Russia and Central/East asia – Flashcards
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who was known as the Butcher of the Balkans and tried to increase Serbia's power over the rest of Yugoslavia
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Slobodan Milosevic
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who are the people who migrated from Poland and Russian and sttled int eh Balkan Peninsula and were made up of the Croats, the Slovenes, and the Serbs
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South Slavs
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what is the policy of trying to eliminate an ethnic group through violence called?
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ethnic cleansing
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what does KLA stand for?
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Kosovo Liberation Army
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who were a group of people who began to caryy out attacks against Sebian officials in the 1990's?
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KLA
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who did the Yugoslav people elect as president? He was a reform leader and it was in 2000
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Vojislav Kostunica
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what is black topsoil, one of the world's most fertile soils called?
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chernozen
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What mountainn chain deparates the Northern European and West Siberian plains?
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Ural Mountains
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what is the name of the continent others consider Europe and Asia combined called?
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Eurasia
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what is the region that consists of the republics of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia?
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Transcaucasia
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what is the region that includes the republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan?
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Central Asia
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what is the part of Russia that lies on the continent of Asia and is the frigid arctic and subarctic regions
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Siberia
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what is a region's distance from the moderating influence of the sea called?
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continentality
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what is the largest forest on earth that lies south of the tundra and contains primarily coniferous trees called?
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taiga
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what is the rainfall not absorbed by the soil that runs into streams and rivers called?
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runoff
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What is the name of the railroad that links Moscow to the Pacific port of Vladivostok
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Trans-Siberian Railroad
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what three countries make up the Baltic Republics?
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Estonia Latvia Lithuania
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what was the emperor of Russia called?
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czar
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what was the revolt of 1917, in which the Russian Communist Party, led by V. I. Lenin, took control of the government from the czars called?
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Russian Revolution
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what does USSR stand for?
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
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what was the name of the new nation that the Communist Party took over which consisted of the old Russian empire?
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USSR
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what the conflict between the United States and the soviet Union after WWII called? called ____b/c it never escalated into open warfare
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Cold War
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what is it called when one in which the central government makes all important economic decisions
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command economy
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what was an enormous farm in the Soviet Union on which a large team of laborers were gathered to work together during Joseph Stalin's reign called?
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collective farms
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what is a bathhouse in which Russinas perform a cleaning ritual in the countryside and cities called?
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banya
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what are the usually small plain houses in the country where 30 percent of Russians spend weekends and vacations in called?
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dachas
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what was the name of the Soviet military that had taken control of the region called?
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Red Army
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what does Azerbaijan mean?
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land of flames
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what is a georgian dinner party called? also means table cloth
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supra
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what is the route that is a 4000 mile journey btw China and the Mediterranean Sea called?
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Silk Road
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what was the struggle btw Great Britain and Russia for control in Central Asia called?
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Great Game
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who are people who have no permanent home called?
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nomads
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what is the name of one of the nomad's most valuable possesions called? (tent)
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yurts
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what is a region that straddles the Caucasus Mountains which stretch btw the Black and Caspian seas called?
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Caucasus
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which republic that remianed part of Russia after the collapse of the USSR experienced the worst violence?
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Chechnya
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what is the region south of Georgia, in the mountainous area of Azerbaijan where Armenia and Azerbaijan fighting over called?
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Nagorno-Karabakj
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what is the process when Russia began to sell government-owned businesses to individuals and private companies called?
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privatization
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what was a major obstacle facing economic reformers when lond distances btw places make communication and transportation difficult?
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distance decay
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what is the capital of Armenia
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Yerevan
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what is the capital of Azerbaijan
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Baku
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what is the capital of Belarus
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Minsk
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what is the capital of Estonia
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Tallin
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what is the capital of Georgia
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Tblisi
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what is the capital of Kazakhstan
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Astana
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what is the capital of Kyrgyzstan
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Bishkek
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what is the capital of Latvia
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Riga
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what is the capital of Lithuania
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Vilnius
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what is the capital of Moldova
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Chisinau
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what is the capital of russia
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Moscow
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what is the capital of Tajikistan
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Dushanbe
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what is the capital of Turkmenistan
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Ashgabat
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what is the capital of Ukraine
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Kiev
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what is the capital of Uzbekistan
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Tashkent
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what country is landlocked within Caucus mountains, first nation to make christianity official religion, first holocaust of 20th century when one million _______ slaughtered by Turks, important contributions to engineering, science, and literature
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Armenia
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what country is mainly Shiite Muslim, political turmoil w/ neighbor Armenia over Aremenian enclave: Nagorno-Karabakh, close ties w/ Turkey, shares other major border w/ Iran, oil reserves in Caspian recent boom
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Azerbaijan
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which country's western region taken from Poland after WWII by Russia, was privatizing economy when in 1994 its new leader returned to repressive Soviet socialism, signed agreement w/ Russia
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Belarus
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Northenmost Baltic nation, peninsula borders the Gulf of Finland. Country is closer to Finns than Russians, highly literate people, more than 1500 islands lie offshore, most prosperous and econmonically stable of former Soviet Republic
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Estonia
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_____orthodox, exports: citrus, tea, food, industrial products. Great Caucus and Little Caucus mountains cover most of the country. violent ethnic rivalries, idependence in 1991, culture and language date back to 4th century, more people over 100 years old here than anywhere else in world
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Georgia
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Sunni Muslim, Mineral wealth, agricultural potential, space programs, weapons factories brought millions of Russians, close military ties w/ Russia, 2nd in size to Russia (1 mill. sq. mi). careless use of pesticides led to bad toil on environment, borders Caspian Sea on west, China on east
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Kazakhstan
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Sunni Muslim, Krgyz people violently resisted Soviet attmept at agricultural collectivization, ethnic violence btw Kyrgyz and Uzbeks b/c Uzbek want independent state within country, imposing Tien Shan Mountains run along China border
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Kyrgyzstan
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Lutheran, people also called Letts which is from Lettish-______ language, one of oldest language can trace roots to Sanskrit, language of ancient India, 30% russian, highly controversial group, coastal areas hit by industrial pollution
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Latvia
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Roman Catholic, Russians make up less than 5% of population but sill hold key places in gov. Agricultural before Soviet, later industrialized, lithuanian leaders have taken country in direction of free market, privatization, 8% of pop. =Jewish, killed by Nazis, Borders Baltic Sea on west, Poland on southwest
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Lithuania
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second smallest soviet republic after Armenia, one of poorest nations in Europe, 25 mi, of Ukranian territory stands in way of dealing directly w/ middle eastern suppliers of energy resources
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Moldova
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World's largest country by area, 6 K mi, E to W, forests, tundra, broad plains, mountains in south, much of north = subartic (-90F), Lake Baykal, world's deepest freshwater lake in Siberia, religion = _____orthodox, muslim, ______=majority (3/4) but also have tartars, Ukrainians, ect. Gorbachev introduced glasnost+perestroika, but end up splinter USSR into Russia+14 other independent countries
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Russia
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Sunni Muslim 85%, Shiite 5%, cotton, fruit, aluminum, mountainous terrain: not invaded much as others, people not as nomadic, language similar to Farsi Iranians, Russia has given lots of aid to pro-communist gov, independence in 1990, political instability weakened poor economy
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Tajikistan
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Muslim Sunni, cotton, chemicals, oil, natural gas, Turkmen spoken Turksih dialect, Much nation cover by Kara Kum desert. Amu Darya River rans thru desert, Irrigation from Kara Kum canal, borders caspian sea and iran, working on pipeline to Turkey for natural gas
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Turkmenistan
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____Orthodoc=x, coal, chemicals, machinery, loss of _____(25% of agricultural+industrial production) hurt Russia, Breadbasket of USSR, 7-10 mill starved under stalin, welcomed Nazis at 1st but mills had died, dispute w/ Russia over control of Crimean Peninsula, 1996 last of 2000 warheads transferred to Russia. Needs to shut down Chernobyl but lack funds. Sevastopol, major seaport, home to Russia's Mediterranean fleet, Shifting to free market economy. Borders Poland, Hungary and Romania
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Ukraine
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sunni muslim, cotton, textiles, foodstuffs, fertilizers, desrt landscape irrigated by rivers. 3rd largest prodeucer of cotton, median age only 25.7, least democratic of former republics, communist leaders have won power and reinstated censorship and restrictions on individual liberties, terrorism by Islamic militants a major concern
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Uzbekistan
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What is the highest peak for Caucasus Mountains?
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Mt. Elbrus
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bound on west by ____, bound on east by ____
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Black Sea, Caspian sea
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which lake is 1 mi. deep, deepest+oldest freshwater lake in world, 20% of world's freshwater
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Lake Baikal
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which is the world's largest inland sea, approx 10 bigger than Japan, famous for sturgeon fish (90% of world's sturgeon), famous for population of seals
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Caspian Sea
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where does the Volga flow to
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Caspian Sea
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what occupies Eurasia's northeastern quadrant and makes up more than 3/4 of Russia's area
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Siberia
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why does Siberia have such dark history
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gulags, many revolutionary leaders spent time there
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what are some of Russia's natural resourcees
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coal, iron ore, oil, natural gas, petroleum, timber
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what is the division of east and west Europe mostly based on
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communism and industralization
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what was political history of region shaped by?
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communism
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from what time period did USSR last
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1924-1991
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how many republics did it contain
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15
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largest centrally planned ______ in the world (USSR)
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economy
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what was the official religion of USSR
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atheist
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what wasno longer suppressed during WWII since it was seen as uniting factor
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Orthodox Church
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what country was karl marx from?
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germany
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where was marx living at time of Industrial Revolution
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great britain
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how did living in GB during Industrial Revolution affect Karl
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saw children and women force to work long hard so came up w/ Ideal society
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what is the proletariat
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working class
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what was Marx's theory of Communism
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class struggle, spontaneous revolution, dictatorship of proletariat, anarchy
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Marx died a _______ person buried in London
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stateless
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why won't gov, be needed in Marx's theory of communism
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people work according to ability and rewarded according to their needs
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who wrote Communist Manifesto
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karl marx and Friedrich Ingles
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what was the bible for Communists (socialism) written by Marx?
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Das Kapita
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what is latin for czar
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caesar
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who were the people loyal to Lenin and part of Red Army
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Bolsheviks
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who deposed Czar Nicholas II and killed Czar Nicholas II w/ family
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Bolsheviks
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what were the three leading causes for the Russian revolution
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made decision to take control of army but no military experience, huge famine b/c made farmers join army, mass corruption
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who became revolutionary in teens, spent years in exile and goal was to lead a revolution instead of wait for it, leader of Bolsheviks
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Lenin
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whose ideas did Lenin believe in
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Marx's
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who were a secret police with powers to arrest and execute opponents called and were created by Lenin
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Cheka
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what does NEP stant for
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New Economic Policy
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what does NEP do?
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allows peasants to control own crops
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what were the couter-revolutionary armies led by former tsarist officers called?
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White army
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what means man of steel
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stalin
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what did stalin devise to build up russia's industry
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Five Year Plans
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What radical social experiment did Stalin implement
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collectivization of agriculture (gov owned every crop)
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who were the more successful farmers who resented giving land and resisted the collectivization of agriculture
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kulaks
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what were the consequences of stalin's radical experiment
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made kulaks mad, mass murder of livestock and crops, 8 mill arrested and sent to gulag, food shortage
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what saved russians from German invasion
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russian winters
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what did the USSR create to establish to keep communism to combat the power of NATO
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Warsaw pact
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what does NATO stand for
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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what does Glasnost mean
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openness
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what did Glasnost allow
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allow newspaper to be printed and people to publish their own ideas
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what does perestroika mean?
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restructing
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what did perestroika allow
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slowly rebuild russia
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when does Berlin wall fall
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1989
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who introduced Glasnost and Perestroika, won Nobel Peace Prize, after USSR disolves resigns as president
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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who was elected President in 1st open election after Mikhail Gorbachev
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Boris Yelsin
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what was the 1st term used by Winston Churchill, meant barrier btw 2 lands (West Europe and East Europe)
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Iron Curtain
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when was Yugoslavia formed?
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1918, after WWI
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what did Yugoslavia used to mean
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kindgom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
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what does yugoslavia mean now
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land of the serbs
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what type of gov. was Yugoslavia
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Fascist
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who were executed by the Croats as 1st ethnic cleansing
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Serbs and Jews
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who took control of gov in 1945, made yugoslavia communist
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Marshal Tito
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how did gov attempt to keep country together
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Serbian dominace over groups
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when did croatia and slovenia declare independence from serbia
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1991, same year USSR fell
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what did NATO do in 1995
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enforced ceasefire
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what did yugoslavian president do in dayton, ohio
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signed peace treaty
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what did the peace treaty in 1995 for yugoslavs do?
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divided bosnia and herzegovina into 2 regions
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what is another name for balkanization
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shatterblet
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when was term Balkanization 1st used
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when ottoman empire broke up right when WWI started
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what did the serbs and croats try to do to the muslims?
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ethnicly cleanse
