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Chernozem

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Rich black soil that supports the production of wheat and other crops.

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Hydroelectric Power

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Energy generated by falling water.

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Permafrost

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Permanently frozen layer of soil beneath the surface of the ground.

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Tundra

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Vast, treeless plain in Northern Russia.

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Taiga

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Forest belt in Russia's subarctic climate region.

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Steppe

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Temperate grassland area with dry summers and cold, dry winters.

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Harsh Climate

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Extreme weather makes human activity difficult.

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Warm-Water Port

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Year-round access by ships.

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Tundra Includes

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1. Very limited vegetation. 2. Very shallow soil over permafrost.

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Subarctic Includes

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1. Includes the Taiga. 2. Snow cover for 120 to 150 days each year.

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Humid Continental Includes

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1. Most of Russia's North European Plain. 2. Mild summer temperatures and excellent soil for grain crops.

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Steppe Includes

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1. Temperate region with long, cold, dry winters and dry summers. 2. Vast grasslands and crops such as mint and beans.

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How does Russia's climate affect its agriculture?

answer

In certain areas, Russia's climate is mild enough for farming, but most of Russia is too cold for successful farming.

question

How does Russia's physical geography contribute to its potential for world trade?

answer

Russia has natural resources and the Black Sea is the perfect warm-water port.

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Russia is the world's coldest country.

answer

False. Coldest>Largest.

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Russia spans 11 time zones; when it is noon in Moscow, it is 11 P.M. on Russia's Pacific Coast.

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True.

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European Russia and Asian Russia are separated by the Caucasus Mountains.

answer

False. Caucasus>Ural.

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Russia has warm-water ports on the Baikal Sea, which empties into the Aegean.

answer

False. Baikal>Black.

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The lake with the largest surface area is the Black Sea in southwestern Russia.

answer

False. Black>Caspian.

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European Russia's Dnieper River provides vital transportation links and hydroelectric power.

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False. Dnieper>Volga.

question

The great rivers of Siberia generally flow north into the Arctic Ocean.

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True.

question

Russia holds huge reserves of mineral resources, such as diamonds and coal.

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False. Diamonds>Oil.

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Most of Russia cannot be farmed because of its dry climate.

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False. Dry>Cold.

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Russia's flourishing tourist industry is important to the country's economy.

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False. Tourist>Fishing.

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What are the characteristics of the climate and seasons in most of Russia?

answer

Russia has long, cold, dry winters and short, cool, dry summers.

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Why does Siberia receive very little precipitation?

answer

Siberia is far from oceans and is in the higher latitudes.

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What kind of temperature is typical of the tundra climate?

answer

The average temperature is below freezing.

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Why does so little vegetation grow in the tundra?

answer

The tundra has a short growing season and thin soil above the permafrost.

question

What temperature and snowfall is typical of the subarctic climate?

answer

Its very cold and has snow cover for 120 to 250 days each year.

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How large is the Taiga forest and what resource does it provide?

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The Taiga covers 2/5 of Siberia and provides soft wood timber.

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Why do most Russians live in the country's mid-latitude climates?

answer

Its too cold in other places.

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What types of vegetation are found in Russia's humid continental climate?

answer

Mixed forests, sunflowers, sugar, beets, and wheat.

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How did the Russian winter of 1941 help defeat the German Army?

answer

The freezing cold stopped the German's machinery.

question

What are the recent challenges to the steppe ecosystem?

answer

Foreign plants are decreasing natural land fertility.

question

Nationality.

answer

General term for a major ethnic group.

question

Sovereignty.

answer

Self-rule.

question

Czar.

answer

Supreme ruler of Russia.

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Socialism.

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Belief calling for greater economic equality.

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Bolshevik.

answer

Member of a revolutionary group led by Lenin.

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Communism.

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Philosophy calling for a new society led by workers.

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Satellite.

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Country controlled by the Soviet Union.

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Cold War.

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Struggle between communism and capitalism for world influence.

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Perestroika.

answer

Policy of economic restructuring.

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Glasnost.

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Policy of greater political openness.

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Atheism.

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Belief that there is no god.

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Islam.

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Second largest religion in Russia.

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Buddhism.

answer

The religion of Tuva, Buryatia, and Kalmykia.

question

Pogrom

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Organised religious persecution.

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Socialist realism.

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Artists glorified Soviet communism.

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Ethnic diversity.

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Variety of ethnic groups.

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Serfs.

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Impoverished workers.

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Reform.

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Change intended as an improvement.

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What did the Communists accomplish after they won the civil war in Russia?

answer

They regained the Ukraine, Belarus, and Caucasus regions.

question

In what new direction did Joseph Stalin take the country?

answer

Joseph Stalin made Russia an industrial giant.

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What features influence Russia's population distribution?

answer

The cold weather and lack of ports are two major influences on Russia's population, as most people live in European Russia.

question

How has education changed since the collapse of the Soviet Union?

answer

The Soviet Union Era had mandatory, free education that focused mostly on math, science, and engineering. Now, schools have a balanced approach to teaching as they teach: math, science, engineering, history, language, and literature.

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Slavs Include.

answer

Serbs, Poles, and Ukrainians.

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Turkic Peoples Include.

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Tatars, Chuvash, Bashkivs, and Sakha.

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Caucasians Include.

answer

Chechens, Dagestanis, and Ingushetians.

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The Soviet government disapproved of religion and instead promoted _______.

answer

Atheism.

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Russia is made up of more than 70 _______________.

answer

Distinct gruous.

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Only ___ of the population lives in two-thirds of Russia's land area.

answer

15%.

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Most Russians who claim a religious affiliation belong to the ________________ church.

answer

Russian Orthodox.

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Russian Slavs dominate Russia's ________ and culture.

answer

Politics.

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The second largest ethnic group in Russia is the _____________.

answer

Turkic people.

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Russia's population is _________ because of poor health care and a low birthrate.

answer

Shrinking.

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The Caucasian peoples consist of the Chechens, Dagestanis, and ____________.

answer

Ingushetians.

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Some of the world's greatest literature comes from Russian authors such as ______________________ who wrote Gulag Archipelago.

answer

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn.

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Soviet "socialist _______" strangled artistic expression in Russia.

answer

Realism.

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May 1, or ______, was a workers' holiday in Soviet Russia, but today it is just a spring celebration.

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Mayday.

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Since 1991, ____ have returned to their homeland.

answer

Jews.

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Southeastern Russia is the home of the _____________.

answer

Turkic peoples.

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Since 1990, urban population growth in most industrialized cities has _________.

answer

Decreased.

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Prominent educators, writers , artists, and scientists made up the Soviet _____.

answer

Union.

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In the A.D. 600s, Slavs settled near (cities/waterways) on the North European Plain.

answer

Waterways.

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Kievan Rus was a loose union of (city-states/ethnic groups) organized by the Varangians.

answer

City-states.

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Ivan the Great, king of the Muscovites, built a huge fortress called the (Kremlin/Muscovy).

answer

Kremlin.

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Ivan the Terrible expanded Russian territory and became the country's supreme ruler, called a(n) (emperor/czar)

answer

Czar.

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By the late 1600s, Peter the Great had (conquered/modernized) Russia, built portsm and encouraged trade.

answer

Modernized.

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Because of government oppression and extreme poverty, many Russians were drawn to a belief in economic equality known as (feudalism/socialism).

answer

Socialism.

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The Bolsheviks, who believed in (socialism/communism), took control of the government in November 1917.

answer

Communism.

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After winning the civil war, the Bolsheviks established a new (country/army).

answer

Country.

question

Countries in the region controlled by the Soviet Union were called (satellites/provinces)

answer

Satellites.

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The Cold War was the struggle between communism and (socialism/capitalism) for world influence.

answer

Capitalism.

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Mikhail Gorbachev began to restructure Russia's economy through a policy called (glasnost/perestroika).

answer

Perestroika.

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The Soviet Union collapsed when all the Soviet Republics declared (war/independence).

answer

Independence.

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The move from a command economy to a (market/industrial) economy brought severe economic hardship to Russians.

answer

Market.

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Russia's stability has been threatened by (separatist/socialist) movements.

answer

Separatist.

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Highest point in Russia.

answer

Mount Elbrus.

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What percent of Russians live in the North European Plain?

answer

75 percent.

question

Volga River

answer

Fourth longest river in Russia and longest river in Europe.

question

How much of Russia's land is suitable for farming?

answer

10 percent.

question

Black Earth Belt

answer

Ukraine to southwestern Russia.

question

How much of the world's forest is in Siberia?

answer

One fifth.

question

Coldest temperature.

answer

-90 degrees Fahrenheit.

question

Tundra.

answer

Covers 10 percent of Russia.

question

Taiga.

answer

World's largest coniferous forest.

question

How many Russians are ethnic Russians?

answer

80 percent.

question

How many different ethnic groups are in Russia?

answer

Over 100.

question

Russia.

answer

World's sixth most populous country. 22 people per square mile.

question

Ivan IV.

answer

First crowned czar of Russia.

question

St. Petersburg.

answer

Window to the west.

question

Karl Marx

answer

Belief in a workers' revolution.

question

Nicholas II.

answer

Forced to give up his throne.

question

Lenin.

answer

First Communist leader.

question

Stalin's policies

answer

Caused many Russians to starve or die.

question

Mikhail Gorbachev.

answer

Responsible for glasnost.

question

Education.

answer

Nearly one hundred percent of Russians are literate.

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