Test Answers on S1 – Flashcard
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
1. Sociology is defined as
answer
. d. the study of human behavior in society
question
2. Sociology is a/n discipline, meaning the conclusions are based on systematic observations
answer
a. empirical
question
3. According to the sociological imagination, the current high numbers of college graduates moving back in with their families reflects
answer
b. social forces impacting private lives.
question
4. George Simmel developed the concept of "critical distance," which refers to
answer
. b. being able to detach from the situation at hand to view things critically.
question
5. August Comte believed sociology could
answer
discover the laws of human nature
question
6. August Comte is known for
answer
d. coining the term "sociology."
question
7. According to , scientific observation is viewed as the highest form of knowledge.
answer
b. positivism
question
8. 's work is the basis for conflict theory.
answer
c. Karl Marx
question
9. Which of the following social theorists coined the term sui generis?
answer
c. Durkheim
question
10. Which of the following is not a basic dimension of society, according to Max Weber?
answer
d. Social
question
11. Weber defined verstehen as
answer
. b. understanding behavior to which people give meaning.
question
12. Which sociologist was a leader in the settlement house movement?
answer
b. Jane Addams
question
13. Robert Park
answer
a. was interested in urban problems.
question
14. Jane Addams is the only practicing sociologist to have won a
answer
. c. Nobel Peace Prize
question
15. W.E.B. DuBois was most interested in
answer
a. social justice
question
16. W.E.B. Du Bois wrote in 1901 that
answer
c. "the problem of the twentieth century is the problem of the color line."
question
17. Durkheim, Marx, and Weber have
answer
a. They were all macrosociologists.
question
18. Emile Durkheim's work is the foundation for which major theoretical perspective?
answer
c. Functionalism
question
19. Robert Merton suggested that human behavior has
answer
. d. manifest functions and latent functions
question
20. Which of the following is a criticism of functionalism?
answer
a. Functionalism is inherently conservative, given its emphasis on stability. b. Functionalism understates the roles of power and conflict in society. c. Functionalism states that inequality is necessary for the equitable distribution of societal resources.
question
21. According to Karl Marx
answer
a. capitalism is built on the exploitation of workers.
question
22. The sociological perspective focused on the positive role of social change is
answer
. b. conflict.
question
23. According to Durkheim, during an economic crisis
answer
a. people will blame others for taking their jobs.
question
24. According to Marx, class conflict is
answer
a. embedded in the system of capitalism.
question
25. According to the text, the problem of the color line described by W.E.B. DuBois
answer
a. extends to the 21st century
question
26. According to feminist theory, prior to , women were largely absent from sociological research.
answer
c. the second wave of feminism
question
27. Contemporary feminist scholarship has produced
answer
b. vital knowledge about women
question
28. "Inequality is inevitable and functional for society." This statement best represents which theoretical perspective?
answer
c. Functionalism
question
29. "Individuals are subordinated to society." This statement best represents which theoretical perspective?
answer
a. Conflict theory
question
30. Using a sociological perspective C. Wright Mills points out that unemployment is
answer
b. related to the structure of society and social institutions.
question
31. To study human behavior, sociologists use
answer
. b. empirical analysis
question
32. Sociology differs from media programs that feature human problems in that
answer
b. sociologists use research techniques and theories that the media may not use to explain social issues.
question
33. Sociologists believe that persistent problems in the U.S. are
answer
c. embedded in society.
question
34. Elaine Bell Kaplan's research on black teenage motherhood concluded that
answer
b. the black teens felt embarrassed and stigmatized by being pregnant.
question
35. Peter Berger's concept of debunking refers to
answer
b. the "unmasking" tendency of sociology.
question
36. Sociological research on education has debunked many common assumptions. It has found that
answer
b. poor children rarely have the same resources in schools that middle-class and elite students have.
question
. 37. The text includes a discussion of the practice of footbinding in China in order to demonstrate that all of the following
answer
a. it is easier to debunk knowledge of another's culture than of one's own. b. behavior that is taken for granted in one society may be viewed as bizarre from the perspective of another society. c. sociological debunking may question practices that are otherwise taken for granted.
question
38. What role do sociologists play while conducting their research on society?
answer
c. Sociologists achieve critical distance through their willingness to question the forces that shape behavior.
question
39. Which of these do sociologists consider part of the concept of diversity?
answer
a. studying group differences in opportunities within society b. the process of social change c. the formation of group identity
question
40. Which of the following is true about the global perspective in sociology?
answer
a. sociologists consider comparing and contrasting societies across cultures valuable b. the global perspective is essential to the study of change in society d. a global perspective goes beyond simple comparisons of cultures
question
41. Which of the following was a condition that led to the development of sociology?
answer
a. rapid social change in Europe b. the disappearance of traditional sources of authority c. contact between societies was increasing
question
42. Alex de Tocqueville referred to the ability of the majority in a democracy to impose its will on everyone else as
answer
d. the "tyranny of the majority"
question
43. Which of these is an observation that de Tocqueville made in his study of American society?
answer
a. Americans had little independence of mind, despite their emphasis on individualism.
question
44. What do Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx, and Max Weber all have in common?
answer
b. They are classical thinkers whose ideas continue to influence the social sciences.
question
45. According to Durkheim, public rituals, including punishment, are important because
answer
. b. they create a bond among the members of society.
question
46. In Durkheim's view of society, people come to believe what society expects them to believe because
answer
a. they internalize the existence of society in their minds.
question
47. According to the text, Durkheim's major contribution to the discipline of sociology was the understanding of
answer
b. the social basis of human behavior.
question
48. Marx used the term for those people in society who are discarded by society and for those in the working class.
answer
b. lumpenproletariat; proletariat
question
49. The early American sociologists are characterized by
answer
c. their belief that sociology could alleviate the negative consequences of society.
question
50. The organic metaphor refers to
answer
c. seeing society as a system of interrelated functions and parts.
question
51. Social Darwinists believed that
answer
c. social reforms should not be implemented because they interfered with the natural progression of society.
question
52. was the first Black person in any field to earn a PhD.
answer
a. W.E.B. Du Bois
question
53. When one part of society is not working, it affects the rest of society and causes social problems. This statement reflects the approach.
answer
c. functionalist
question
54. How do functionalists view disorganization within society?
answer
a. They believe it must result in change to re-establish equilibrium in society.
question
55. In what way does symbolic interaction theory differ from conflict theory and functionalism?
answer
c. Symbolic interactionism does not examine society in terms of its abstract institutions, and conflict and functionalist theory do.
question
56. Feminist theory is a type of contemporary theory that does not
answer
d. see women are more powerful than men.
question
57. The text emphasizes that is most responsible for a person's chance in life.
answer
c. social location
question
58. The fundamental principle or lesson of sociology is that
answer
b. the social context shapes what people do and think.
question
59. Which of the following social thinkers is associated with the concept of the sociological imagination?
answer
a. Max Weber
question
60. Applying the means that one has the ability to see the societal patterns that influence individual and group life.
answer
a. sociological perspective
question
61. A fundamental concept for using one's sociological imagination is the distinction that Mills made between
answer
b. troubles and issues.
question
62. Sociologists refer to the organized patterns of social relationships and social institutions that make up society as the
answer
. c. social structure
question
63. According to Mills, the specific task of sociology is to
answer
c. comprehend human society and its influence on the lives of human beings.
question
64. The goal of the sociologists is to study controversial topics with an open mind, even if this results in the discovery of "inconvenient" or disturbing information. An example of an inconvenient fact presented in the text is that
answer
c. a majority of women in prison are mothers.
question
65. Peter Berger called the process whereby sociologists question actions and ideas that are usually taken for granted
answer
. d. "debunking"
question
66. Using the sociological perspective to debunk the assumptions of the education system reveals that schools
answer
c. teach some children their place within society.
question
67. George Simmel was particularly interested in the role of "strangers" in social groups. According to Simmel, strangers have a unique perspective because while they are part of the group they also have
answer
. c. critical distance
question
68. What is the sociological approach to diversity in society?
answer
a. Sociologists believe that people are shaped by the social context around them.
question
69. When group differences are created by the social structure of society, sociologists refer to this as
answer
. c. diversity
question
70. Within sociology, the concept of diversity
answer
b. encompasses a global perspective.
question
71. Sociology first emerged as a discipline in
answer
. b. western Europe
question
72. The Enlightenment had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology. The Enlightenment
answer
b. is also known as the Age of Reason.
question
73. The Enlightenment had an enormous influence on the development of modern sociology because it was characterized by
answer
c. faith in the ability of human reason to solve society's problems.
question
74. Positivism refers to
answer
d. scientific observation and description
question
75. Alexis de Tocqueville and Harriet Martineau were alike in that both were
answer
c. interested in the newly emerging culture in America.
question
76. Harriet Martineau was an early sociologist and a British citizen. Her book, Society in America
answer
a. was overlooked for many years.
question
77. Harriet Martineau's book, How to Observe Manners and Morals, was the first
answer
a. to discuss observing behavior while participating in the situation.
question
78. According to Emile Durkheim
answer
b. people in society are held together by belief systems.
question
79. Durkheim conceptualized social facts as
answer
b. social patterns that are external to individuals.
question
80. Marx's work was devoted to explaining
answer
c. how capitalism shaped society.
question
81. According to Marx, capitalism is based on
answer
b. profit and private property.
question
82. Which of the following statements about Marx is true?
answer
b. Marx considered all of society to be shaped by economic forces.
question
83. According to Marx, the beliefs of the common people tend to support the interests of the capitalist system, not the workers themselves. This is because
answer
c. the capitalist class control the production of ideas.
question
84. Marx's perspective of society argued that
answer
c. profit is produced through the exploitation of the working class.
question
85. While Marx saw economics as the organizing influence on society, Weber focused on
answer
a. three dimensions: political, economic, and cultural.
question
86. Weber theorized that value-free sociology could not exist since values would always influence what sociologists considered worthy of study. Because they could not be completely value-free, Weber believed that sociologists should
answer
c. acknowledge the influence of values and try to be as objective as possible.
question
87. Weber was concerned with the responsibility of sociologists. He stated that sociologists should
answer
b. teach students the uncomfortable truth about the world.
question
88. An important concept in Weber's sociology is verstehen which refers to
answer
c. viewing social behavior from the perspective of those engaged in it
question
89. According to the text, a significant difference between the early American sociologists and their European counterparts was that the American sociologists were more
answer
. b. practical
question
90. According to Social Darwinists
answer
a. the "survival of the fittest" is the driving force of social evolution.
question
91. The type of applied sociological thinking that focused on how society shaped the mind and identity of people was called
answer
. a. the Chicago School
question
92. The Chicago School sociologist who was a leader in the settlement house movement and who did systematic research geared toward improving the lives of the dispossessed groups within the city was
answer
a. Jane Addams
question
93. Ida B. Wells-Barnett was an early sociologist whose contributions to the field have only recently been examined. She is best known for her work
answer
c. in the anti-lynching movement.
question
94. What is the purpose of sociological theory?
answer
b. To organize and interpret observations.
question
95. Theoretical frameworks that strive to understand society as a whole are called
answer
. a. macrosociology
question
96. Theoretical frameworks that center on face-to-face social interaction are categorized as
answer
. b. microsociology
question
97. interprets each part of society in terms of how it contributes to the stability of society as a whole.
answer
a. Functionalism
question
98. At its most basic level, the function of the family is
answer
. b. reproduction
question
99. Functionalism emphasizes
answer
a. the consensus that exists in society. b. the order that exists in society. c. shared public values.
question
100. Merton called the unintended consequences of behavior
answer
. a. latent functions
question
101. From a functionalist perspective, unequal distribution of resources
answer
b. is fair because some roles are more important to society than others.
question
102. Critics of functionalism argue that it
answer
b. places too much emphasis on social stability, and overlooks the roles of power and conflict in society
question
103. Conflict theory originated in the work of
answer
. a. Karl Marx
question
104. Conflict theory emphasizes
answer
a. a person or group's ability to exercise influence and control over others.
question
105. According to conflict theorists, social order in society is maintained by
answer
c. domination by the powerful.
question
106. . Which of the following is one of the arguments of conflict theory?
answer
a. inequality exists because those with wealth work to defend their advantages b. society is fragmented into groups that compete for social and economic resources d. the dominant groups shape the beliefs of others through control of public information
question
107. A criticism of is that it understates the cohesion and stability found in society.
answer
b. conflict theory
question
108. Functionalist theorists and conflict theorists both share the belief that
answer
b. social behavior originates in the structure of society.
question
109. The Thomas dictum states that people behave according to what they believe to be real, not necessarily what is objectively true. This principle is fundamental to which type of sociological theory?
answer
a. symbolic interactionism
question
110. "Society is socially constructed through human interpretation." This statement is most closely associated with
answer
c. social interaction
question
111. Symbolic interactionists view as the primary motivation for human behavior.
answer
d. people's definition of the situation
