question

analysis of social life thta focuses on broad features of society, such as as class and the relationship of groups to one another, usually used by functionalists and conflict theorists

answer

mactoscoiology

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analysis of social life that focuses on social interaction, typically used by symbolic interactinists

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microscoiology

question

one persons actions influencing someone else, usually refers to what people do when they are in one another presence , but also includes communications at a distance

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social interaction

question

the framework of society that surrounds us, consists of the ways that people and groups are related to one another, this framewortk gives direction to and sets limits on our behavior

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social structure

question

according to Weber, a large group of people who rank close to one another in property, power, and prestige, according to Marx one of two groups, capitalists who own the means of production or workers who sell their labor

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social class

question

the position that someone occupies in a social group

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statues

question

all the statuses or positions that an individual occupies

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status set

question

a position an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily later in life

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ascribed status

question

positions taht are earned, accomplished or involve at least some effort or activity on the individuals part

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achieved statuses

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indicators of a status, items that display prestige

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status symbols

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a status that cuts across the other statuses that an individual occupies

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master status

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ranking high on some dimensions of social status and low on others, also called status discrepancy

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status inconsistency

question

the behaviors, obligations and privileges attached to a status

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role

question

people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant , also called social group

answer

group

question

the organized usual, or standard ways by which society meets its basic needs

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social institution

question

the degree to which members of a group or a society are united by shared values and other social bonds, also known as social cohesion

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social intergation

question

durkheims term for the unity ( a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar task

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mechanical solidarity

question

the splitting of a groups or a society tasks into specialties

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division of labor

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durkheims term for the interdependence that results from the divison of labor as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs

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organic solidarity

question

a type of society in which life is intimate, a community in which everyone knows everyone else and people share a sense of togetherness

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gemeinschaft

question

a type of society that is dominated by impersonal relatinships, indivual accomplishments and self interest

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gesellschaft

question

assumptions of what people are like, whether true or false

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stereotype

question

the ways in which people use their bodies to give mesages to others

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body language

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an approach, pioneered by Erving Goffman in which social life is analyzed in terms of drama or the stage also called dramaturgical analysis

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dramaturgy

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peoples efforts to control the impressions that others receive of them

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impression management

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places where people give performances

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front stages

question

places where people rest form their performances, discuss their presentations adn plan future performances

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back stages

question

the ways in which someone performs a role, showing a particular "style" pr "personality"

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role performace

question

conflict that someone feels between roles because the expectations attached to one role are at odds with those attached to another role

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role conflict

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conflicts that someone feels within a role

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role strain

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the term used by goffman to refer to how people use social setting appearance, and manner to communicate information about the self

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sign- vehicle

question

the collaboration of two or more people to manage impressions jointly

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teamwork

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techniques used to salvage a performance (interaction ) that is going sour

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face-shaving behavior

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the study of how people use background assumptions to make sense out of life

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ethnomethodology

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a deeply embedded, common understanding how the world operates and how people ought to act

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background assumption

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william I and Dorothy S. Thomas classic formulation of the definition of the situation; "if people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences"

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thomas theorem

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the use of background assumptions and life experiences to define what is real

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social construction of reality

question

_____ is the level of analysis that sociologists use to focus on the broad features of society.

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macrosociology

question

microsociology is ( way) the main focus of

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symbolic interactionists

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The typical patterns of a group of students and teachers, or of men and women, was laid out before they were born. This pattern is known as

answer

social structure

question

what is the sociological signifcance of social structure

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it guides our behavior

question

a(n) _____ status is involuntary

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ascribed

question

Ex-spouse, school dropout, and debarred lawyer are examples of

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achieved status

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a backward collar is a(n) ___ for a priest

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status symbol

question

a 90 year old college student exemplifies

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status inconsistency

question

____ lays out what is expected of people

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roles

question

Daughter, son, father, and mother are examples of statuses associated with which social institution?

answer

the family

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"Maximize profits" and "the customer is always right" are examples of norms associated with which social institution?

answer

economy

question

The social institution of _____ would include groups or organizations such as the police, courts, and prisons.

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the law

question

Which of the following is one of the five functional requisites that functionalists believe a society must meet in order to survive?

answer

replacing members

question

One person catches a fish, a second person drives the fish to market, and a third person sells the fish. This is an example of

answer

division of labor

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The Old Order Amish of the United States exemplify a(n) _____ community.

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gemeinschaft

question

_______ is ( are) the primary focus of microscoiologists

answer

face to face interaction

question

Our assumptions about what people are like are known as

answer

dstereotypes

question

in a self-fulfilling stereotype

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the behaviors of the person change to mathch our expectations

question

To interpret _____, we consider facial expressions, posture, and gestures.

answer

body language

question

_____ refers to our efforts to manage the impressions that others receive of us

answer

impression management

question

role strain is

answer

conflict within a role

question

The social construction of reality theory states that through our _____, we construct what for us is reality.

answer

interaction withothers

question

_____ are people who think of themselves as belonging together and who interact with one another.

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groups

question

A(n) _____ is made of people who temporarily share the same physical space, but do not see themselves as belonging together.

answer

aggregate

question

an example of a category is

answer

college women who are over six feet tall

question

In what is known as a _____, people experience intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation

answer

primary group

question

Secondary groups differ from primary groups in that secondary groups are

answer

larger and more anonymous

question

The tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self-perpetuating elite is known as

answer

the iron law of oligarchy

question

A group towards which one feels loyalty is known as a(n)

answer

in group

question

A(n) _____ has standards that we refer to as we evaluate ourselves.

answer

referencee group

question

Which of the following statements is true about the findings of Stanley Milgram's research on "the small world phenomenon"?

answer

Milgram's sample and methods were flawed, but some subsequent research has come to similar conclusions.

question

A formal organization with a hierarchy of authority, impersonality of positions, and written-down procedures is

answer

bureaucracy

question

In _____, even after an organization achieves its goal and no longer has a reason to continue, it continues anyway.

answer

goal displacement

question

Marx used the term _____ to refer to workers' lack of connection to the product of their labor.

answer

alienation

question

In a(n) _____, preconceived ideas of what someone is like actually lead to the person behaving in ways that match those ideas.

answer

self fulfilling stereotype

question

How big a proportion of the U.S. workforce is made up of women, minorities, and immigrants?

answer

more than half

question

_____ refer(s) to the ways that individuals affect groups, and the ways that groups influence individuals.

answer

group dyanmics

question

In a _____, everyone interacts directly with all the other members.

answer

small group

question

a _____ is the smallest possible group

answer

dyad

question

In terms of our willingness to help another person in need, as a group becomes _____, our feeling of responsibility to help becomes _____.

answer

larger, smaller

question

A(n) _____ leader increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group.

answer

expressive

question

the key to preventing group think might be

answer

limiting opinions to the contrary

question

people who interact with one another and who believe that what they have in common is significant , also called social group

answer

group

question

individuals who temporarily share the same physical space but who do not see themselves as belonging together

answer

aggregate

question

people, objects, and events that have similar characteristics and are classified together

answer

category

question

a small group characterized by cooperative, intimate long-term, face to face realtionship

answer

primary group

question

compared with a primary group, a larger, relative temporary, more anonymous formal and impersonal group based on some interest or activity

answer

secondary group

question

groups made up of people who voluntarily organize on the basis of some mutual interest; also known as _____ membership and _____ organizations

answer

voluntary associationns

question

Robert Michels term for the tendency of formal organizations to be dominated by a small, self perpetuating gelite

answer

iron law of oligarchy

question

a group toward which one feels loyalty

answer

in- group

question

a group toward which one feels antagonism

answer

out- group

question

a group whose standards we refer to as we evaluate ourselves

answer

reference group

question

the social ties radiating outward fro the self that link people together

answer

social network

question

a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another

answer

clique

question

a formal organization with a hierarchy of authority and a clear division of labor; emphasis on impersonality of positions and written rules, communications, and records

answer

bureacracy

question

an organization replacing old goals with new ones, also known as goal replacement

answer

goal displacement

question

the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rule them, including such things as food preparation

answer

McDonaldization of society

question

Marx's term for workers lack of connection to the product of their labor; caused by workers being assigned repetitive task on a small part of a product- this leads to a sense of powerless and normlessness; other use the term in general sense of not feeling a part of something

answer

alienation

question

preconceived ideas of what someone is life that lead to the persons behaving in ways that match the stereotype

answer

self-fulfilling stereotype

question

stereotype of the traits that make for high- performing and underperforming workers, which end up producing both types of workers

answer

hidden corporate culture

question

the ways in which individuals afffect groups and the wasy in which groups influence individuals

answer

group dynamics

question

a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all fo the other members

answer

small group

question

the smallest possible group, consisting of 2 people

answer

dyad

question

a group of three people

answer

triad

question

the alignment of some members of a group against others

answer

coalition

question

someone who influences other people

answer

leader

question

an an individual who tries to keep the group moving toward its goals; also known as a tassk oriented leader

answer

instrumental leader

question

an individual who increases harmony and minimizes conflict in a group, also known as a socioemotional leader

answer

expressive leader

question

ways in which people express their leadership

answer

leadership styles

question

an individual who leads by giving orders

answer

authoritarian leader

question

an individual who leads by trying to reach a consensus

answer

democratic leader

question

an individual who leads by being highly permissive

answer

laissez- faire leader

question

a narrowing of thought by a group of people, reading to the perception that there is only one correct answer and that to even suggest alternatives is a sign of disloyalty

answer

groupthink

question

the violation of norms ( or rules or expectations)

answer

deviance

question

the violation of norms written into law

answer

crime

question

blemishes that discredit a persons claim to a normal identity

answer

stigma

question

a groups usual and customary social arrangements on which its members depend and on whcih they base their lives

answer

social order

question

a groups formal and informal means of enforcing its norms

answer

social control

question

an expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a fine or a prison sentence

answer

negative sanction

question

an expression of approval for following a norm, ranging from a smile or a good grade in a class to a material reward such as a prize

answer

positive sanctionn

question

inborn tendencies (commit deviant acts)

answer

genetic predisopsition

question

crimes such as mugging, rape, and burglary

answer

street crome

question

the view that as personality distrubance of some sort causes an individual to violate social norms

answer

personality disorders

question

Edwin Sutherland term to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn an "excess of definitions" of deviance, increasing the likelihood that they will become deviant

answer

differential association

question

the idea that two control systems- inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate

answer

control theory

question

the vie that the labels people are given affect their own and others perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity

answer

labeling theory

question

ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect ( or neutralize) society's norms

answer

techniques of neutralization

question

a term coined by Harold Garfinkel to refer to a ritual whose goal is to remake someones self by stripping away that individuals self- identity and stamping a new identity in its place

answer

degradation ceremony

question

the objectives held out as legitimate or desirable for the members of a society to achieve

answer

cultural goals

question

approved ways of reaching cultural goals

answer

institutionalized means

question

Robert Mertons term for the strain engendered when a society socializes large numbers of people to desire a cultural goal ( such as a success), but withholds from some the approved means of reaching that goal; one adaptation to the strain is crime, the choice of an innocative means ( one outside the approved system) to attain the cultural goal

answer

strain theory

question

opportunites for crimes that are woven into teh texture of life

answer

illegitimate opportunity structure

question

Edwin Sutherlands term for crimes committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations; for example bribery of public officials, securities violations, embezzlement, false advertising and price fixing

answer

white- collar crime

question

crimes committed by executives in order to benefit their corporation

answer

corporate crime

question

the system of police, courts, and prisons set up to deal with people who are accused of committing a crime

answer

criminal justice system

question

the percentage of released convicts who are rearrested

answer

recidivism

question

the death penalty

answer

capital punishment

question

the killing of several victims in three or more separate events

answer

serial murder

question

the practice of the police, in the normal course of their duties to either arrest or ticket someone for an offense or to overlook the matter

answer

police discretion

question

a make deviance or medical matter , a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by physicians

answer

medicalization of deviance

question

the transformation of a human condition into a medical matter to be treated by physicians

answer

medicalization

question

_____ is the violation of nroms

answer

deviance

question

_____ violate(s) rules that are written into law.

answer

crime

question

_____ refers to blemishes that discredit a person's claim to a "normal" identity.

answer

stigma

question

Because deviance undermines predictability, a system of _____ was developed to enforce the norms.

answer

social control

question

The motorcycle policeman appeared out of nowhere and pulled Teresa over for speeding. He was friendly and businesslike as he stood by Teresa's open window and issued her a $250 ticket. This is an example of a

answer

negative sanction

question

street crime refers to acts such as

answer

mugging, rape and robbery

question

Psychologists look at _____ as a possible cause of deviance.

answer

personality disorders

question

About _____ of all those in prison have a father, mother, brother, sister, or spouse who has also served time in prison.

answer

one- half

question

Symbolic interactionists stress that we

answer

help to produce our own orientation to life

question

In control theory, how many control systems are in place to work against our tendencies to deviate?

answer

two

question

The _____ our bonds are with society, the _____ our inner controls are.

answer

stronger; more effective

question

_____ states that the labels people are given affect their own and others' perceptions of them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity.

answer

labeling theory

question

Techniques of _____ are ways of thinking or rationalizing that help people deflect, or neutralize, society's norms.

answer

neutralization

question

shaming is

answer

starting to make a comeback

question

When judges assign youthful offenders to social workers and counselors, rather than sending them to reform school or jail, they are using diversion, which testifies to the power of

answer

labeling theory

question

_____ may force a group to rethink its moral boundaries, helping the group to adapt to changing circumstances.

answer

deviance

question

Strain theory _____ the sociological view that deviants are the product of society.

answer

supports

question

A _____ is committed by people of respectable and high social status in the course of their occupations.

answer

white- collar crime

question

Executives who committed corporate crimes at Macy's, Sears, and Bloomingdales spent _____ in jail.

answer

no time

question

On any given day, one out of _____ African American, one out of _____ Latino, and one out of _____ white men in their 20s is in jail.

answer

.8,26, 100

question

In prison, _____ of inmates have less than a high-school education. In the U.S. population over 18 years of age, _____ of people have less than a high-school education.

answer

30.6% and 12.4%

question

the term capital punishment refers to

answer

the death penalty

question

A good indicator that the death penalty applies to lower-class citizens is that _____ of all the prisoners on death row have not finished high school.

answer

one- half

question

_____, the decision to arrest someone or even to ignore a matter, is a routine part of police work

answer

police discretion

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