Question 1

1 Where did early theories of criminality locate the cause of crime?

Accepted Answer

the individual

Question 2

2 _____ stressed the conflict between absolute good and absolute evil.

Accepted Answer

spiritualism

Question 3

3 The most important feature of the _____ school of thought is its emphasis on the individual criminal as a person who is capable of calculating what he or she wants to do.

Accepted Answer

classical

Question 4

4 The _____ school wanted scientific proof of the causes of crime.

Accepted Answer

positivist

Question 5

5 Which of the following theorists is often called the \"father of modern criminology?\"

Accepted Answer

lombroso

Question 6

6 Lombroso argued that criminals were _____ or throwbacks to an earlier form of evolutionary life.

Accepted Answer

atavistic

Question 7

7 The study of _____ claimed that inheritance could explain the presence of simple and complex human behavioral characteristics.

Accepted Answer

eugenics

Question 8

8 The _____ school of criminology argued that one aspect of American society, the city, contained potent criminogenic forces.

Accepted Answer

chicago

Question 9

9 _____ concluded that Chicago\'s development and organization was not random or idiosyncratic, but rather patterned, and could be understood in terms of basic social processes.

Accepted Answer

Park

Question 10

10 ______ concluded that neighborhood organization was instrumental in preventing or permitting delinquent careers.

Accepted Answer

shaw & mckay

Question 11

11 _____ contended that cities grow radically in a series of concentric zones or rings.

Accepted Answer

burgess

Question 12

12 According to Burgess, which zone was a particular cause for concern and study?

Accepted Answer

zone in transition

Question 13

13 The term _____ refers to criminal behavior being learned through social interactions.

Accepted Answer

differential association

Question 14

14 According to Sutherland, crime occurs when _____ favorable to crime outweigh those that are unfavorable to crime.

Accepted Answer

ratio of definitions

Question 15

15 According to Sutherland, ______ are offenses committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation.

Accepted Answer

White-Collar Crimes

Question 16

16 ______ is defined as social cohesion among neighbors combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good.

Accepted Answer

collective efficacy

Question 17

17 According to Akers, ______, or modeling, determines if people become involved in crime. a. social reinforcements

Accepted Answer

imitation

Question 18

18 According to Akers, ______, also defined as rewards and punishments, determine whether any behavior is repeated.

Accepted Answer

social reinforcements

Question 19

19 Which of the following is the most effective way to reduce crime according to Shaw and McKay?

Accepted Answer

Reorganize Communities

Question 20

20 Which of the following is the most effective way to stop individuals from reoffending or from recidivating according to the Chicago school?

Accepted Answer

Reverse offenders criminal learning

Question 21

21 For _____, the key ingredient to crime was not neighborhood disorganization, but the \"American Dream.\"

Accepted Answer

merton

Question 22

22 According to Merton, American culture not only places an extraordinary emphasis on economic success, but the goal is _____. a. Diverse

Accepted Answer

Universal

Question 23

23 Which of the following is not a mode of adaptation according to Merton?

Accepted Answer

criminality

Question 24

24. ______ is defined as normlesssness or deregulation.

Accepted Answer

Anomie

Question 25

25 According to _____, delinquent gangs and the subcultural values they embrace are concentrated in urban slums.

Accepted Answer

Cohen

Question 26

26______ proposed that delinquent subcultures could emerge and persist only in areas where enough youths were concentrated to band together and to support one another\'s alienation from conventional values.

Accepted Answer

Cloward & ohlin

Question 27

27 According to _____, besides economic strain, there may be other kinds of negative relations or situations that create strain and prompt people to break the law.

Accepted Answer

agnew

Question 28

28 Which of the following strategies would a strain theorist say would best reduce crime?

Accepted Answer

expand economic opportunity

Question 29

29 _____ takes the position that because conformity cannot be taken for granted, nonconformity is to be expected when social regulations are less than completely effective.

Accepted Answer

control theory

Question 30

30 According to Reiss, _____ control was defined as the ability of the individual to refrain from meeting needs in ways which conflict with the norms and rules of the community.

Accepted Answer

personal

Question 31

31 According to Reiss, _____ control was defined as the ability of social groups or institutions to make norms or rules effective.

Accepted Answer

social

Question 32

32 According to Nye, who is the most important agent of social control?

Accepted Answer

family

Question 33

33 Which of the following is an example of denial of injury?

Accepted Answer

they\'ve got so much they\'ll never miss it

Question 34

34 Which of the following theorists is associated with containment theory?

Accepted Answer

Walter Reckless

Question 35

35 ______ argue that the criminal justice system anchors people in criminal careers.

Accepted Answer

labeling theorists

Question 36

36 Labeling theorists view crime as _______.

Accepted Answer

socially constructed

Question 37

37 According to labeling theory, the nature of ______ to crime and the reality it constructs, not the nature of the act per se, determines whether a crime has occurred.

Accepted Answer

societal reactions

Question 38

38 According to labeling theorists, _____ created crime rather than halted crime.

Accepted Answer

state intervention

Question 39

39 According to Edwin Lemert, ______ deviance occurs when the offender tries to rationalize the behavior as a temporary aberration or sees it as part of a socially acceptable role.

Accepted Answer

primary

Question 40

40 According to Edwin Lemert, _____ deviance occurs when social reaction intensifies progressively with each act of primary deviance, and the offender becomes stigmatized.

Accepted Answer

secondary

Question 41

41 For labeling theorists, _____ policies ultimately will prove self-defeating.

Accepted Answer

get-tough

Question 42

42 Which of the following is not a policy implied by labeling theory?

Accepted Answer

denial

Question 43

43 _____ is defined as the removal of many forms of conduct from the scope of the criminal law.

Accepted Answer

decriminalization

Question 44

44 The policy of ______ refers to the lessening of prison populations and instead, placing offenders in community programs

Accepted Answer

deinstitutionalized

Question 45

45 _____ shaming stigmatizes and excludes, thereby creating a class of outcasts.

Accepted Answer

disintegrative

Question 46

46 The underlying _____ determines the degree to which shaming will be reintegrative or disintegrative

Accepted Answer

social context

Question 47

Skyes & Matza\'s 5 techniques of neutralization

Accepted Answer

1 denial of responsibility 2 denial of injury 3 denial of the victim 4 condemnation of condemners 5 appear to higher loyalties

Question 48

denial of responsibility

Accepted Answer

\"i didn\'t mean it / my friends made me do it\"

Question 49

denial of injury

Accepted Answer

\"i didn\'t really hurt anybody / it was a prank\"

Question 50

denial of the victim

Accepted Answer

\"they had it coming to them / blaming victim\"

Question 51

condemnation of condembers

Accepted Answer

\"everyone\'s picking on me / hypocrites criticizing me\"

Question 52

appeal to higher loyalties

Accepted Answer

\"i didn\'t do it for myself / i was obligated, didn\'t want to lose respect from others\"

Question 53

Braitwaithe\'s shaming theory

Accepted Answer

\"restorative justice is built on the premise of \"reintegrative\" shaming rather than \"stigmatizing\" shaming.\"

Question 54

characteristics of Classical School

Accepted Answer

-emphasis on the individual criminal as a person who is capable of calculating what he or she wants to do.  -people who committed crimes were thought to be possessed by evil spirits. -\"crime resulted from the free will and hedonism of the individual criminal. \" -\"punishment should be suited to the offense, not to the social or physical characteristics of the criminal.\"

Question 55

characteristics of Positivist School

Accepted Answer

-wanted scientific proof of the causes of crime. -\"search for facts to confirm the idea that crime was determined by multiple factors.\" -\"scientific proof that crime was caused by features within the individual\" -\"emphasized the mind and the body of the criminal\"

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