question

Since the late 1990s, a large portion of Asia has been:

answer

using high-yield rice seeds.

question

Which of the following is NOT on the checklist that government inspectors use when certifying organic farms?

answer

percentage of organic ingredients

question

Normal science:

answer

is conducted within an existing paradigm.

question

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that can influence science and scientists?

answer

the researcher's personality

question

Some gays and lesbians may be in favor of finding a so-called gay gene, because many in the gay community believe that:

answer

the controversy will move from a moral choice to a biological characteristic, so discrimination may decrease.

question

Ethnographic research:

answer

is field research. involves researcher participation. is done by observation. all of the above.

question

According to scientists, what is the number-one contributor to rising global temperatures?

answer

CO2 emissions

question

One scientist hoped to solve health and nutritional problems for children in developing countries by the genetic modification of rice with:

answer

high levels of vitamin A

question

In Beck's description of risk society, a tornado is an example of what type of risk?

answer

external

question

In opposition to the sociology of science researcher Bruno Latour, many scientists assert that ____________ are not made but rather preexist in objective reality waiting to be discovered.

answer

scientific facts

question

Charles Perrow believes that although disasters from manufactured risks are a part of modern life, we can:

answer

attempt to reduce their impact

question

According to Kuhn, what is the factor responsible for important scientific advancements?

answer

scientific revolutions

question

Risks that result from human activity are referred to as ____________ risks

answer

manufactured

question

The ____________ study showed how stigmas (e.g., labels) can become self-fulfilling prophecies.

answer

Pygmalion

question

What are some of the unintended social consequences that have emerged from the Human Genome Project?

answer

the psychological effects of gene testing that might arise

question

Sociologists who study scientists in the laboratory do so typically because they:

answer

are interested in how scientific facts are socially constructed.

question

What did Latour and Woolgar suggest may influence which research findings receive the most attention?

answer

power struggles within the lab hierarchy

question

Because of the green revolution, food production has kept pace with:

answer

population growth.

question

In 1942, the research project that focused on developing atomic weapons for the United States was code-named the ____________ Project.

answer

Manhattan

question

Farmers who are thinking about future generations have committed to several issues. Which of the following is NOT one of the issues mentioned in your text?

answer

using environmentally friendly tractors

question

Which of the following is NOT cited in your text as a factor that influences researchers to choose a particular area of study?

answer

the university where the researcher studied

question

The Matthew effect is essentially like:

answer

getting promoted because of who you are and not based on your achievements

question

Sociologically speaking, the BRCA1 gene mutation is a good example of:

answer

how the effects of genes are subject to change because of social practices.

question

One global warming prediction is that as ocean levels rise:

answer

many more people will move away from the coast.

question

The Cooperative Wheat Research and Production Program (later CIMMYT, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) was established in 1945 to:

answer

improve Mexico's agricultural output.

question

According to your text, the decision to develop atomic weapons during World War II was influenced by:

answer

international geopolitical circumstances.

question

Which of the following is NOT something scientists predict will result from a continued rise in global temperatures?

answer

decreases in tropical diseases

question

Sometimes meat and poultry aren't labeled organic even though they come from free-range animals raised without growth hormones or antibiotics. This is because:

answer

maintaining an organic farm with U.S. Department of Agriculture certification is expensive; many farmers can't comply because of this.

question

Philosopher Ian Hacking suggests that:

answer

claims undermining the purity of scientific pursuit weaken scientific claims to truth

question

According to the controversial twin study, there is a genetic link to:

answer

homosexuality.

question

A person who is always the center of attention and comfortable with being a leader probably has what kind of authority?

answer

charismatic

question

The relations among European states, such as Britain and France, led to the development of a system in which each state is recognized as territorially sovereign by fellow states. This is referred to as the international

answer

state system.

question

During the Cold War, the United States tended to use hard power with regard to international relations. Joseph Nye, former assistant secretary of defense, concludes that use of hard power in international politics today is:

answer

no longer needed, especially because countries are economically dependent on each other.

question

What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

answer

interpersonal confidence

question

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?

answer

They had access to a better diet.

question

A prominent British economist postulated that government intervention, in the form of social expenditures, could pull the economy out of a recession by stimulating demand for products and services. This is referred to as:

answer

Keynesian economics

question

Organizations ruled by traditional authority run into problems when a situation occurs:

answer

for which the first leader did not set a precedent.

question

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had which of the following risk factors?

answer

higher stress levels

question

Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?

answer

Medicare

question

____________ groups gain power by trying to persuade elected officials to advocate for their agendas

answer

Interest

question

The logic of industrialism thesis argues that:

answer

social welfare benefits emerged to satisfy the social needs created by capitalism.

question

Robert volunteers at the local animal shelter. After ten days, abandoned animals are put to death. This distresses Robert and goes against his ethical beliefs, but because the manager of the shelter says he must, Robert participates in the euthanasia. This is an example of:

answer

the findings in Milgram's authority experiment.

question

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

answer

stethoscope

question

The American Medical Association was the beginning of the end (until very recently) of:

answer

homeopathic medicine.

question

Physicians in ancient Rome tended to have lower prestige. This was because:

answer

the surgeons evolved from barbers.

question

The paradox of authority means that as soon as a state uses force to enforce its rules, legitimate authority is lost because:

answer

people aren't listening.

question

Society believes that a doctor driving by the scene of an accident has:

answer

a moral obligation to stop and try to help.

question

After the period of rapid industrialization that began in the late eighteenth century and culminated at the beginning of the twentieth century, many states began adopting various policies developed to meet social needs. This is referred to as

answer

social policy.

question

Which of the following is an example of a legal-rational institution?

answer

a prison

question

____________ rights guarantee a citizen's rights to participate in politics, including the right to vote and the right to hold an elected office.

answer

Political

question

Within the international community, an unwritten rule exists that neighboring states must first recognize a new state's autonomy before

answer

more distant ones will do so.

question

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births, which leads to the ethical issue of:

answer

whether to abort some of the embryos.

question

One of the key traits of the medical profession is its focus on:

answer

peers.

question

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

answer

underlying personality differences.

question

Social Security benefits in the United States are an example of

answer

the right to contributory programs

question

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

answer

it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place.

question

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:

answer

socioeconomic status.

question

Doctors are typically most concerned with the opinion of their

answer

peers.

question

One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

answer

his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.

question

Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company was in a position to issue commands and dictate the price of oil to oil producers by virtue of its monopoly on oil refining. This is an example of domination by:

answer

economic power

question

The introduction of high-yield crop varietals in developing countries and improvements in agricultural technologies are two trends that fall under the umbrella of:

answer

the green revolution.

question

What did Nobel Peace Prize winner Wangari Maathai believe was central to promoting international peace?

answer

environmental preservation

question

Debates over whether scientific facts are "discovered" or "socially constructed" are referred to as:

answer

science wars

question

Finding the so-called gay gene may bring about ____________ because it will show that homosexuality is a natural attribute.

answer

social tolerance

question

Vandana Shiva agrees that the green revolution has increased agricultural output and household incomes, but she is concerned about ____________ changes.

answer

all the above. economic cultural environmental

question

One scientist hoped to solve health and nutritional problems for children in developing countries by the genetic modification of rice with:

answer

high levels of vitamin A.

question

In 1977, Wangari Maathai started the ____________ due to her concern with the effects of deforestation on rural communities.

answer

Green belt Movement

question

Global divide describes:

answer

the lack of Internet access in poorer nations.

question

Organic products can lead to health stratification by income because:

answer

organic products are more expensive.

question

Which of the following is considered a factor that can influence science and scientists?

answer

all the above

question

What is one of the two types of cloning?

answer

reproductive

question

Since the late 1990s, a large portion of Asia has been:

answer

using high-yield rice seeds.

question

One of the problems with the Human Genome Project is that once your genetic structure is known:

answer

you may be labeled in such a way that a self-fulfilling prophecy takes place.

question

What are some of the unintended consequences of DNA testing?

answer

all of the above

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the benefits of genetically modified organisms (GMOs)?

answer

more nutritious products

question

Philosopher Ian Hacking suggests that ____________ play into what is discovered and how it is discovered.

answer

all the above

question

Cells cloned through ____________ are not allowed to develop into a mature person, animal, or other organism.

answer

research cloning

question

The global warming argument is that as ocean levels rise:

answer

many more people will move away from the coast.

question

Risks that result from human activity are referred to as:

answer

manufactured risks

question

According to the normative view of science, what should scientists leave at the laboratory door?

answer

personal values

question

Doctors are typically more concerned with the opinion of their: a. clients. b. families. c. bosses. d. peers.

answer

D

question

In 1986 the EMTALA (Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act) was passed. It made: a. it illegal to give medical care to people without insurance. b. it illegal to deliver a baby without medical training. c. it a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms. d. it legal to treat the young, but not the elderly, in emergency rooms, unless the elderly had Medicare.

answer

C

question

Some insurance companies base the cost to consumers on: a. geography. b. the risk the individual poses. c. their ability to pay. d. their employers.

answer

B

question

In the 1990s or so, physicians' authority began to decline for several reasons. One of those was that more physicians were associated with HMOs. This meant that physicians: a. were becoming "workers," rather than heads ("owners") of medical practices. b. were paid per treatment rather than per patient. c. were allowed to work only four days per week. d. were not allowed to make more than the owner of the HMO.

answer

A

question

When it comes to health care, Western societies are: a. uninvolved. b. passive. c. reactive. d. proactive.

answer

C

question

Which of the following factors, mentioned in your text, is NOT important in predicting mortality rates? a. nutrition b. social position c. lifestyle choices. d. religion

answer

D

question

Hypertension is directly related to stress, which can be attributed to being poor. However, poor African Americans in the United States have similar rates of hypertension as middle- and upper-class African Americans. How would the "tokenism theory" explain this? a. African Americans make bad lifestyle choices, regardless of their socioeconomic status. b. All African Americans lack adequate health care when they are young. c. African Americans have a genetic predisposition for hypertension. d. All African Americans may still experience discrimination.

answer

D

question

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala? a. They tended to be born to older mothers. b. They tended to be born to younger, healthier mothers. c. They had access to a better diet. d. They were less likely to have sex during their teen years.

answer

C

question

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred? a. Medication replaced counseling. b. Insurance companies started paying for face-to-face treatment. c. Therapy and medications went hand-in-hand. d. Mental illness decreased with the use of medications.

answer

A

question

What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases? a. increasing access to clean water b. increasing medical education c. decreasing fertility d. increasing education regarding condom use

answer

A

question

The eradication of African river blindness (onchocerciasis) illustrates the connection between: a. government and community development. b. natural resources and basic survival. c. health and economic development. d. safe water and population rates.

answer

C

question

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago? a. Fewer physicians are now prescribing antibiotics. b. Individuals have developed allergies to them. c. Antibiotics are not as available as they were in the past. d. Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

answer

D

question

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water? a. It is more expensive than gasoline by volume. b. People (in taste tests) can't tell the difference between tap and bottled water. c. The contents of tap water are more heavily regulated than those of bottled water. d. All of the above.

answer

D

question

What is the name of the economic system that developed along with the agricultural revolution and Industrial Revolution in Europe? a. feudalism b. capitalism c. socialism d. communism

answer

B

question

In a capitalist economic system, the price and distribution of goods and services are determined by what? a. number of workers b. monetization c. location d. competition

answer

D

question

What is the correct term describing an economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, and serfs? a. capitalism b. feudalism c. monetization. d. honorarium

answer

B

question

The major historical transition from small-scale artisan labor to the Industrial Revolution was mainly due to: a. an increase in rural populations. b. development of new technologies. c. new transportation methods, like airplanes. d. an increase in family size, creating more workers for factories.

answer

B

question

The agricultural revolution was spurred on by new innovations such as: a. the steam engine.. b. factories. c. the plow d. crop rotation.

answer

D

question

During the agricultural revolution, the enclosure movement caused many former serfs to move to cities in search of work and led to the rise of: a. wage labor. b. apartment rentals. c. the police force. d. wars between England and India.

answer

A

question

Adam Smith showed how specialization and division of labor lead to greater productivity with the example of: a. a pin factory. b. a garden. c. his own home. d. a toy factory.

answer

A

question

Adam Smith agues that money is: a. evil. b. necessary in a bartering society. c. inherently social. d. a relatively new phenomenon, starting during the Industrial Revolution.

answer

C

question

A system of payment whereby workers are compensated on the basis of a wage not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in the production process refers to: a. payment per unit. b. piecework. c. hourly wage. d. wage labor.

answer

D

question

Marx described workers as being alienated from: a. the process of production. b. other people. c. themselves. d. all of the above.

answer

D

question

In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because: a. all relationships become market relationships. b. everyone becomes too lazy. c. people care too much about others. d. people forget how to communicate.

answer

A

question

Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have arisen without the Protestant Reformation, which created the necessary social conditions for capitalism by creating theological insecurity and instilling a doctrine of predestination? a. Karl Marx b. Georg Simmel c. Adam Smith d. Max Weber

answer

D

question

Feminist sociologists claim that the family wage is a patriarchal bargain because it implies: a. that women depend on a man's wage. b. that women aren't smart enough to get a high-paying job. c. that the money men earn is most important. d. that a family needs to have a male head.

answer

A

question

The "typical" American family today is: a. dual-income. b. one where the father is the main provider. c. single-father. d. matriarchal.

answer

A

question

What term describes the economy that revolves around providing intangible services such as restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal advice, computer tech support, and massage? a. services for hire b. vocational services c. service sector d. civil service

answer

C

question

Which of the following does NOT contribute to globalization? a. new markets where anyone with proper equipment can participate b. new forms of communication. c. no new rules to hinder advancement in the global market d. transnational players

answer

C

question

The increasing divide between the haves and the have-nots is referred to as: a. globalization. c. champagne-glass distribution. b. the global divide. d. the elite class.

answer

C

question

FBI consultant Robert Hare claimed that in the pursuit of profits for shareholders, corporations exhibit many of the same traits as: a. psychopaths.. b. philanthropists. c. narcissists d. hedonists.

answer

A

question

"Parceling-out of the soul" is Max Weber's term for people who: a. refuse to let good judgment get in the way of making money. b. have no morals. c. become alienated from a sense of right and wrong. d. deliberately set out to harm others.

answer

C

question

A corporation is legally: a. owned by shareholders. b. an individual. c. an informal organization. d. held by families.

answer

B

question

Which of the following does NOT define a corporation from a "psychotic" definition? a. It engages in open and free competition without deception or fraud. b. It shows little regard, remorse, or guilt for harming others. c. It fails to conform to social norms by obeying the law. d. It is unable to maintain a long-term relationship with anybody or anything.

answer

A

question

Which term refers to a single seller of a good or service in the market, resulting in zero competition? a. oligopoly b. communism c. socialism d. monopoly

answer

D

question

A corporate strategy to reduce production cost is to lower labor costs. One publicly unfavorable way is to move all or part of the company's operations overseas and use third-world labor to minimize cost. This is referred to as: a. sweatshop labor. b. offshoring. c. migrant labor. d. developing.

answer

B

question

A union allows workers to join together to promote their: a. organizing.. b. negotiations. c. arbitrage d. collective interests.

answer

D

question

What is the major reason unions are on the decline in the United States today? a. It is felt that unions increase productivity. b. The government does a better job at collective bargaining for workers. c. People don't trust unions, saying they are corrupt and outdated. d. The Freedom of Association Act was repealed in 1949.

answer

C

question

Authority refers to: a. rules and regulations of society. b. the enforcement of societal folkways. c. the justifiable right to exercise power. d. the process of commanding.

answer

C

question

Legal-rational authority is pervasive in modern society today. This is probably because: a. it means everyone is treated the same, based on clear and consistent procedures. b. it takes individual cases into consideration. c. it guarantees efficiency and fairness. d. it relies on tradition.

answer

A

question

Rationalization means that all steps to a process are decided with ____________ in mind. a. efficiency b. routinization c. flexibility d. rigidity

answer

A

question

Weber described bureaucracies as the ____________ of modern life. a. prison b. monotony c. meritocracy d. iron cage

answer

D

question

Promotions to higher levels within an idealized bureaucratic hierarchy based on achievement rather than personal attributes or favoritism refers to: a. charisma. b. Taylorism. c. meritocracy. d. specialization.

answer

C

question

The assembly line you might see in a factory that produces chocolate bars is an example of: a. Taylorism. b. traditional red tape. c. Fordism. d. coercion.

answer

A

question

In 1961, Stanley Milgram devised an experiment to measure: a. people's individual social characteristics. b. how far ordinary people would go in obeying an authority figure. c. intelligence. d. social acceptance of people from different races.

answer

B

question

Weber believed that hidden under any system of domination by authority is the threat of: a. government.. b. laws. c. violence. d. power.

answer

C

question

The paradox of authority means that as soon as a state uses force to enforce its rules, legitimate authority is lost because: a. people aren't listening. b. people are living in fear. c. people lose faith. d. the force becomes more important than the state.

answer

A

question

Hollywood films are often popular abroad and can be vehicles for some of the favored U.S. ideologies, such as free trade or democratic political institutions. In this case, attraction is used to influence external state actors. This is an example of: a. hard power. b. game theory. c. soft power. d. political deception.

answer

C

question

An organization that seeks to gain power in a government, generally by backing candidates for office who subscribe to the party platform, is referred to as: a. Congress. b. campaign managers. c. an interest group. d. a political party.

answer

D

question

Since the 1960s the United States has experienced what kind of shift in political participation? a. a decline b. a steady decline, then a sharp increase c. no shift d. an increase

answer

A

question

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:

answer

socioeconomic status

question

Why did the elderly who received more social security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less social security and had to work part time?

answer

Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction

question

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

answer

Medication replaced couseling

question

Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?

answer

Rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients

question

Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?

answer

More women are entering high-level jobs

question

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

answer

it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place

question

What did mechanic and meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

answer

Interpersonal confidence

question

Historically, physicians did not have particularly high prestige, but their power did peak around:

answer

the 1980's

question

Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:

answer

eliminating malaria

question

Morbidity means ______, mortality means _______.

answer

illness; death

question

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

answer

Medicaid

question

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

answer

African American women

question

Which profession has the least number of practitioners in the United States?

answer

doctors

question

The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:

answer

psychosocial

question

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

answer

Women are more likely to seek medical care.

question

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had all of the following risk factors EXCEPT:

answer

cancer

question

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

answer

social inequality

question

______ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation.

answer

Low birth weight

question

If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm, you need to know the different:

answer

morbidity rates

question

Inequality creates ______, which affects our height through stress reactions.

answer

psychological stress

question

If state and federal health care plans don't change, which of the following can you look forward to when you turn 65?

answer

Medicare

question

Lleras-Muney (20015) found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by _____ percentage points in a ten-year period.

answer

3.6

question

A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the self esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:

answer

a quack

question

When Susie takes up smoking, the cost of her insurance coverage goes up. This is a result of:

answer

risk adjustment

question

Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:

answer

supplier-induced demand

question

When it comes to health care, western societies:

answer

are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick.

question

While HMO's might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

answer

undertreated

question

The american values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?

answer

John Henry

question

A sociological explanation for the rise in autism diagnoses in recent years is that:

answer

Autism has become socially "contagious", as more people become familiar with the symptoms and are more likely to see them in their children

question

What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

answer

The development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens

question

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births, which leads to the ethical issue of:

answer

Whether to abort some types of embryos.

question

What is the social benefit of adopting the sick role?

answer

People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.

question

In 1986, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) was passed, making it:

answer

a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms.

question

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that:

answer

people who are healthier are more likely to get married.

question

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

answer

Women are more likely to seek medical care.

question

Poor children can be covered medically by:

answer

both Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Plan

question

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?

answer

Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

question

The main problem of fee-for-service is that doctors have an incentive to:

answer

limit medical procedures. WRONG

question

According to existing studies, why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

answer

Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.

question

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of

answer

social inequality.

question

Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?

answer

It created markets for alternative forms of medicine, such as homeopathy WRONG

question

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

answer

stethoscope

question

One can best equate homeopathy to:

answer

vaccines.

question

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ Americans.

answer

500,000

question

The "drift explanation" of the relationship between health and socioeconomic status states that:

answer

genetics and biology affect socioeconomic status (SES) so that people who are healthier have an easier time maintaining a high SES.

question

What might inhibit American teenagers from reaching their maximum growth potential?

answer

bad diet

question

The Whitehall Study found which of the following factors important in determining health outcomes?

answer

what a person does for a living

question

Inequality creates ____________, which affects our height through stress reactions.

answer

psychological stress

question

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:

answer

socioeconomic status.

question

Society believes that a doctor driving by the scene of an accident has:

answer

a moral obligation to stop and try to help.

question

In 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) III:

answer

adopted a medical model of mental illness.

question

When Susie takes up smoking, the cost of her insurance coverage goes up. This is a result of:

answer

risk adjustment.

question

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births, which leads to the ethical issue of:

answer

whether to abort some of the embryos.

question

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that:

answer

people who are healthier are more likely to get married.

question

____________ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation.

answer

Low birth weight

question

The American Medical Association was the beginning of the end (until very recently) of:

answer

homeopathic medicine.

question

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

answer

Women are more likely to seek medical care.

question

Which of the following is NOT a volunteer organization in which physicians volunteer to help poor nations?

answer

Equal Health for All

question

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?

answer

They had access to a better diet.

question

Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?

answer

Medicare

question

What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

answer

the development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens

question

Who is more likely to die young?

answer

black male

question

Why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

answer

Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.

question

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

answer

Medication replaced counseling.

question

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

answer

Medicaid.

question

Use of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) IV is now required by:

answer

the insurance industry.

question

Recently, voters in California weighed in on a proposed additional tax on cigarettes in that state. Californians were voting on a proposed:

answer

sin tax.

question

Lleras-Muney (2005) found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by ____________ percentage points in a ten-year period.

answer

3.6

question

A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:

answer

a quack.

question

Which profession has the least number of practitioners in the United States?

answer

doctors

question

Some insurance companies base the cost to consumers on:

answer

the risk that the individual poses.

question

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

answer

it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place.

question

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

answer

social inequality.

question

One concern of using technology such as amniocentesis in countries like China and India is:

answer

aborting female fetuses.

question

Historically, physicians did not have particularly high prestige, but their power did peak around:

answer

the 1980s.

question

One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

answer

his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.

question

What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

answer

interpersonal confidence

question

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

answer

African American women

question

Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990? You Answered

answer

rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients

question

In about the 1990s, physicians' authority began to decline for several reasons, one of which was that more physicians were associated with HMOs. This meant that physicians:

answer

were becoming "workers" rather than heads ("owners") of medical practices.

question

Massachusetts passed a law that could leave less than 1 percent of the state's population:

answer

uninsured.

question

Morbidity means ____________; mortality means ____________.

answer

illness; death

question

One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

answer

his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.

question

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ people worldwide.

answer

25 million

question

The regulation of schooling for doctors:

answer

contributes to their privileged position.

question

The main problem of fee-for-service is doctors have an incentive to:

answer

have patients return for unnecessary visits.

question

Fee-for-service means physicians are:

answer

reimbursed per office visit or procedure by insurance agencies.

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that doctors establish their power?

answer

have medical staff prescreen you before you see the doctor

question

Which type of family has higher child mortality rates?

answer

large

question

In 1986, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) was passed, making it:

answer

a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms.

question

Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:

answer

eliminating malaria.

question

Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?

answer

More women are entering high-level jobs.

question

When it comes to health care, Western societies:

answer

are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick.

question

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

answer

underlying personality differences.

question

A sociological explanation for the rise in autism diagnoses in recent years is that:

answer

autism has become socially "contagious," as more people become familiar with the symptoms and are more likely to see them in their children.

question

The American values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?

answer

John Henry

question

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

answer

stethoscope

question

Which of the following statements is true concerning the domestic world of Ozzie and Harriet portrayed in the 1950s television program?

answer

The program portrayed an idealized version of American family life in the 1950s.

question

A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the United States was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, what happened

answer

Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

question

Which of the following trends is true in the Western world today?

answer

The proportion of women who choose not to have children is on the rise.

question

As your text points out, single mothers and poverty often go hand in hand. What is the primary reason their employment opportunities typically limit them to low-wage work?

answer

Single mothers are often unskilled and have less education than the average American.

question

Aries wrote that children of preindustrial families were:

answer

thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing.

question

Recent trends in marriages between people from different races or ethnic groups indicate a:

answer

growing acceptance of exogamy

question

The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:

answer

"the cult of domesticity"

question

According to research in Chapter 12, what percentage of today's U.S. families consists of a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their children?

answer

23 percent

question

According to research presented in Chapter 12, if the typical American mother has two shifts, then the typical black American mother has how many?

answer

three

question

In the 1960s many social scientists, including Daniel Patrick Moynihan, viewed the strong role held by women in many African American families as:

answer

a detrimental characteristic that undermined men's roles in the family and caused all sorts of social problems.

question

According to your text, the most frequent form of domestic violence is:

answer

sibling on sibling

question

Legally recognized unions of gay and lesbian couples that are explicitly intended to offer similar state-mandated legal rights and benefits of marriage as are given to heterosexual couples are known as:

answer

civil unions

question

The ________ theory of the family argues that nuclear families are necessary for child rearing and fulfilling society's need for productive workers.

answer

functionalist

question

As discussed in Chapter 12, which group of women is least likely to get an abortion?

answer

Latino women

question

It is it difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the United States because:

answer

of their diverse origins and geography

question

Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanisms that explains these consequences?

answer

It separated work and home, and created new roles for men and women.

question

According to the text's discussion, cohabitation:

answer

increases the rate of divorce because people who cohabitate probably have fewer qualms about divorce.

question

When compared to the 1990s, views regarding gay and lesbian marriage are becoming increasingly

answer

divided between positive and negative

question

Structural changes brought on by industrialization in the United States meant that families changed from "grapevine" forms to:

answer

"beanpoles"

question

Which of the following was a motivation of the welfare reforms of 1996?

answer

to promote self-sufficiency and personal responsibility

question

Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:

answer

"the leisure gap"

question

It's commonly perceived that the divorce rate has skyrocketed since the 1950s, but actually divorce rates in the United States have been:

answer

increasing steadily since 1900

question

A family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a(n):

answer

nuclear family

question

Journalist Barbara Ehrenreich traveled around the country to study firsthand what it was like to "get by" working low-wage jobs. All of the following are true about her experiences EXCEPT:

answer

she felt that if she had only worked harder, she would have been able to "get by."

question

Neoclassical economists typically look at a member's power in the family as a direct expression of that member's utility to the family unit. This measure of power tends to be based on gender and what other factor?

answer

income

question

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the notion of traditional family (stay-at-home mom and working father) in U.S. history?

answer

The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.

question

Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages ends in divorce?

answer

40 percent

question

Black and poor women in the United States have come to rely on which of the following in order to manage child care and work responsibilities?

answer

their extrafamilial female networks

question

Most Latino families in the United States are shaped by which of the following?

answer

a devout tradition of Catholicism

question

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980) has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career. She calls this the:

answer

"supermom strategy"

question

Which of the following is true regarding single-parent families in the United States and worldwide

answer

They are on the rise in the United States and worldwide

question

About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the United States?

answer

about 2 years

question

Recent trends indicate that weekly hours of housework done by men and women are converging. Which of the following statements indicates how household labor is divided by gender?

answer

women do the housework and men help out

question

In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can best be described as:

answer

the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

question

Marriages that cross racial and ethnic lines have become more common in the United States, although most U.S. marriages are still racially and ethnically endogamous. What factors might discourage exogamy?

answer

facing ostracism from within one's tightly knit community

question

Approximately what percentage of Americans marries at some point in their lives?

answer

90 percent

question

In 2007, intimate partner violence accounted for more than 2,300 deaths. What percentage of these deaths occurred among males?

answer

30 percent

question

In much of the Western world, the choice of a marriage partner tends to be influenced by age, education, class, race, and religion. Which of the following explains this tendency?

answer

Marrying someone who diverges a great deal from our age, race, social class, and religion is often met with overt or subtle disapproval from others.

question

In about the 1990s, physicians' authority began to decline for several reasons, one of which was that more physicians were associated with HMOs. This meant that physicians were:

answer

becoming "workers" rather than heads ("owners") of medical practices.

question

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

answer

Medicaid.

question

It is suggested that Asian and Pacific Islanders have the lowest infant mortality rates because:

answer

they do better economically.

question

The Whitehall Study was later expanded to include:

answer

women.

question

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

answer

it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place.

question

If state and federal health care plans don't change, which of the following can you look forward to when you turn 65?

answer

Medicare

question

Married people tend to live longer than unmarried people. It could be that they take better care of themselves when they have the responsibility of a family. It could also be that:

answer

people who are healthier are more likely to get married.

question

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ Americans.

answer

500,000

question

A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:

answer

a quack.

question

The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:

answer

psychosocial.

question

What is a social benefit of adopting the sick role?

answer

People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.

question

The Whitehall Study found which of the following factors important in determining health outcomes?

answer

what a person does for a living

question

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

answer

It is more expensive than gasoline by volume.

question

Since 1981, AIDS has killed more than ____________ people worldwide.

answer

25 million

question

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

answer

Women are more likely to seek medical care.

question

Who is more likely to die young?

answer

black male

question

Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?

answer

More women are entering high-level jobs.

question

Under HMOs, doctors usually don't get more money each time a patient comes in, so the incentive might be to:

answer

undertreat the patient.

question

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

answer

social inequality.

question

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

answer

African American women

question

What did Mechanic and Meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

answer

interpersonal confidence

question

Which of the following is NOT a volunteer organization in which physicians volunteer to help poor nations?

answer

Equal Health for All

question

Historically, physicians did not have particularly high prestige, but their power did peak, according to some sociologists, around:

answer

the 1980s.

question

The eradication of African river blindness (onchocerciasis) illustrates the connection between:

answer

health and economic development.

question

According to existing studies, why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part-time?

answer

Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.

question

Which of the following are benefits of being a tall man?

answer

better health

question

Fee-for-service means physicians are:

answer

reimbursed per office visit or procedure by insurance agencies.

question

Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?

answer

Medicare

question

Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?

answer

rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients

question

If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm, you need to know the different:

answer

morbidity rates.

question

In about the 1990s, physicians' authority began to decline for several reasons, one of which was that more physicians were associated with HMOs. This meant that physicians were:

answer

becoming "workers" rather than heads ("owners") of medical practices.

question

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had which of the following risk factors?

answer

higher stress level

question

Which of the following was the result of medical licensing that began in the mid-1800s?

answer

It gave physicians more economic clout.

question

Society believes that a doctor driving by the scene of an accident has:

answer

a moral obligation to stop and try to help.

question

What invention first helped doctors examine patients rather than just observe them?

answer

stethoscope

question

One concern of using technology such as amniocentesis in countries like China and India is:

answer

aborting female fetuses.

question

One can best equate homeopathy to:

answer

vaccines.

question

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?

answer

Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

question

Which federal government program for children matches the state funding while still allowing states to set their own criteria for eligibility and control the disbursement of funds?

answer

the State Children's Health Insurance Plan

question

One of the criticisms of the Whitehall Study is that the researchers did not adequately address the possibility that occupational and health differences were caused by:

answer

underlying personality differences.

question

What might inhibit American teenagers from reaching their maximum growth potential?

answer

bad diet

question

What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

answer

the development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens

question

Which of the following is NOT one of the ways that doctors establish their power?

answer

always have sharp haircuts

question

Although doctors are very intimate and personal with their patients, it is also important for them to:

answer

remain objective.

question

When Susie takes up smoking, the cost of her insurance coverage goes up. This is a result of:

answer

risk adjustment.

question

Physician prestige has been on the decline since the 1980s. Which of the following might be a reason?

answer

More people in the medical community are being allowed to prescribe.

question

____________ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation

answer

Low birth weight

question

If you miss an appointment with your physician:

answer

you will most likely be charged anyway.

question

What did the former United Nations secretary-general Kofi Annan say was one of the most important factors in defeating infectious diseases?

answer

increasing access to clean water

question

One of the key traits of the medical profession is its focus on:

answer

peers

question

In 1980, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) III:

answer

adopted a medical model of mental illness.

question

In 1986, the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) was passed, making it:

answer

a requirement to treat even the uninsured at emergency rooms.

question

What did Bogin find was different in the Mayans' lifestyle that allowed them to grow 4 inches taller in the United States than in Guatemala?

answer

They had access to a better diet.

question

Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:

answer

supplier-induced demand.

question

Doctors are typically most concerned with the opinion of their:

answer

peers.

question

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

answer

Medication replaced counseling.

question

One of the things that may have led Dr. Paul Farmer's (cofounder of Partners in Health) continued commitment to helping the poorest regions of the world with regard to health care is:

answer

his PhD in medical anthropology, which gives him experience as a social scientist.

question

Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:

answer

eliminating malaria.

question

The American Medical Association was the beginning of the end (until very recently) of:

answer

homeopathic medicine.

question

Morbidity means ____________; mortality means ____________.

answer

illness, death

question

Asians tend to have lower infant mortality rates than others in the United States. This is most likely attributable to:

answer

socioeconomic status

question

Why did the elderly who received more social security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less social security and had to work part time?

answer

Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction

question

After mental illness became "medicalized," what was one major change that occurred?

answer

Medication replaced couseling

question

Which of the following is a reason for the decline in doctors' authority after 1990?

answer

Rising ability of nurse practitioners to treat patients

question

Which of the following contributes to increasing rates of heart disease and hypertension in women?

answer

More women are entering high-level jobs

question

Poor diet during adolescence can be detrimental to growth potential because:

answer

it is one of the periods in life in which a growth spurt takes place

question

What did mechanic and meyer find to be the most important factor for patients in rating their doctor?

answer

Interpersonal confidence

question

Historically, physicians did not have particularly high prestige, but their power did peak around:

answer

the 1980's

question

Your text suggests that significant economic development in underdeveloped areas of the world would require:

answer

eliminating malaria

question

Morbidity means ______, mortality means _______.

answer

illness; death

question

A government program that provides health insurance for the poor is:

answer

Medicaid

question

What population currently has the highest rate of HIV contraction in the United States?

answer

African American women

question

Which profession has the least number of practitioners in the United States?

answer

doctors

question

The explanation for the relationship between socioeconomic status and health that focuses on an individual's social class, and the relative stressors inherent in a lower-class lifestyle, is called:

answer

psychosocial

question

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

answer

Women are more likely to seek medical care.

question

The Whitehall Study found that men in lower ranks had all of the following risk factors EXCEPT:

answer

cancer

question

The longevity discrepancy between blacks and whites may be a sign of:

answer

social inequality

question

______ results from inadequate growth during gestation or a curtailed period of gestation.

answer

Low birth weight

question

If you are interested in comparing the rates of illness between males and females in your dorm, you need to know the different:

answer

morbidity rates

question

Inequality creates ______, which affects our height through stress reactions.

answer

psychological stress

question

If state and federal health care plans don't change, which of the following can you look forward to when you turn 65?

answer

Medicare

question

Lleras-Muney (20015) found that an extra year of schooling decreased a person's chances of dying by _____ percentage points in a ten-year period.

answer

3.6

question

A professional who attempts to make a client happy at the expense of the self esteem of his or her peers is known to sociologists as:

answer

a quack

question

When Susie takes up smoking, the cost of her insurance coverage goes up. This is a result of:

answer

risk adjustment

question

Fee-for-service caused a situation where physicians could control the number of (often unnecessary) visits required for treatment. This problem was called:

answer

supplier-induced demand

question

When it comes to health care, western societies:

answer

are reactive; people tend to go to the doctor only when they decide they are sick.

question

While HMO's might decrease the prestige of physicians, they could also be detrimental to patients because a patient could be:

answer

undertreated

question

The american values of hard work and self-reliance might lead blacks to follow the example of which folklore figure in order to prove themselves?

answer

John Henry

question

A sociological explanation for the rise in autism diagnoses in recent years is that:

answer

Autism has become socially "contagious", as more people become familiar with the symptoms and are more likely to see them in their children

question

What public health risk do we face if more and more people fail to complete prescribed courses of antibiotics?

answer

The development of antimicrobial-resistant antigens

question

Reproductive technology has increased the number of multiple births, which leads to the ethical issue of:

answer

Whether to abort some types of embryos.

question

What is the social benefit of adopting the sick role?

answer

People who do so are not looked down on or morally judged if they do not work.

question

Which of the following was NOT the result of medical licensing that began in the mid 1800s?

answer

It allowed women and racial minorities to become physicians.

question

Which government program provides medical care for the elderly and the young with disabilities?

answer

Medicare

question

Why did the elderly who received more Social Security have higher mortality rates than the elderly who received less Social Security and had to work part time?

answer

Working had a positive impact on their longevity due to social interaction.

question

Which type of families have higher child mortality rates?

answer

large

question

Why aren't antibiotics as successful in treating illnesses as they were several years ago?

answer

Bacteria have become resistant to antibiotics.

question

Which of the following is true with regard to bottled water?

answer

- all the above a. It is more expensive than gasoline by volume. b. People (in taste tests) can't tell the difference between tap and bottled water. c. The contents of tap water are more heavily regulated than those of bottled water.

SOC ch. 17 Science, the Environment, & society – Flashcards

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