Science of Nutrition Exam 2: Chapter 6 – Flashcards
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What is the simplest amino acid?
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glycine
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The averafe life span of a skin cell is about _________.
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30 days
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The process of messenger RNA being made from a template of DNA is known as _________.
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transcription
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The action of hydrochloric acid in the stomach on protein results in _________.
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denaturation
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Essential amino acids are those that _________.
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the body does not make in sufficient amounts, so they must be included in the diet
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Evidence suggests cancer of the colon, pancreas, and ovaries is connected with high consumption of _________.
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red meats and processed meats
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An ounce of most protein foods delivers about _________.
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7 grams of protein
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Urea is the body's principal vehicle for excreting unused _________.
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nitrogen
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What percentage of total food energy should protein provide?
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10-35%
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Whey protein is a waste product from manufacturing of _________.
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cheese
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A person who regularly eats a high-protein diet needs to make sure they _________.
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drink prlenty of water
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What substance converts the inactive pepsinogen to its active form, pepsin?
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hydrochloric acid
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The value of protein in a diet is determined by four of the following factos. The exception is _________.
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amount of food
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The digestibility of most animal proteins is_________.
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90-99%
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The condition that occurs when the diet provides too little protein is known as _________.
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protein-energy malnutrition
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Proteins contain...
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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Amino acids contain...
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carbon, hydrogen, amino group, acid group, side group/chain
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Like carbohydrates and lipids, proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However, they also contain ________ atoms.
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nitrogen
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The part of the chemical structure that differentiates one amino acid from another is its
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side group
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Essential or Nonessential?: Lysine
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essential
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Essential or Nonessential?: Valine
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essential
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Essential or Nonessential?: Cysteine
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nonessential
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Essential or Nonessential?: Methionine
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essential
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In the stomach, hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and activates ________.
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pepsin
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Most proteins are broken down into their amino acids ________ absorption in the small intestine.
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before
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________ are protein making machines and are composed of RNA and protein.
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ribosomes
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Transcription occurs in the ________.
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nucleus
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Translation occurs in the ________.
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cytoplasm
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What type of protein?: Provides strength and shape to skin
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structural protein
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What type of protein?: Inactivates foreign invaders
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antibody
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What type of protein?: Faciliatates chemical reactions
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enzyme
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High or Low Quality? seafood
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high
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High or Low Quality? poultry
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high
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High or Low Quality? gelatin
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low
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High or Low Quality? corn
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low
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High or Low Quality? soy
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high
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The USDA Food Patterns sorts protein foods into three subgroups. The total recommended intake of seafood should be about ________.
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20%
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The protein RDA for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of healthy body weight per day. A woman weighs 60 kg and her weight falls within the normal range for her height. How much protein (in grams) should she consume in one day? Grams of protein: ________.
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48
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What links amino acids?
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peptide bonds
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condensation reactions do what?
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remove H2O
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Primary structure
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chemical bonds
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Secondary structure
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electrical attractions
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tertiary structure
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hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions
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quaternary structure
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two or more polypeptides combined
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What happens in the stomach for protein digestion?
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denaturation and pepsinogen to pepsin
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What happens in the small intestine for protein digestion?
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hydrolysis reactions and peptidase enzymes
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Denaturation (from stomach acid)
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disruption of stability, uncoil and lose shape
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Unused amino acids trasport to the ________.
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liver
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DNA template to make mRNA
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Transcription
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mRNA specifies sequence of amino acids
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Translation
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Enzymes
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break down, build up, transform substances (catalysts)
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Hormones
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messenger molecules, transported in blood, regulate body processes
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Antibodies
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defend against disease
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zero nitrogen balance
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intake equals output
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positive nitrogen status
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makes more than it loses (growth)
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negative nitrogen status
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loses more than it makes (stress or starvation)
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Tyrosine used to make ________ and ________.
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epinephrine, norepinephrine
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When energy and protein exceed needs ________.
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Carbohydrate intake is adequate, can cause weight gain
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Deaminating
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stripping of nitrogen-containing amino group
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Liver releases urea into the ________.
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blood
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Kidney filters ________ out of the ________.
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urea, blood
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Protein quality factors
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digestibility and amino acid composition
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Reference protein
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Requirements of preschoolers
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High-Quality Proteins
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animal and plant proteins
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Low-quality proteins combined to provide adequate levels of essential amino acids are ________.
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complementray proteins
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RDA for adults
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0.8 g per kg of body weight per day
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Fibrin (protein)
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creates blood clots
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Opsin (protein)
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participates in vision
