Sci 150 – Chemistry Answers – Flashcards
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| radioactivity |
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| discovered by Becquerel in late 1800s "phosphoresscence" experiment |
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| 3 types of nuclear radiation |
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| alpha beta gamma |
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| alpha radiation |
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| high energy helium nuclei least penetrable (paper, foil can block it) |
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| beta radiation |
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| high energy electrons dense wood and heavy clothing can block it |
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| gamma radiation |
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| high energy electromagnetic radiation most dangerous thick lead walls, concrete can block it |
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| radon |
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| 2nd leading cause of lung cancer in US alpha emitter |
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| nuclear fission |
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| breaking apart stable ratios in nucleus if isotope has too many neutrons, not stable-likely to decay otto han bombarded Uranium 92 with neutrons and got Ba 56 he sent his data to lise mietner who coined the term nuclear fission produces huge amounts of energy and 3 extra neutrons |
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| chain reactions |
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| in order for it to occur, had to have a critical mass (must be purified) neutrons hit atoms and produce more neutrons |
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| manhattan project |
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| US plan to build the first atomic weapon production facilities in washington and oak ridge tn oak ridge was where the separation of U-235 from U-238 occurred |
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| first atomic bombs |
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| little boy-assembled in Los Alamos, NM fat man both types need an initiator (neutron source) |
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| first and only military use |
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| exploded above Hiroshima and Nagasaki on Aug 6 and 9 1945 complete devastation for a 2 mile radius unfortunately the technology is fairly simple |
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| the hydrogen bomb |
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| fusion- several smaller atoms come together releasing energy in the sun, 4 hydrogen atoms fuse to make helium + positrons + electrons in the bomb, deuterium + tritium fuse at high temperatures |
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| other use for fission |
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| nuclear power provides ~15% of world's electricity 80% in france 30% in Japan 20% in US |
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| problems with nuclear energy |
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| terrorist threats waste disposal- Yucca mountain environmental disasters- 3 mile island, Chernobyl, Fukushima |
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| Chernobyl |
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| somatic damage- radiation burns genetic damage- radiation affects womens' eggs |
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| carbon-14 dating |
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| carbon 14 reacts to form 14 CO2 becomes incorporated into living objects while they are alive by measuring ratios of C isotopes, can tell age of species shroud of turin- jesus' burial cloth? |
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| radiation in medicine |
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| I-131 used to treat thyroid disorders and cancer Cobalt-60 used to treat cancer PET scan |
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| carbon chemistry |
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| in everything alive valence structure C (4 dots around) likes to make 4 bonds hydrocarbon- hydrogen and carbon |
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| families of hydrocarbons |
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| alkanes-single bond alkenes- double bond alkynes- triple bond aromatics |
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| isomerism |
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| same chemical formula, different structure naming: identify longest carbon chain |
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| alkenes |
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| have at least one double bond, 4 electrons shared |
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| alkynes |
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| have at least one triple bond, share 6 electrons |
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| cycloalkanes |
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| contain a ring structure, all single bonds |
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| aromatics |
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| most smell good contain benzene- c6h6 extremely stable |
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| fuels |
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| something consumed to produce energy gas, food, wood, coal etc. |
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| petroleum |
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| petra- rock, oleum- oil mixture of hydrocarbons and other organic compounds must be separated into components to be useful fractional distillation-fractions separated based on their volatility |
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| how your car works |
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| make chemical energy into kinetic energy |
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| 4 strokes in an engine |
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| intake, compression, power, exhaust |
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| diesels |
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| high compression ratio- more fuel efficient |
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| knocking |
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| ignition doesn't fire consistently likelihood increases with increased compression ratio may need gasoline with a higher octane rating |
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| octane rating |
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| measure of a gasoline's resistence to knocking 2,2,4 trimethylpentane-if used in car it won't knock heptane knocks readily most common blends are 87,89,93 |
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| leaded gasoline |
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| cheap way to improve octane rating poisons environment also poisoned catalytic converters |
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| MTBE methyl tert-butyll ether |
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| used as octane enhancer and an oxygenate pollutes water supply being replaced with ethanol |
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| avogadros number |
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| # of atoms in exactly 12g of carbon-12 6.02 x 10^23 |
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| concentration |
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| how much solute is dissolved in given amount of solvent |
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| solution |
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| homogeneous mixure |
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| solvent |
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| does the dissolving |
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| solute |
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| is being dissolved |
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| molarity |
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| moles of solute/L of solution |
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| part per million |
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| ppm mg of solute per L of solution |
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| part per billion |
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| ppb micrograms of solute per L of solution |
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| acids |
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| taste sour, turn litmus red, react with certain metals to release H30+ |
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| bases |
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| taste bitter, turn litmus blue, feel slippery, release OH in solution |
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| neutralization |
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| acids and bases can react together to form a salt (and frequently water) |
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| salt |
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| compound produced by a neutralization reaction |
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| Arrhenius (what he said about acids and bases) |
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| acid produces H+ (proton or hydronium) in water base produces OH-(hydroxide ion) in water |
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| bronsted/lowry |
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| an acid can transfer a proton to another species a base can accept a proton from another species |
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| water-acid or base? |
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| both-amphoteric |
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| dynamic equilibrium |
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| concentrations are fixed, reactions always occurring but you can't measure it they occur both ways |
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| pure water and solutions |
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| at any given point in time, there are free H3O+ and free OH- in pure water as long as their concentrations are equal, we say that the water is neutral |
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| strong acids |
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| ionize completely in water ex. sulfuric acid-H2SO4, hydrochloric acid-HCl, nitirc acid-HNO3 |
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| weak acids |
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| partially ionize in water ex. citric acid, acetic acid |
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| strong bases |
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| ionize completely in water ex. NaOH, KOH |
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| weak bases |
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| partially ionize in water ex. NaHCO3, NH3 |
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| pH |
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| power of hydronium ion -log [H30+] |
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| pH of acidic solution |
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| less than 7 |
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| pH of neutal solution |
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| 7 |
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| pH of basic solution |
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| greater than 7 |
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| Kw |
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| [H30+] x [OH-} = 1x10^-14 |
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| MOLECULES OF THE DAY: need it in our diet we get most from fruits and veggies B vitamin helps reduce risk of vascular disease prevents neural tube defects in developing fetuses |
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| folic acid |
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| colorless liquid found as an ester in butter and some cheeses formed from sugars by bacteria rancid unpleasant odor locker room smell |
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| butyric acid |
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| most important in pro-vitamin A family occurs naturally, usually with chlorophyll yellow coloring agents for foods found in carrots good for eyes |
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| beta-carotene |
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| originally derived from plants 1700s- 2nd only to rice as cash crop can now be synthesixed from napthalene used to color original star spangled banner used to color blue jeans |
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| indigo |
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| highly soluble in lipids prescription drug to alleviate sever pain used as a treatment for narcotic withdrawl used in detoxifying opiate addicts becoming more frequently abused |
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| methadone |
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| approved by FDA in 1998 similar to sucrose made by chlorinating sucrose no nutritional vlaue mixed with maltodextrin and sold as splenda |
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| sucralose |
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| naturally occurring phytoalexin found in grapes, soybeans and peanuts may function as an anti-oxidant may prevent cancer, heart disease, and extend your life may be responsible for the french paradox |
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| resveratrol |
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| an oil mixture found in plants R group dependent on species can cause contact dermatitus |
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| urushiol |
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| soluble in water heavy skunk odor used as additive in natural gas |
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| tert-butyl mercaptan |
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| hormone/ chemical transmiter released by mast cells can cause gastric acid secretion, breathing difficulty, itchy watery eyes |
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| histamine |
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| ALKANES: methane |
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| 1 carbon- CH4 |
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| ethane |
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| 2 carbons- C2H6 |
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| propane |
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| 3 carbons- C3H8 |
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| butane |
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| 4 carbons- C4H10 |
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| pentane |
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| 5 carbons- C5H12 |
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| hexane |
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| 6 carbons- C6H14 |
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| heptane |
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| 7 carbons- C7H16 |
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| octane |
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| 8 carbons- C8H18 |
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| nonane |
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| 9 carbons- C9H20 |
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| nonane |
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| 9 carbons- C9H20 |
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| decane |
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| 10 carbons- C10H22 |
