Radiation Protection Final – Flashcards
321 test answers
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almost all of the scattered radiation that is produced during a diagnostic x-ray examination is produced by?
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compton effect
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which type of interaction between matter and radiation does not occur in the normal diagnostic energy range?
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pair production
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a recoil electron is synonymous with?
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compton electron
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the photoelectric effect takes place when a?
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x-ray photon ejects an inner shell electron and is completly absorbed
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with pair production occuring the oncoming photon must have an energy level of at least?
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1.02 MEV
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when an incoming photon splits to form a positron and a negitron we have?
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pair production
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the radiation that occurs when an electron moves from an outter orbit to fill a vacancy in an inner orbit during the photoelectric effect is?
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characteristic radiation/ secondary
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image fog in diagnostic imaging is caused by?
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compton scatter
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x-rays transmitted without interaction contribute to?
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the radiographic image
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when an x-ray passes through matter, it undergoes a process called?
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attenuation
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which atomic shell possesses the highest binding energy?
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K shell
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during photoelectric absorption, a/an_______ shell electron is ejected
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inner
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during photoelectric absorption, the ejected electron is called a/an_____
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photoelectron
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the electron dislodged during compton scattering is called the?
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recoil electron
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what is it called when a primary photon changes direction but not energy?
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classical coherent scattering
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biological changes caused by x-rays are the result of what?
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ionization
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which of the following has the greatest effect on radiographic contrast? compton scattering classical scattering pair production photoelectric effect
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photoelectric effect
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which effect is most responsible for occupational exposure?
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compton effect
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differential absorption is dependent on the ? kvp of the exposure atomic # of the absorber mass density of the absorber
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kvp of the exposure, atomic # of the absorber, and mass density of the absorber
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coherent scattering occurs with _______ energy x-rays
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low
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a photoelectric interaction cannot occur unless the incident x-ray has energy_______ than the electron-binding energy.
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equal to or greater
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of the following three things that may occur when x-rays pass through tissue, which is not desirable for producing diagnostic images? absorption penetration scatter
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scatter
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as the energy loevel increases beyond a moderate level, the probabilty of compton occuring?
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decreases
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what is the effect called when an incedent x-ray photon interacts with an atom and produces a scattered secondary x-ray with the same energy but in a different direction?
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classical scattering
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when the x-ray photon reaches some material, which interaction may occur? the energy may be totally absorbed the energy may be momentarily absorbed there may be no interaction at all The energy may be partially absorbed
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ALL OF THE ABOVE (the energy may be totally absorbed the energy may be momentarily absorbed there may be no interaction at all The energy may be partially absorbed)
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photoelectric effect
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photoelectric effect
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compton scatter
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compton scatter
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what describes the wavelengths of a diagnostic x-ray beam?
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heterogeneous
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x-rays are classified as what type of radiation?
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electromagnetic
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anatomic structures that readily transmit x-rays are?
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radiolucent
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the photoelectric effect is principally associated with which of the following? absorption of an xray bremsstrahling xray production characteristic xray production electron excitation scattering of an xray
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absorption of an xray
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what happens to the energy of the xray photon when photodisintergration happens?
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absorbed by nucleus
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how much energy does an xray need for photodisintergration to occur?
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10 Mev
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what is the basic functional unit of all plants and animals?
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cell
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the human body is composed of about 80% ____.
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water
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the ___________ in the body provide furl for cell metabolism.
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carbohydrates
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the ____ in the cell are nucleic acids.
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DNA and RNA
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the most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell is the ____.
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DNA
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DNA is located in the _____ of the cell.
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Nucleus
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the metabolic process of building large molecules from smaller ones is called _____.
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anabolism
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all the hereditary information about an individual is contained in the ____ cells.
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germ
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the two major parts of the cell are the nucleus and the _____.
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cytoplasm
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the cell "engines" are the ____.
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mitochondria
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the ______ have the function of cleaning contaminants from the cell
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lysosomes
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ribonucleic acid is located primarily in the ?
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cytoplasm
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meiosis is the process of cell division for ____ cells
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genetic
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a cell is in ______ when it is not undergoing mitosis or meiosis.
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interphase
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any chromosome damage induced by radiation could be seen during the?
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metaphase
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during the ___ phase of cell life each DNA molecule is replicated into two identical daughter DNA molecules.
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S phase
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the process of cell meiosis results in cells with ______ chromosomes each
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23
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before cells mature they are called _______ cells.
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stem, precursor, or undifferentiated
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humans are most radiosensitive during?
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fetal stages
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the most radiosensitive macromolecule is?
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DNA
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DNA is contained in the ____ of the cell nucleus
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chromosomes
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radiation damage to DNA can result in? cell death malignant disease genetic changes
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all of the above (cell death malignant disease genetic changes)
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human cells are most radiosensitive during the ____ phase of the cell cycle
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synthesis
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the genetic female cells sre the?
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Oogonium
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what is the process of reduction cell division?
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meiosis
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to make a base pair, the purine adenine must be bonded to the pyrimidine _______?
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thymine
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the process of cell dicision results in ?
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two daughter cells
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if a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis?
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12
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the phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes become visible and centrioles seperate from one another is?
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prophase
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which of the following is not a phase of mitosis? anaphase metaphase telophase prophase interphase
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interphase
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in the cell cycle, the period between cell division is called?
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interphase
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carbohydrates may also be referred to as?
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saccharides
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the nucleolus contains which of the following? centrosomes RNA ribosomes lysosomes
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RNA
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lipids are referred to as ?
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fats
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the primary energy source for the cell is?
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glucose
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cytosine bonds only with which of the following nitrogenous organic bases? adenine guanine thymine uracil
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guanine
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the process of locating and identifying the genes in the human genome is called?
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mapping
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the S phase of mitosis is the?
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actual DNA synthesis period
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compounds that do not contain carbon are called?
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inorganic
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messenger RNA (mRNA) transferes its genetic code to another kind of RNA molecule called transfer RNA (tRNA) T or F?
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TRUE
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catabolism is the process of breaking down organic materials to produce energy for the cell T or F ?
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TRUE
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the large, double-membrane, oval, or bean shaped, structures that function as the powerhouses of the cell are called?
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mitochondria
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the protoplasm outside the cells nucleus is called what?
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cytoplasm
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tissues that are ______ with a ______ metabolic rate are more radiosensitive. ? immature,low immature,high mature,low mature,high
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immature, high
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as LET ______, the RBE_______ ? increases,remains the same decreases,remains the same increases,increases increases,decreases
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increases,increases
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the protracted dose of radiation is given?
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over a long period of time
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a dose of 1000 rads is given to a patient in 5 doe=es of 200 rads per day is a ____ dose
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fractionated
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the LET of diagnostic xrays is _____ Kev/um
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3.0 Kev/um
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tissue is _______ radiosensitive under high oxygen conditions and _______ radiosensitive under hypoxic conditions? less,equally less,more more,less more,equally
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more,less
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fractionation and protraction are used for radiation therapy because they allow the patient to _____. recover between doses have higher total doses repair damaged tissues
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all of the above (recover between doses have higher total doses repair damaged tissues)
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humans are most radiosensitive during?
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fetal stages
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the possible beneficial effect of a small amount of radiation is called ?
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hormesis
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the type of dose-responce curve used to predict GENETIC effects is the ?
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linear, nonthreshold
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the theory of radiation hormesis suggests that radiation doses below 10 rads are?
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beneficial
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which statement is true concerning the effects of radiation exposure? no effects occur at low rad levels damage is not passed of to offspring the body can repair most damage mutation only occurs at high exposure
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the body can repair most damage
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xrays cuase biological damage to tissue by a process known as>
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ionization
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what does an nonthreshold dose look like on a graph?
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can be any line (straight or curved) originating on the Y axis
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what does a non-linear dose-responce graphy look like?
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any curved line coming off either the X or Y axis
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before cells mature they are called what?
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stem, precursor, or undifferentiated
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in 1906 bergonie and tribondeau established a lawl which states that cells are more radiosensitive if they? have a low proliferation rate are stem cells are young
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are stem cells, and if they are young
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______ is a measure of the rate of energy that is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue.
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LET
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the RBE of diagnostic xrays is equal to ___
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1
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cataractogenosis does not occur at low levels of radiation exposure. therefore it is best expressed by what dose-responce relationship?
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A threshold dose-responce relationship
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what does responce curve is the basic principle of radiation protection in medical radiography?
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linear,nonthreashold
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cells are more radiosensitive when oxygenated. T or F ?
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TRUE
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the amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of tissue being traversed is?
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linear energy trandfer (LET)
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what does a linear non-threashold curve look like?
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a straight line that makes contact with the Y axis
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what does a non linear threashold curve look like?
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any curved line that makes contact with the X axis
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what does a linear threshold curve look like?
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any straight line that makes contact with the X axis
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what are graphs called that show the relationship between dose of radiation recieved and incidence of effects?
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dose responce curves
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what dose-responce relationship manes there is no safe level of radiation, and the responce to the radiation is not directly proportional to the dose recieved?
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nonlinear-nonthreashold effect
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which of the following has the highest LET?
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alpha particles
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LET is measured in which of the following? gray Kev/rad Kev/um rad rad/um
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Kev/um
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LET is best defined as? a method of expressing radiation quality a measure of the rate at which radiation energy is transfered to soft tissue absorption of polyenergetic radiation
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all of the above (a method of expressing radiation quality a measure of the rate at which radiation energy is transfered to soft tissue absorption of polyenergetic radiation)
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the skin responce to radiation exposure that appears as hair loss is known as?
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epilation
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biologic material is least sensitive to irradiation under which of the following conditions? anoxic hypoxic oxygenated deoxygenated
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anoxic
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diagnostic x-radiation may be correctly described as? low energy, low LET low energy, high LET high energy, low LET high energy, high LET
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low energy, Low LET
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is a macromolecule has a _________ , it will break down into smaller molecules
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main-chain scission
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molecular lesions of DNA are called?
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point mutations
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two OH* free radicals can join to form _________ molecules
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hydrogen peroxide
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OH-
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hydroxyl ion
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OH*
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hydroxyl free radical
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e-
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electron
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H2O
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water molecule
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H+
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hydrogen ion
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H*
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hydrogen free radical
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HOH+
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positive water molecule
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HOH-
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negitive water molecule
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main-chain scission _____ the size of the macromolecule and _______ the viscosity of the solution.
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decreases, decreases
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irradation outside of the body is called?
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invitro
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irradiation within the body is called?
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invivo
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irradiation in vivo demonstrates that macromolecules are considerably ____ radiosensitive in this enviornment.
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more
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name 3 principal abservable effects of DNA irradiation?
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main-chain scission cross-linking point lesions
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which type of chemical can be produced by free hydroxyl radicals? water sulfahydryls hydrogen perioxide oxygen
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hydrogen peroxide
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which of the following macromolecules is considered to be the most radiosensitive? proteins lipids DNA RNA
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DNA
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which of the following contains all the hereditary information for a cell? pyridmidines nucleotides deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acis
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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irradiation of water molecules within the body, and their resulting breakdown is called?
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radiolysis
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the probabilty of a hit is increased with ______ oxygen and ______ LET radiation.
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high, high
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the principle radiation interaction within the human body is with ______.
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water
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according to target theory, the target molecule of a cell is?
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the DNA in the nucleus
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an indirect effect from ionizing radiation occurs on a __________ molecule.
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water
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a hit to a target molecule can occur from a(n)_______ effect.
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indirect or direct
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the principle radiation interactions within the human body are assumed to be _________ effects.
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indirect effects
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the lethal effects of cell irradiation are measured by cell_______.
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survival
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A ________ is an unstable molecule that loses one of its electrons and therefore becomes unbalanced and highly reative.
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free radical
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free radicals are more easily produced in the presence of oxygen. T or F ?
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TRUE
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when does radiolysis of water occur?
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when water is ionized
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a negativley charged water molecule splits into what two components?
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hydrogen radical and hydroxyl ion
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how do hydrogen and and hydroxyl radicals cause biological damage? they can destroy chemical bonds hydroxyl radical s can bond to form hydrogen peroxide hyrdogen radical can interact with molecular oxygen, forming a hydroperoxyl radical
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all of the above (they can destroy chemical bonds hydroxyl radical s can bond to form hydrogen peroxide hyrdogen radical can interact with molecular oxygen, forming a hydroperoxyl radical)
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what first happens when an xray interacts with and ionizes a molecule of water?
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an electron is dislodged, creating an ion pair
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what effect is responciple for producing free radicals?
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indirect effect
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most of the damage to a cell occurs as a result of?
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indirect effect
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cells are more readiosensitive when? fully oxygenated deoxygenated slowly dividing near the skin
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fully oxygenated
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what is the name for changes in genetic code passed on to the next generation?
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mutations
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what effect occurs when the target molecule is ionized?
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direcet effect
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what states that each cell has a master molecule that direct all cellular activities and that, if inactivated, will result in cellular death?
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target theory
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lab experiments have shown that damage caused by irradiation of macromolecules is not reversible through intracellular repair and recovery. T or F?
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FALSE the cell can repair and recover damage even in macromolecules
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which type of irradiation of macromolecules have small, spur-like side structures that extend off the main chain?
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cross linking
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___________ is the breaking down of nutrients into smaller molecules wiht an accompanying release of energy.
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catabolism
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___________ is the production os large molecules for form and function for metabolism in the cell
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anabolism
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proteins are less radiodensitive than nucleic acids. T or F?
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TRUE
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most human cells that are in a normal state of proliferation have generation times of how many hours?
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24 hours
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irradiation of mammalian cells with high-LET radiation follows which model? single-target, single-hit multitarget, single-hit
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single-target, single-hit
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human cells are ________ radiosensitive in M phase and ______ radio resistant in late S phase of the cell cycle.
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most , most
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a free radical is an uncharged molecule that contains a single unpaired electron in the outer shell. T or F?
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TRUE
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according to the _________, cell death will occur only if the target molecule is inactivated.
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target theory
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the form of ARS that results when the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system recieve ionizing radiation doses of 50 Gy (5000 rads) or more?
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central nervous system syndrome
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radiation sickness that occurs in human begins after whole body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation (1 Gy) (100 rads) or more delivered in a short time.
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Acute radiation syndrome
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during the latent period the radiation victim experiences?
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well being
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the LD 50/60 is the dose of radiation to the whole body that will result in death within ___ days to ___ % of the population
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60 days, 50% (percent always the numerator)
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which of the following is noe a form of acute radiation syndrome? carcinogenic syndrome hematopoietic syndrome gastrointestinal syndrome central nervous system syndrome
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carcinogenic syndrome
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a whole bosy dose equivalent of 3000 rem (30 msv) would probably cause death in 4-10 days by what mechanism?
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gastrointestinal death
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three days after recieving a dose of 1000 rad, physiologic alterations in the small intedtine include all of the following except? crypt cell death diarrhea epilation leakage of proteins from the intestinal lumen loss of electrolytes and water
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epilation
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which of the following is not one of the stages of acute radiation syndrome? prodromal manifest latent prophase
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prophase
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which of the following are symptoms associated with the prodromal stage of ARS? nausea lethargy diarrhea
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nasuea and diarrhea
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a whole body dose equivlent of 1000 rads would probably cause death in 4-10 days by what mechanism?
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gastrointestinal death
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the latent period is the time after exposure during which there is no sign of radiation sickness. T or F ?
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TRUE
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what is the most radio resistant species?
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cockroach
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a victim may experiance the manifest ilness stage, which consists of the following? hematologic gastrointestinal central nervous system
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all of the above (hematologic gastrointestinal central nervous system)
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what is the mean survival time of the ccentral nervous system syndrome?
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0-3 days
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which of the following populations have experianced an excessive incidence of lung cancer? radium dial watch painters uranium miners TB fluro patients atomic bomb survivors
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uranium miners
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during which period of pregnancy will hihg irradiation of the embryo or fetus most likley result in congenital abnormailty?
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weeks 2-10
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which population has experienced an excessive incidence of breast cancer?
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TB fluro patients
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when radiation effects are termed deterministic?
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the severity of the responce is dose-related
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approximately what is the threashold dose after an acute xray exposure necessary to produce cataracts?
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200 rad
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what population has experianced an excessive incidence of bone cancer?
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radium watch dial painters
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radiation induced cataracts appear?
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on the posterior pole of the lens
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which of the following is considered a late radiotion responce? cataracts moist desquamation lymphocytic depression epilation
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cataracts
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human responces to radiation exposure that are late effects are called?
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stachastic
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radiation induced leukemia is considered to have a letent period of ?
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4-7 years
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which of the following is considered a late radiation responce? sterility lung cancer skin erythema hematological depression
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lung cancer
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what population has experianced excessive incidence of liver cancer?
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thoratrast (contrast) patients
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is a disease exceeds the number of cases of which it is expected, the difference between the observed cases and the expected number would be?
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excessive risk
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the theory of radiation hormesis suggest that very high doses are beneficial. T or F?
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FASLE, LOW doses are beneficial
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the dose of radiation that produces twice the frequency of genetic mutations as would have been observed without the radiation is?
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doubling dose
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existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans ?
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are still inconclusive
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radiation protection guidelines are based on?
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late effects of radiation
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an epidemiological study of the late effects of very low doses of radiation requires a population of ___ people
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millions
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ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with radiation showed an increased incidence of?
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leukemia
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peolpe who had radiation treatment to their thymus gland as children later showed excess risk for ?
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thyroid cancers
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relative risk is written as?
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observed cases/expected cases
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our information on the genetic effects of radiation has come from studies on?
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mice and fruit flies
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the type of dose-responce curve used to predict genetic effects is the?
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linear nonthreashold
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A ____________ effect increases with incidence but not severity as the dose increases
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stochastic
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BEIR stands for?
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biological effects of ionizing radiation
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stochastic somatic effects are also called ?
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probabilistic effects
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nonstochastic somatic effects are called?
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deterministic effects
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what population has experianced an excessive incidence of leukemia?
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atomic bomb survivors
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chataracts do not occur at low levels of radiation exposure. therefore it is best expressed by what dose-responce relationship?
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threashold
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radiation effects that show up in the next generation are called?
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genetic
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the best estimate for radiation induced life span shortening is?
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10 days for every rad
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what situation will cause the greates harm from radiation exposure?
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large dose over a short period of time
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what would be the most likley result of repeatedly subjecting the hands to radiation or to treatment for conditions such as ringworm and acne with high doses of low energy xrays?
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skin cancer
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what dose responce curve is the basic principle of radiation protection in medical radiography based on?
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linear, nonthreashold
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uranium miners in the colorado plateau who developed lung cancer years after exposure provide an extra example of what?
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late stochastic somatic effects
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when a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers in a given population will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases in that population with age, the risk is described by what term?
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relative
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studies of postpartum patients treated with ionizing radiation for relief of mastitis indicate that in this group of individuals, radiation exposure to healthy breast tissue?
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can cause breast cancer
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it is difficult to link cancer to radiation because it occurs ____ in the population
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in high proportion
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a realtive risk of 2:1 means
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twice as many cases of disease as expected
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the leakage radiatioin limit for an xray tube is less than _______ at 1 meter from the tube housing
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100 mR/hr
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the xray control pannel must show?
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mAs used
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the collimator light must be accurate to within ____% of the SID
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2%
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the minimum requirement for filtratioin on xray equipment operating above 70 Kvp is ?
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2.5 mm Al equivalent
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the output intensities of reproduced exposures should not vary more than _____ % from each other.
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5%
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measuring the relationship between the output intensities of adjacent mA stations is a test of ?
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linearity
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the source to skin distance must be no less than _____ cm on stationary fluroscopes.
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38 cm
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the _____ is the primary protective barrier for the fluroscopic xray tube.
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image intensifier
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the fluroscopic exposure control switch is always a(n) ______ type.
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deadman
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the bucky slot opening in the side of the table must be automatically covered with _____ mm Pb during fluroscopy
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0.25 mm Pb
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a cumulative timer is designed to ____ of fluroscopy beam on time.
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make the radiologist aware
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primary radiation is ?
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the useful beam
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the intensity of scatter radiation 1 meter from the patient is approximately _______ of the intensity of the incident beam at the patient.
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0.1%
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at the level of the tabletop, the intesity of the fluroscopic beam should not exceed ______ for each mA of operation at 80 kVp
answer
2.1 R/min
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a controlled area is one primarily occupied by ?
answer
radiology personnel and patients
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a quantity that reflects both dose and volume of tissue irradiated is the ?
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dose area product
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the design of an uncontrolled area in radiology is based on the NCRP recommended limit of _____ mrem/yr for the public.
answer
100 mrem/yr
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gas-filled radiation detectors are based on the?
answer
ionization of gas
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a geiger-muller counter is a(n) ________.
answer
gas filled detector
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tha advantages of using thermoluminescent dosimeters are?
answer
small size and tissue equivalent responce
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when preforming a mobile fluroscopic procedure, to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use minimal source-skin distance of _____ cm ( ___inches)
answer
30 cm (12 inches)
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during fluroscopic examination a resettable cumulative timing device times the xray beam-on time and sounds an audible alarm of temporarily interrupts the exposure after the fluroscope has been activated for what length of time?
answer
5 minutes
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the control pannel, where technical exposure factors are selected and seen on indicators by the equipment operator, must be located?
answer
behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure
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what is another term for use factor (U)?
answer
beam direction factor
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what is the term for the proportional amount of time during which the xray beam is energized or directed toward a particular barrier?
answer
use factor
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________ is the radiation output weighted time the unit is actually delivering radiation during the week.
answer
workload
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secondary radiation includes ____ radiation
answer
leakage and scatter
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who should determine the exact shielding requirments for a particular imaging facility?
answer
medical physicist
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the goal of the alliance for radiation saftey in pediatric imaging is to ?
answer
increase the awareness of the need to reduce patient dose for pediatric patients
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what do film badges, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters, pocket ionization chambers, and TLD's have in common?
answer
these devices are all use for personnel monitoring
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what device contains an aluminium oxide detector?
answer
OSL dosimeter
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Which of the following is not a basic component of the film badge dosimeter? radiographic film packet durable plastic film holder charged electrodes assortment of metal filters
answer
charged electrodes
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what should be given to a radiation worker on termination of employment?
answer
a summary of an occupational exposure report
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the OSL dosimeter is read out by using
answer
a lazer light at selected frequencies
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health physics is concerned with minimizing radiation to ?
answer
radiation physicists, radiation workers, and public
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exposure is measured by multiplying ______ by ____
answer
exposure rate, exposure time
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a tenth value layer is equal to _____ half value layers.
answer
3.3
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the dose limit for the general public is ____ the dose limit for occupational exposure.
answer
1/10
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the use factor is based on?
answer
what percentage of time the primary xray beam will be striking a barrier
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types of secondary barriers include?
answer
control booth walls, and mobile xray barriers
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a controlled area is defiened as one?
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that is occupied by people trained in radiation saftey, and that is occupied by people who wear radiation monitors
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any wall that the useful beam can be directed towards is called a ?
answer
primary barrier
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which of the following locations in a hospital should have the highest occupancy? lab elevator corridor restroom waiting room
answer
lab
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what contributes to the exposure of radiologic technologists?
answer
scatter radiation
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in thermoluminescence dosimetery, a plot of output intensitiy versus tempurature is called?
answer
a glow curve
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when using mobile radiographic equipmet, where should the radiographer stand in realetion to the patient and primary beam?
answer
at right angles to the xray beam scattering object (patient) line
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how can radiographers minimixe their risk orf radiation exposure during fluroscopy?
answer
using a protective drap, bucky slot cover, and rotating personnel through the fluro department on a reguar basis
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when considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does the general public refer to?
answer
patients, visitiors, and personnel that do not work with radiographic equipment
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what are the primary protective barriers designed to protect against?
answer
primary or useful beam radiation
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in determining barrier thickness, what does the use factor or beam direction factor represent?
answer
the fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier
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in terms of the occupancy factor in radiation protection, parking lots, elevators, and stairways are considered to be what?
answer
uncontrolled areas
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what is the best location for the control pannel exposure switch?
answer
either stationary onthe control pannel or on a short cord so it can be used only from within the control pannel
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the cord on a moblie radiographic unti should allow the radiographic technologist to stand at least how far from the unit?
answer
6 feet
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what are primary protective berriers?
answer
those at which the primary beam is directed
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in determining barrier thickness, the amount of time an xray unit operates is referred to as what?
answer
workload factor
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when are bucky slot covers and protective curtains used?
answer
during fluro procedures
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how thick must lead be in the primary barrier of a radiographic room?
answer
1/16 "
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what is the best protection from radiation?
answer
distance
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the level of radiation activity in a room each week is called _______ and is measured in mAmin/wk
answer
workload
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which of the following methods is used to determine if an xray tube has adequate filtration?
answer
half-value layer (HVL) measurement
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if 2mm Al is added to an xray bean that has a HVL of 2 mm Al, how much will the exposure be reduced?
answer
50%
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patient dose is estimated by conducting simulated xray examinations with ?
answer
human phantoms and test objects
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the frequency of xray examinations being prefoemed is increasing inall age groups. T or F ?
answer
TRUE
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patient dose from diagnostic xrays is most often reported in?
answer
entrance skin exposure
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how is ESE calculated?
answer
output intensity (mR/mAs) X mAs = mR
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acute skin effects from radiation exposure have been reported following?
answer
angiointerventional exams
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for the average fluro exam the ESE is?
answer
4 R/min
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an estimation of patient dose is reported as?
answer
ESE, bone marrow dose, and gonadal dose
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bone marrow dose is measured ?
answer
as an estimate from ESE
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the simpliest way to measure patient dose is to measure the ?
answer
ESE
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the approximate bone marrow dose to the population of the US is?
answer
100 mR/yr
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the genetically siginificant dose for the general public is important because of the risk of ?
answer
effects on the gene pool
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CT is considered a low dose procedure. T or F?
answer
FALSE, it is considered a high dose procedure
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the period of major organogenesis is during the _____ of pregnancy
answer
2-10 week
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preforming routine xray exams without indication is acceptable?
answer
never
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what exam does NOT have the highest repeat rates?
answer
chest xray
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breast dose for a scoliosis exam can be minimized by using the _______.
answer
PA projection, and lead shielding
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for diagnostic xray personnel, the highest occupational exposure occurs during _____ exams.
answer
fluro and mobile
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personnel working in interventional radiography should be provided with?
answer
extremity monitoring
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the lens of the eye should never recieve more than _____ per year.
answer
150 mSv (15 Rem)
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dose limits are described as ?
answer
effective dose
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the tissue weighting factor has a higher value for tissues with more?
answer
radiosensitivity
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for nursing personnel present during mobile xray imaging, a personnel monitoring device is required?
answer
not at all
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the dose limit for extermities is?
answer
500mSv/yr (50rem/yr)
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the lowest occupational exposure of diagnostic xray personnel occurs during?
answer
CT and mammography
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the dose limit to the general public is?
answer
1mSv/yr (100mrem/yr)
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techs working in fluro should use the radiologist as shielding whenever possible in addition to the apron and curtains. T or F ?
answer
TRUE
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occupational radiation monitoring is required if the individual may get ______ of the recomended dose limit.
answer
10%
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OSL monitors are superior to thermoluminescent dosimeters in that they are ____.
answer
more sensitive to low exposure
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during fluro the exposure to the collar is _____ times greater than exposure to the trunk of the body under the protective apron
answer
20
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the minimum required thickness of a lead apron is?
answer
0.25 mm lead equivalent
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the dose limit for the tech during pregnancy is?
answer
0.5mSv/mo (50 mrem/mo)
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every radiation department should provide a radiation saftey program that includes?
answer
training new employees, periodic in-services for all employees, counseling during pregnancy
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there are no circumstances under which a tech should be given an involuntary leave of absence due to preganacy T or F ?
answer
TRUE
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a traditional unit of measurement for radiation exposure in air is?
answer
roentgen
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what traditional unit of measurement is used to describe exposure recorded on a film badge?
answer
rem
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for rad protection perposes...
answer
1 R=1rem=1rad
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which traditional unit of radiation measurement describes patient dose?
answer
rad
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what is the annual whole body effective dose for a technologist?
answer
5 rem (50mSv)
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in 1994, the NRC changed the term describing maximum dosage for techs, the new correct term is?
answer
dose-limiting recommendations
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the cumulative dose limit for an occupationally exposed worker is ?
answer
10 mSv x age
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what is the minimum thickness of a gonadal shield for primary beam shielding in the 50-100 kvp range?
answer
1 mm lead equivalent
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when correctly placed, gonadal shielding will reduce dose by ____ if gonads are in the primary xray field
answer
50%-90%
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which of the protection devices must be in place before a fluroscopic procedure?
answer
bucky slot shield
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what are SI units?
answer
coulomb per kg, Gray, Sievert
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