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interpretive sociology

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The focus on what social phenomena means to individuals is ________

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correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations

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What three factors are needed to establish causation?

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microsociology

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Justin decides to conduct research for a class project by recording and assessing how people choose where to sit on a public bus. Which type of sociology is this?

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how groups interact with one another, human society, what seems natural or normal to a given group of people.

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Sociology is the study of ________

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informed consent

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In an interview with the text's author, Mitchell Duneier describes his desire to conduct research that adheres to the ethical guidelines of social research. If Duneier had interviewed street vendors by secretly recording their interactions, what ethical guideline would he have violated?

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public sociology

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Social research that tries to engage a nonacademic audience and influence society is often referred to as ________

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a proposed relationship between two variables

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In social research, a hypothesis is defined as ________

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symbolic interactionism

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Examining the interactions between people with a focus on how the people talk, dress, and use body language is an example of which theory?

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exploring the role of churches in rural areas

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Which of the following is an example of an application of midrange theory?

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double consciousness

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Adekunle enters a clothing store and a security guard immediately notices him and follows his actions on a security monitor. Adekunle is aware of the security guard's actions and adjusts his own behavior to avoid a potential confrontation. This is an example of which sociological concept?

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Sociology focuses on social structures and group interactions, while psychology focuses on the urges, instincts, and mind of the individual.

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describes a difference between sociology and psychology?

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a relationship between two variables.

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A correlation is ________

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historical methods, participant observation, interviews

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data collection methods are commonly used in social research?

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W.E.B. DuBois

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American sociologists applied Émile Durkheim's theory of anomie to explain African American crime rates?

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all phenomena have multiple meanings and no one meaning can be more valid than another.

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Postmodern theorists argue that ________

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a group of social positions, connected by social relations, that perform a social role.

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A social institution can be described as ________

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Employees with more responsibility are less likely to miss work.

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an example of a negative relationship between an independent and a dependent variable?

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conducting a survey of how often people read

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the best example of a quantitative research method?

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Max Weber

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the "founding fathers" of sociology put forth the idea that sociologists should examine social behavior from the perspective of those engaging in the behavior?

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segments of the population that a researcher may need special approval to study.

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In social research, the term "protected populations" refers to ________

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a way that they define themselves in relation to groups they are a part of or groups they choose not to be a part of.

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People's social identity is ________

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reliable but not valid.

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A thermometer that consistently gives readings that are five degrees cooler than the actual temperature is ________

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two or more units of analysis that have a number of things in common but differ on a dimension (or dimensions) of interest

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Comparative research usually involves studying

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a factor that affects the relationship between the independent and dependent variables

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What is a moderating variable?

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A researcher starts with a theory, forms a hypothesis, makes observations, and then analyzes the data to confirm, reject, or refine the original theory.

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describes the deductive approach to research?

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glancing at your watch while someone talks to you

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example of a given off gesture?

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refraining from directly interacting with someone until an opening signal is given

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Civil inattention means ________

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internalize the beliefs, values, and behaviors of a given society and learn to function as a member of that society

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Socialization is the process by which people ________

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a convent

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an example of a total institution?

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a system of concepts and relationships.

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Ideology can be described as ________

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Socialization

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________ is the process by which people internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn how to function as members of that society.

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A woman makes a career change from being an accountant with a large auditing company to being a graphic designer in a small ad agency.

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Resocialization would be most likely to occur in

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reinforcement of a cultural norm

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Some businesses in the United States, especially food-service establishments, will post a sign that reads, "No shirt, no shoes, no service." This is an example of

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how we make sense of our world, how we convey this understanding to others, and how we produce a mutually shared social order.

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Ethnomethodology is an approach to studying human interaction that focuses on ________

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reflection theory

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the idea that culture is a projection of social structures and relationships is fundamental to which of the following theories?

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subculture

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A/An ________ can be defined as a group that shares distinct cultural values and behavioral patterns that distinguish it from others within the same culture or society.

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the identity of a person as perceived by that same person.

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In social development theory, the "self" can be defined as _______

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Hegemony

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________ can be defined as a process in which a dominant group, by virtue of its moral and intellectual leadership in society, secures the voluntary "consent" of the masses.

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biology or socialization shapes human behavior.

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The crux of the nature versus nurture debate involves whether ________

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The woman who spit on the floor is not conforming to social norms that are shared by the other people in the room.

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A group of people is waiting to be helped at a customer service desk in a store. A woman in the waiting area suddenly clears her throat and spits on the floor. Everyone else in the room is taken aback and gives her dirty looks. How can this reaction be explained in sociological terms?

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recognizing differences across cultures without judging those differences as positive or negative

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What is cultural relativism?

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imitation

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According to George Herbert Mead's stages of development, children first start to learn to recognize an "other" through ________

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Robert Merton

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Who developed role theory as a way to examine social relations?

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Antonio Gramsci

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Which political theorist developed the concept of hegemony?

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values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms.

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Nonmaterial culture includes ________

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understood by members of a social group without being openly expressed.

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Informal social sanctions are ________

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a set of stories that explains our relationship to the other members of our network

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In the context of social networks, a tie is ________

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People are less involved in communal activities and organizations.

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What social trend, related to social capital, did Robert Putnam focus on in his book Bowling Alone?

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change over time and vary from one context to another.

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Definitions of deviant behavior tend to ________

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experiences a loss of order and normalcy from too little social regulation.

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Anomie can be defined as a sense of aimlessness or despair that develops when an individual ________

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the shared beliefs and behaviors within a social group.

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Organizational culture refers to ________

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if one member of the group leaves, the group ceases to exist.

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One of the unique characteristics of a dyad is that ________

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A small group is unifocal, whereas a party is multifocal.

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According to Georg Simmel, what is the key difference between a small group and a party?

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the strength of weak ties

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Martha wants to get a highly competitive internship with a state legislator. She has talked to her family members and friends, but no one seems to have any useful contacts. One day she runs into a former classmate she has not seen for several years and learns that the classmate has a cousin who worked as the assistant campaign manager for a state senator in the most recent election. The classmate then offers to put Martha in touch with his cousin. This is an example of what concept?

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Embeddedness

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________ refers to the degree to which ties are reinforced through indirect paths within a social network.

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instrumental relationships.

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A secondary group is characterized by _______

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group conformity

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The Asch test provides insight into what concept?

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Social capital

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________ is/are the information, knowledge of people or things, and connections that help individuals enter preexisting networks or gain power in them.

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it can reveal patterns in social structures that might not ever become evident through answers to direct questions.

answer

One advantage of network analysis is that ________

SOC 100 Midterm (ch. 1-5) – Flashcards

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