a 30-year-old white man
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What is one reason that industrialization enables nations to develop?
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Science, technology, and learning develop more rapidly.
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A person who has power will also have prestige. (t/f)
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f
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One criticism of globalization is that it
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exploits the conditions of poor nations.
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When Karl Marx spoke of false consciousness, he was referring to the working class's acceptance of capitalist ideas. (t/f)
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t
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Each layer in a stratification system is a social class. (t/f)
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t
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A position such as being a high-school teacher is likely to have more prestige than
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money
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Individuals and groups are able to use power only when others allow them to do so. (t/f)
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f
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Which of the following is characteristic of low-income nations?
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decreased life expectancy
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Which of the following is characteristic of middle-income nations?
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Income levels vary greatly among them.
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Which of the following best explains why women have a higher risk of being poor?
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Women earn about 80 cents for every dollar earned by men.
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The process of industrialization has prevented many low-income countries from developing a higher level of income. (t/f)
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f
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When you add up all the economic resources a person has, such as her savings, home, personal property, etc., you have determined that person's
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wealth
