Respiratory System chapter 22 – Flashcards
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The trachea divides into the left and right __________, which carry the air to the lung.
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primary bronchi
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The __________ pleura cover the lungs.
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visceral
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The __________ assists in breathing by acting like a lubricant.
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pleural fluid
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What specifically do the trachea and bronchi contain that keeps the airways open?
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Cartilage
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What is the function of the conducting zone of the bronchial tree?
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To warm, moisten, and filter the air
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Regulation of airflow in the bronchioles is maintained by:
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smooth muscle.
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The respiratory zone contains what structures for gas exchange?
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Alveoli
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The cell in the alveolus that secretes surfactant is called a __________.
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type II cell
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The respiratory membrane consists of the simple squamous epithelium and basement membrane of both the alveolus and the _____________.
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capillary
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Pulmonary edema __________ the thickness of the pulmonary membrane resulting in __________ gas exchange.
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increases; less
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The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as:
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Boyle's law.
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During inspiration, which muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity?
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Diaphragm and external intercostals
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Quiet __________ is a passive process caused by relaxation of the muscles.
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expiration
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Which pressure is always negative (acting like a suction to keep the lungs inflated)?
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Intrapleural
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If the transpulmonary pressure is zero, what will happen to the lung?
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The lungs will deflate.
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During inspiration the intrapulmonary pressure becomes less than what pressure?
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Atmospheric
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Histamine, released during allergic reactions, increases resistance within the airways. Thus, histamine release would __________ airflow.
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decrease
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The parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, which __________ the airways.
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constricts
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In fibrosis, the compliance of the lung decreases, making it __________ to inflate the lungs.
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harder
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A decrease in pulmonary surfactant, as in respiratory distress syndrome, will decrease compliance by:
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increasing surface tension.
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Which of the following gases is approximately 20.9% of our atmosphere?
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O2
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Calculate the partial pressure of CO2, given an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm Hg and a 0.04% concentration of CO2.
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0.3 mm Hg .04 x 760 = .3
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At high altitudes the atmospheric pressure is __________ it is at sea level.
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lower than
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Which gas law explains why more CO2 than O2 dissolves in liquid when both gases are at the same pressure?
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Henry's Law
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Which gas law explains how to calculate the partial pressure of each gas in an air sample?
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Dalton's law
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External respiration is the exchange of gases between:
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pulmonary capillaries and alveoli.
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Which of the following increases the partial pressure of water in the alveoli?
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Humidification of inhaled air
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The partial pressure of oxygen in the blood entering the pulmonary capillaries and in the alveoli is approximately:
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40 mm Hg in the capillaries and 104 mmHg in the alveoli.
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The partial pressure gradient of CO2 between the pulmonary capillary and alveoli is approximately:
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5 mm Hg
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When airflow is restricted, the partial pressure of O2 is low and the partial pressure of CO2 is high in the alveoli. What would happen (constriction or dilation) to the pulmonary arterioles and bronchioles during restricted airflow?
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Arterioles constrict; bronchioles dilate
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Hemoglobin is 100% saturated when how many molecules of O2 are bound to it?
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4
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After oxygen is unloaded from hemoglobin at the tissues, hemoglobin is called:
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deoxyhemoglobin.
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From the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, hemoglobin is 98% saturated when the partial pressure of oxygen is 100%. Is this saturation level in the lungs or in the tissues?
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In the lungs
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At high altitudes, the partial pressure of O2 can decrease 20 mm Hg in the lungs. How does high altitude affect the saturation of hemoglobin?
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There is a small decrease in the saturation of hemoglobin.
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During exercise the partial pressure of O2 in the tissues can decrease 20%. How does exercise affect the saturation of hemoglobin?
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There is a large decrease in the saturation of hemoglobin.
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Would an increase or decrease in temperature, PCO2, or BPG decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen?
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An increase in any of these factors would decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, releasing more oxygen to the tissues.
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A decrease in body temperature would shift the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve in which direction?
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Left (less O2 would be released to the tissues)
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How is the majority of CO2 transported in the blood?
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as bicarbonate ions
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As bicarbonate ions move out of the red blood cell, what ions move in?
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Chloride
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In the lungs, O2 loading facilitates CO2 unloading from hemoglobin. This is known as the _________ effect.
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Haldane
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What respiratory center sets the respiratory rhythm by automatically initiating respiration? Where is this center located?
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The dorsal respiratory group (DRG) in the medulla
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A homeostatic control mechanism (receptors, control center, and effectors) controls respiration. What acts as the sensor(s) in this system?
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Central and peripheral chemoreceptors
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Where are the central chemoreceptors located and to what chemical do they respond?
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Medulla; increased H+
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What is the most important stimulus controlling respiration?
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CO2
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The PO2 must drop below what level in order to stimulate the peripheral chemoreceptors?
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60 mm Hg
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As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and pH?
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Decreased PCO2 and increased pH
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If a person hypoventilates, what will happen to the partial pressures of O2 and CO2?
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Decreased PO2 and increased PCO2
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Hyperinflation of the lungs results in:
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inhibition of inspiration caused by pulmonary stretch receptors.
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Ventilation increases during exercise because of:
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receptors in muscles and joints, neural input from the motor cortex, increased body temperature, and other factors.
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Which respiratory group functions mainly during forced expiration?
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The ventral respiratory group (VRG).
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Ventilation is ________.
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the movement of air into and out of the lungs
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This portion of the upper respiratory system serves only as an air passageway.
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nasopharynx
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Speech occurs when air is moved through this passageway between the true vocal cords.
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glottis
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The trachea divides into ________ bronchi that lead to the lungs.
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2
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The lungs lie primarily ________ to the heart.
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lateral
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What kind of epithelium lines the trachea?
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar
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The primary bronchi enter the lungs at an area called the ________.
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hilum of the lung.
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The right lung has superior, middle, and inferior lobes. Which lobe is missing on the left side?
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middle
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What is the correct order of passageways, from proximal to distal?
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terminal bronchiole, respiratory bronchiole, alveolar duct
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The portion of the serous membrane that covers and adheres to the lung is called the ________.
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visceral pleura
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The functions of the nasal cavity include ________.
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warming, moistening, and filtering the air
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The larynx ________.
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contains the apparatus for speech
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The wall of the trachea is composed of several tissues. Which is unique to the trachea?
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cartilage rings
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The pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the trachea ________.
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produces mucus to trap dust particles, bacteria, and other debris; sweeps the mucus toward the throat, where it can be expelled or swallowed; and lines the airway that is held open by C-shaped cartilaginous rings
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Which lobes of the lungs are found in the apex?
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superior
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The medial surface of the left lung has a cavity that accommodates the contents of the mediastinum. It is called the ________.
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cardiac notch
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The respiratory membrane includes the ________.
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capillary and alveolar walls and their fused basal laminae
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Select the pair below that is a correct match of the structure and zone.
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conducting zone; trachea
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The inflated lungs of a fresh pluck ________.
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feel like a soft sponge
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During inhalation,
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the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.
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From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood?
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Alveoli
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Which statement is correct?
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In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.
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After blood becomes oxygenated,
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it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.
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Hemoglobin
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is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.
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Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law?
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The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.
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Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?
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diaphragm and external intercostals
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Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?
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intrapleural pressure
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During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?
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epinephrine
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If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?
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they will collapse
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What area in the brain sets the respiratory rhythm?
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ventral respiratory group (VRG)
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Inspiratory neurons send information to the diaphragm via what nerve?
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phrenic nerve
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What directly stimulates the central chemoreceptors, thus increasing respiration?
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H+ (hydrogen ions)
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As a result of hyperventilation, what will happen to the partial pressures of CO2 (pCO2) and pH?
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decreased pCO2 and increased pH
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Which receptors inhibit inspiration during hyperinflation of the lungs?
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pulmonary stretch receptors
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What stimulates increased respiration at the beginning of exercise?
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sensory input from receptors in joints, neural input from the motor cortex, and other factors
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A homeostatic control mechanism controls respiration. What acts as the effector(s) in this system?
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respiratory muscles
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Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system?
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pulmonary ventilation and external respiration
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Which parts of the respiratory system function as the main sites of gas exchange?
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alveoli
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What is the driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?
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volume changes of the thoracic cavity
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Which of the following is NOT a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?
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partial pressure of oxygen in the air
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What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?
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vital capacity
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What is ventilation-perfusion coupling?
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Matching the amount of gas reaching the alveoli to the blood flow in pulmonary capillaries
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Which of the following is the primary factor in oxygen attachment to, or release from, hemoglobin?
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partial pressure of oxygen
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What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?
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as a bicarbonate ion in plasma
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What determines the respiratory rhythm in the body?
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medullary respiratory centers
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What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?
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blood carbon dioxide level
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Which of the following respiratory structures is more commonly known as the "throat"?
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Pharynx
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Which of the following are the two main functions of the larynx.
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To provide a patent airway; to act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels.
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The _________________ is also known as the "guardian of the airways".
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epiglottis
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The smallest subdivisions of the lung visible with the naked eye are the _____________, which appear to be connected by black carbon in smokers.
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lobules
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What is the driving force behind pulmonary ventilation?
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volume changes of the thoracic cavity
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What is the primary form in which carbon dioxide is carried in blood?
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as a bicarbonate ion in plasma
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What is the most powerful respiratory stimulant in a healthy person?
answer
blood carbon dioxide level
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What is the amount of air that can be exhaled with the greatest possible exhalation after the deepest inhalation called?
answer
vital capacity
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The trachea divides into the left and right __________, which carry the air to the lung.
answer
primary bronchi
question
The __________ pleura cover the lungs.
answer
visceral
question
The __________ assists in breathing by acting like a lubricant.
answer
pleural fluid
question
What specifically do the trachea and bronchi contain that keeps the airways open?
answer
Cartilage
question
What is the function of the conducting zone of the bronchial tree?
answer
To warm, moisten, and filter the air
question
Regulation of airflow in the bronchioles is maintained by:
answer
smooth muscle.
question
The respiratory zone contains what structures for gas exchange?
answer
Alveoli
question
The cell in the alveolus that secretes surfactant is called a __________.
answer
type II cell
question
The respiratory membrane consists of the simple squamous epithelium and basement membrane of both the alveolus and the _____________.
answer
capillary
question
Pulmonary edema __________ the thickness of the pulmonary membrane resulting in __________ gas exchange.
answer
increases; less
question
The inverse relationship between pressure and volume is known as:
answer
Boyle's law.
question
During inspiration, which muscles contract, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity?
answer
Diaphragm and external intercostals
question
Quiet __________ is a passive process caused by relaxation of the muscles.
answer
expiration
question
Which pressure is always negative (acting like a suction to keep the lungs inflated)?
answer
Intrapleural
question
If the transpulmonary pressure is zero, what will happen to the lung?
answer
The lungs will deflate.
question
During inspiration the intrapulmonary pressure becomes less than what pressure?
answer
Atmospheric
question
Histamine, released during allergic reactions, increases resistance within the airways. Thus, histamine release would __________ airflow.
answer
decrease
question
The parasympathetic nervous system releases acetylcholine, which __________ the airways.
answer
constricts
question
In fibrosis, the compliance of the lung decreases, making it __________ to inflate the lungs.
answer
harder
question
A decrease in pulmonary surfactant, as in respiratory distress syndrome, will decrease compliance by:
answer
increasing surface tension.
