Science Olympiad-Solar System-2017~2018 – Flashcards
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The motions of the planets in the solar system. They were derived by the German astronomer Johannes Kepler
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Kepler's laws of planetary motion
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The innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter
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Io
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The innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars
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Phobos
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Phobos, Deimos, Io, and Earth's Moon are all....
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Natural satellites
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The fourth planet from the Sun...nicknamed "The Red Planet"
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Mars
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A system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region in Mars. Also called the "Grand Canyon" of Mars
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Valles Marineris
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The outermost and smaller of the two satellites of Mars
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Deimos
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The second planet from the Sun...nicknamed as "The sister to Earth"
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Venus
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The third planet from the Sun...A planet that can sustain life...Roman for the Greek Gaia
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Earth
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A plain located within the huge, roughly circular crater located in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars.
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Hellas Planitia
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The satellite surrounding Earth.
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The Moon
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First satellite to be sent to Space...created by the Soviet Union
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Sputnik
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The circumstellar disc in the Solar System located roughly between the orbits of the planets Mars and Jupiter.
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Asteroid Belt
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An impact crater on the far side of the Moon.
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Aitken basin
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The first planet from the Sun...Hermes
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Mercury
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Short-period comet visible from Earth every 74-79 years.
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Halley's Comet
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The major star in the Solar System...Basically a gigantic ball of plasma
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The Sun
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The tallest volcano on Mars...the size of Arizona
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Olympus Mons
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An impact crater on Venus, in Maxwell Montes... a double-ring impact basin about 100 kilometers in diameter and 2.5 kilometers deep.
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Cleopatra
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A substance usually found on Moon's surface
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Moon Dust
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One of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of 525 kilometers.
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4 Vesta
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The rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun
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Tides
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Rocky, airless worlds that orbit our sun, but are too small to be called planets
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Asteroids
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An astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity
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Planet
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The spaceflight that landed the first two humans on the Moon.
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Apollo 11
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Carbonaceous asteroids...they are the most common variety, forming around 75% of known asteroids.
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C-Type Asteroids
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The phenomenon of eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the surface of the Earth or a solid-surface planet or moon, where lava, pyroclastics and volcanic gases erupt through a break in the surface called a vent.
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Volcanism
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What is this event called?
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Formation of the Earth and the Moon
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A layer of loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock. It includes dust, soil, broken rock, and other related materials and is present on Earth, the Moon, Mars, some asteroids, and other terrestrial planets and moons.
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Regolith
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Is a period of time during which a certain portion of a planet's area reflects sunlight from the perspective of a given vantage point.
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Planetary Phase
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Orbital Period of Mercury (Rotation)
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88 Days
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Orbital Period of Venus (Rotation)
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225 Days
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Orbital Period of Earth (Rotation)
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365 Days
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Orbital Period of Mars (Rotation)
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687 Days
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Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars are all....
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Inner Planets
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This type of asteroid includes about 17% of the known asteroids in the solar system. Its surface is composed of nickel-iron with iron-silicates, and magnesium-silicates. The albedo of this type is lighter, at around 0.1 - 0.22.
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S-Type Asteroids
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(metallic asteroids) are reddish in color ,8% of the solar system,and make up most of the rest of the asteroids, and dwell in the middle region of the main belt. They seem to be made up of nickel and Iron Asteroids range greatly in size from less than 33 feet to the largest asteroid Ceres, with a size of 587 miles
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M-Type Asteroids
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1st primary phase of the moon and it occurs the moment when the Sun and Moon are aligned, with the Sun and Earth on opposite sides of the Moon
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New Moon
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The moment a thin sliver of the Moon becomes visible after New Moon is the beginning of the first intermediate phase
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Waxing Crescent Moon
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The 2nd primary Moon phase and it is defined as the moment the Moon has reached the 1st quarter of its orbit around Earth, hence the name
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First Quarter Moon
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The 2nd intermediate phase...lasts until the next primary phase.
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Waxing Gibbous Moon
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Appears in the night sky when the Sun and the Moon are aligned on opposite sides of Earth
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Full Moon
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The portion of the visible half of the Moon illuminated decreases during this period.
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Waning Gibbous Moon
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The moment the opposite half of the Moon is illuminated compared to the First Quarter Moon.
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Third Quarter Moon
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The Sun illuminates less than half of the visible part of the Moon during this Moon phase and you can sometimes see earth shine on the rest of the Moon towards the end.
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Waning Crescent Moon
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All planets move about the Sun in elliptical orbits, having the Sun as one of the foci. A radius vector joining any planet to the Sun sweeps out equal areas in equal lengths of time.
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Kepler's First Law of Planetary Motion
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The speed of a planet traveling in an elliptical orbit around the sun. It states that a line between the sun and the planet sweeps equal areas in equal times.
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Kepler's Second Law of Planetary Motion
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The square of the orbital period of a planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit. This captures the relationship between the distance of planets from the Sun, and their orbital periods.
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Kepler's Third Law of Planetary Motion
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A type of eclipse that occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and Earth, and when the Moon fully or partially blocks the Sun.
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Solar Eclipse
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The new Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth, and totally blocks out the Sun.
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Total Solar Eclipse
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A group of three impact craters on Venus, which are widely well known.
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Danilova, Aglaonice and Saskia
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Orbital Period of The Moon
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27 Days
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Orbital Period of Deimos
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30 Hours
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Orbital Period of Phobos
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8 Hours
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Orbital Period of Io
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42 Hours
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Asteroids sharing an orbit with a planet, but which are located at the leading (L4) and trailing (L5) Lagrangian points
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Trojan Asteroids
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A location in space where the combined gravitational forces of two large bodies, such as Earth and the sun or Earth and the moon, equal the centrifugal force felt by a much smaller third body.
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Lagrangian Points
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Shifts between a total and annular eclipse. At certain points on the surface of Earth, it appears as a total eclipse, whereas at other points it appears as annular.
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Hybrid Solar Eclipse
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An eclipse of the sun in which the moon does not completely hide the solar surface or photo-sphere so that some direct rays of sunlight reach the observer : all the part of a total solar eclipse outside of the path of totality.
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Partial Solar Eclipse
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An apparent or real oscillation of the moon, by which parts near the edge of the disc that are often not visible from the earth sometimes come into view.
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Libration
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The sun and moon are in line, but the moon's apparent size is smaller than the sun because the moon is close to apogee. ___________ eclipses are more likely to occur during earth's perihelion. The sun appears as a bright ring around the moon's outline. __________ eclipses are only visible in the antumbra.
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Annular Eclipse
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Occurs when the Moon passes directly behind the Earth into its umbra. This can occur only when the sun, Earth, and moon are aligned exactly, or very closely so, with the Earth in the middle.
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Lunar Eclipse
