SOC – Flashcard
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1 Where did early theories of criminality locate the cause of crime?
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the individual
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2 _____ stressed the conflict between absolute good and absolute evil.
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spiritualism
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3 The most important feature of the _____ school of thought is its emphasis on the individual criminal as a person who is capable of calculating what he or she wants to do.
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classical
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4 The _____ school wanted scientific proof of the causes of crime.
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positivist
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5 Which of the following theorists is often called the "father of modern criminology?"
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lombroso
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6 Lombroso argued that criminals were _____ or throwbacks to an earlier form of evolutionary life.
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atavistic
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7 The study of _____ claimed that inheritance could explain the presence of simple and complex human behavioral characteristics.
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eugenics
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8 The _____ school of criminology argued that one aspect of American society, the city, contained potent criminogenic forces.
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chicago
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9 _____ concluded that Chicago's development and organization was not random or idiosyncratic, but rather patterned, and could be understood in terms of basic social processes.
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Park
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10 ______ concluded that neighborhood organization was instrumental in preventing or permitting delinquent careers.
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shaw & mckay
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11 _____ contended that cities grow radically in a series of concentric zones or rings.
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burgess
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12 According to Burgess, which zone was a particular cause for concern and study?
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zone in transition
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13 The term _____ refers to criminal behavior being learned through social interactions.
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differential association
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14 According to Sutherland, crime occurs when _____ favorable to crime outweigh those that are unfavorable to crime.
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ratio of definitions
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15 According to Sutherland, ______ are offenses committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.
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White-Collar Crimes
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16 ______ is defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good.
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collective efficacy
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17 According to Akers, ______, or modeling, determines if people become involved in crime. a. social reinforcements
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imitation
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18 According to Akers, ______, also defined as rewards and punishments, determine whether any behavior is repeated.
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social reinforcements
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19 Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce crime according to Shaw and McKay?
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Reorganize Communities
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20 Which of the following is the most effective way to stop individuals from reoffending or from recidivating according to the Chicago school?
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Reverse offenders criminal learning
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21 For _____, the key ingredient to crime was not neighborhood disorganization, but the "American Dream."
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merton
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22 According to Merton, American culture not only places an extraordinary emphasis on economic success, but the goal is _____. a. Diverse
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Universal
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23 Which of the following is not a mode of adaptation according to Merton?
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criminality
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24. ______ is defined as normlesssness or deregulation.
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Anomie
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25 According to _____, delinquent gangs and the subcultural values they embrace are concentrated in urban slums.
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Cohen
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26______ proposed that delinquent subcultures could emerge and persist only in areas where enough youths were concentrated to band together and to support one another's alienation from conventional values.
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Cloward & ohlin
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27 According to _____, besides economic strain, there may be other kinds of negative relations or situations that create strain and prompt people to break the law.
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agnew
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28 Which of the following strategies would a strain theorist say would best reduce crime?
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expand economic opportunity
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29 _____ takes the position that because conformity cannot be taken for granted, nonconformity is to be expected when social regulations are less than completely effective.
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control theory
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30 According to Reiss, _____ control was defined as the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community.
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personal
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31 According to Reiss, _____ control was defined as the ability of social groups or institutions to make norms or rules effective.
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social
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32 According to Nye, who is the most important agent of social control?
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family
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33 Which of the following is an example of denial of injury?
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they've got so much they'll never miss it
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34 Which of the following theorists is associated with containment theory?
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Walter Reckless
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35 ______ argue that the criminal justice system anchors people in criminal careers.
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labeling theorists
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36 Labeling theorists view crime as _______.
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socially constructed
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37 According to labeling theory, the nature of ______ to crime and the reality it constructs, not the nature of the act per se, determines whether a crime has occurred.
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societal reactions
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38 According to labeling theorists, _____ created crime rather than halted crime.
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state intervention
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39 According to Edwin Lemert, ______ deviance occurs when the offender tries to rationalize the behavior as a temporary aberration or sees it as part of a socially acceptable role.
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primary
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40 According to Edwin Lemert, _____ deviance occurs when social reaction intensifies progressively with each act of primary deviance, and the offender becomes stigmatized.
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secondary
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41 For labeling theorists, _____ policies ultimately will prove self-defeating.
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get-tough
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42 Which of the following is not a policy implied by labeling theory?
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denial
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43 _____ is defined as the removal of many forms of conduct from the scope of the criminal law.
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decriminalization
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44 The policy of ______ refers to the lessening of prison populations and instead, placing offenders in community programs
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deinstitutionalized
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45 _____ shaming stigmatizes and excludes, thereby creating a class of outcasts.
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disintegrative
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46 The underlying _____ determines the degree to which shaming will be reintegrative or disintegrative
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social context
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Skyes & Matza's 5 techniques of neutralization
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1 denial of responsibility 2 denial of injury 3 denial of the victim 4 condemnation of condemners 5 appear to higher loyalties
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denial of responsibility
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"i didn't mean it / my friends made me do it"
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denial of injury
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"i didn't really hurt anybody / it was a prank"
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denial of the victim
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"they had it coming to them / blaming victim"
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condemnation of condembers
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"everyone's picking on me / hypocrites criticizing me"
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appeal to higher loyalties
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"i didn't do it for myself / i was obligated, didn't want to lose respect from others"
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Braitwaithe's shaming theory
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"restorative justice is built on the premise of "reintegrative" shaming rather than "stigmatizing" shaming."
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characteristics of Classical School
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-emphasis on the individual criminal as a person who is capable of calculating what he or she wants to do. -people who committed crimes were thought to be possessed by evil spirits. -"crime resulted from the free will and hedonism of the individual criminal. " -"punishment should be suited to the offense, not to the social or physical characteristics of the criminal."
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characteristics of Positivist School
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-wanted scientific proof of the causes of crime. -"search for facts to confirm the idea that crime was determined by multiple factors." -"scientific proof that crime was caused by features within the individual" -"emphasized the mind and the body of the criminal"
