SOC 101: Chapter 5
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Aggregate
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A collection of people who share a physical location but do not have lasting social relations (page 124)
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Anomie
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\"Normlessness\"; term used to describe the alienation and loss of purpose that result from weaker social bonds and an increased pace of change (page 128)
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Authority
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The legitimate right to wield power (page 141)
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Bureaucracy
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A type of secondary group designed to perform tasks efficiently, characterized by specialization, technical competence, hierarchy, rules and regulations, impersonality, and formal written communication (page 144)
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Category
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People who share one or more attributes but who lack a sense of common identity or belonging (page 124)
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Charismatic authority
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Authority based in the perception of remarkable personal qualities in a leader (page 142)
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Coercive power
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Power that is backed by the threat of force (page 141)
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Compliance
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The mildest type of conformity, undertaken to gain rewards or avoid punishments (page 137)
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Crowd
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A temporary gathering of people in a public place; members might interact but do not identify with each other and will not remain in contact (page 124)
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Dyad
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A two-person social group (page 132)
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Expressive leadership
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Leadership concerned with maintaining emotional and relational harmony within the group (page 143)
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Group
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A collection of people who share some attribute, identify with one another, and interact with each other (page 124)
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Group dynamics
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The patterns of interaction between groups and individuals (page 132)
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Group cohesion
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The sense of solidarity or loyalty that individuals feel toward a group to which they belong (page 135)
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Groupthink
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In very cohesive groups, the tendency to enforce a high degree of conformity among members, creating a demand for unanimous agreement (page 137)
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Honor killing
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The murder of a family member -- usually female -- who is believed to have brought dishonor to her family (page 136)
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Identification
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A type of conformity stronger than compliance and weaker than internalization, caused by a desire to establish or maintain a relationship with a person or a group (page 138)
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Legal-rational authority
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Authority based in laws, rules, and procedures, not in the heredity or personality of any individual leader (page 142)
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Influential power
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Power that is supported by persuasion (page 141)
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In-group
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A group that one identifies with and feels loyalty toward (page 132)
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Instrumental leadership
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Leadership that is task or goal oriented (page 143)
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Internalization
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The strongest type of conformity, occurring when an individual adopts the beliefs or actions of a group and makes them her own (page 138)
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McDonaldization
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George Ritzer's term describing the spread of bureaucratic rationalization and the accompanying increases in efficiency and dehumanization (page 145)
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Out-group
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Any group an individual feels opposition, rivalry, or hostility toward (page 133)
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Power
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The ability to control the actions of others (page 141)
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Prescriptions
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Behaviors approved of by a particular social group (page 137)
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Primary groups
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The people who are most important to our sense of self; members' relationships are typically characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, and intense feelings of belonging (page 124)
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Proscriptions
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Behaviors a particular social group wants its members to avoid (page 137)
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Rationalization
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The application of economic logic to human activity; the use of formal rules and regulations in order to maximize efficiency without consideration of subjective or individual concerns (page 145)
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Reference group
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A group that provides a standard of comparison against which we evaluate ourselves (page 133)
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Secondary groups
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Larger and less intimate than primary groups; members' relationships are usually organized around a specific goal and are often temporary (page 124)
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Social identity theory
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A theory of group formation and maintenance that stresses the need of individual members to feel a sense of belonging (page 141)
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Social influence (peer pressure)
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The influence of one's fellow group members on individual attitudes and behaviors (page 137)
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Social loafing
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The phenomenon in which as more individuals are added to a task, each individual contributes a little less; a source of inefficiency when working in teams (page 141)
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Social network
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The web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people who may also affect the individual (page 125)
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Social ties
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Connections between individuals (page 125)
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Traditional authority
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Authority based in custom, birthright, or divine right (page 141)
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Triad
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A three-person social group (page 132)
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Virtual communities
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Social groups whose interactions are mediated through information technologies, particularly the internet (page 129)
