question

which of the following would absorb the most x-rays? muscle air-filled lungs bone soft tissue

answer

bone

question

the decrese in exposure rate of radiation caused by absorption through the material is known as?

answer

attenuation

question

the probability of photoelectric effect increases with? incresing Kvp incresing atomic # of the absorber decresing Kvp

answer

incresing atomic # of the absorber AND decreasing Kvp

question

the compton effect is characterized by?

answer

partial transfer of energy upon collision

question

almost all of the scattered radiation that is produced during a diagnostic x-ray examination is produced by?

answer

compton effect

question

which type of interaction between matter and radiation does not occur in the normal diagnostic energy range?

answer

pair production

question

a recoil electron is synonymous with?

answer

compton electron

question

the photoelectric effect takes place when a?

answer

x-ray photon ejects an inner shell electron and is completly absorbed

question

with pair production occuring the oncoming photon must have an energy level of at least?

answer

1.02 MEV

question

when an incoming photon splits to form a positron and a negitron we have?

answer

pair production

question

the radiation that occurs when an electron moves from an outter orbit to fill a vacancy in an inner orbit during the photoelectric effect is?

answer

characteristic radiation/ secondary

question

image fog in diagnostic imaging is caused by?

answer

compton scatter

question

x-rays transmitted without interaction contribute to?

answer

the radiographic image

question

when an x-ray passes through matter, it undergoes a process called?

answer

attenuation

question

which atomic shell possesses the highest binding energy?

answer

K shell

question

during photoelectric absorption, a/an_______ shell electron is ejected

answer

inner

question

during photoelectric absorption, the ejected electron is called a/an_____

answer

photoelectron

question

the electron dislodged during compton scattering is called the?

answer

recoil electron

question

what is it called when a primary photon changes direction but not energy?

answer

classical coherent scattering

question

biological changes caused by x-rays are the result of what?

answer

ionization

question

which of the following has the greatest effect on radiographic contrast? compton scattering classical scattering pair production photoelectric effect

answer

photoelectric effect

question

which effect is most responsible for occupational exposure?

answer

compton effect

question

differential absorption is dependent on the ? kvp of the exposure atomic # of the absorber mass density of the absorber

answer

kvp of the exposure, atomic # of the absorber, and mass density of the absorber

question

coherent scattering occurs with _______ energy x-rays

answer

low

question

a photoelectric interaction cannot occur unless the incident x-ray has energy_______ than the electron-binding energy.

answer

equal to or greater

question

of the following three things that may occur when x-rays pass through tissue, which is not desirable for producing diagnostic images? absorption penetration scatter

answer

scatter

question

as the energy loevel increases beyond a moderate level, the probabilty of compton occuring?

answer

decreases

question

what is the effect called when an incedent x-ray photon interacts with an atom and produces a scattered secondary x-ray with the same energy but in a different direction?

answer

classical scattering

question

when the x-ray photon reaches some material, which interaction may occur? the energy may be totally absorbed the energy may be momentarily absorbed there may be no interaction at all The energy may be partially absorbed

answer

ALL OF THE ABOVE (the energy may be totally absorbed the energy may be momentarily absorbed there may be no interaction at all The energy may be partially absorbed)

question

photoelectric effect

answer

photoelectric effect

question

compton scatter

answer

compton scatter

question

what describes the wavelengths of a diagnostic x-ray beam?

answer

heterogeneous

question

x-rays are classified as what type of radiation?

answer

electromagnetic

question

anatomic structures that readily transmit x-rays are?

answer

radiolucent

question

the photoelectric effect is principally associated with which of the following? absorption of an xray bremsstrahling xray production characteristic xray production electron excitation scattering of an xray

answer

absorption of an xray

question

what happens to the energy of the xray photon when photodisintergration happens?

answer

absorbed by nucleus

question

how much energy does an xray need for photodisintergration to occur?

answer

10 Mev

question

what is the basic functional unit of all plants and animals?

answer

cell

question

the human body is composed of about 80% ____.

answer

water

question

the ___________ in the body provide furl for cell metabolism.

answer

carbohydrates

question

the ____ in the cell are nucleic acids.

answer

DNA and RNA

question

the most radiosensitive target molecule in the human cell is the ____.

answer

DNA

question

DNA is located in the _____ of the cell.

answer

Nucleus

question

the metabolic process of building large molecules from smaller ones is called _____.

answer

anabolism

question

all the hereditary information about an individual is contained in the ____ cells.

answer

germ

question

the two major parts of the cell are the nucleus and the _____.

answer

cytoplasm

question

the cell "engines" are the ____.

answer

mitochondria

question

the ______ have the function of cleaning contaminants from the cell

answer

lysosomes

question

ribonucleic acid is located primarily in the ?

answer

cytoplasm

question

meiosis is the process of cell division for ____ cells

answer

genetic

question

a cell is in ______ when it is not undergoing mitosis or meiosis.

answer

interphase

question

any chromosome damage induced by radiation could be seen during the?

answer

metaphase

question

during the ___ phase of cell life each DNA molecule is replicated into two identical daughter DNA molecules.

answer

S phase

question

the process of cell meiosis results in cells with ______ chromosomes each

answer

23

question

before cells mature they are called _______ cells.

answer

stem, precursor, or undifferentiated

question

humans are most radiosensitive during?

answer

fetal stages

question

the most radiosensitive macromolecule is?

answer

DNA

question

DNA is contained in the ____ of the cell nucleus

answer

chromosomes

question

radiation damage to DNA can result in? cell death malignant disease genetic changes

answer

all of the above (cell death malignant disease genetic changes)

question

human cells are most radiosensitive during the ____ phase of the cell cycle

answer

synthesis

question

the genetic female cells sre the?

answer

Oogonium

question

what is the process of reduction cell division?

answer

meiosis

question

to make a base pair, the purine adenine must be bonded to the pyrimidine _______?

answer

thymine

question

the process of cell dicision results in ?

answer

two daughter cells

question

if a cell has 12 chromosomes, how many chromosomes will each of its daughter cells have after mitosis?

answer

12

question

the phase of mitosis during which the chromosomes become visible and centrioles seperate from one another is?

answer

prophase

question

which of the following is not a phase of mitosis? anaphase metaphase telophase prophase interphase

answer

interphase

question

in the cell cycle, the period between cell division is called?

answer

interphase

question

carbohydrates may also be referred to as?

answer

saccharides

question

the nucleolus contains which of the following? centrosomes RNA ribosomes lysosomes

answer

RNA

question

lipids are referred to as ?

answer

fats

question

the primary energy source for the cell is?

answer

glucose

question

cytosine bonds only with which of the following nitrogenous organic bases? adenine guanine thymine uracil

answer

guanine

question

the process of locating and identifying the genes in the human genome is called?

answer

mapping

question

the S phase of mitosis is the?

answer

actual DNA synthesis period

question

compounds that do not contain carbon are called?

answer

inorganic

question

messenger RNA (mRNA) transferes its genetic code to another kind of RNA molecule called transfer RNA (tRNA) T or F?

answer

TRUE

question

catabolism is the process of breaking down organic materials to produce energy for the cell T or F ?

answer

TRUE

question

the large, double-membrane, oval, or bean shaped, structures that function as the powerhouses of the cell are called?

answer

mitochondria

question

the protoplasm outside the cells nucleus is called what?

answer

cytoplasm

question

tissues that are ______ with a ______ metabolic rate are more radiosensitive. ? immature,low immature,high mature,low mature,high

answer

immature, high

question

as LET ______, the RBE_______ ? increases,remains the same decreases,remains the same increases,increases increases,decreases

answer

increases,increases

question

the protracted dose of radiation is given?

answer

over a long period of time

question

a dose of 1000 rads is given to a patient in 5 doe=es of 200 rads per day is a ____ dose

answer

fractionated

question

the LET of diagnostic xrays is _____ Kev/um

answer

3.0 Kev/um

question

tissue is _______ radiosensitive under high oxygen conditions and _______ radiosensitive under hypoxic conditions? less,equally less,more more,less more,equally

answer

more,less

question

fractionation and protraction are used for radiation therapy because they allow the patient to _____. recover between doses have higher total doses repair damaged tissues

answer

all of the above (recover between doses have higher total doses repair damaged tissues)

question

humans are most radiosensitive during?

answer

fetal stages

question

the possible beneficial effect of a small amount of radiation is called ?

answer

hormesis

question

the type of dose-responce curve used to predict GENETIC effects is the ?

answer

linear, nonthreshold

question

the theory of radiation hormesis suggests that radiation doses below 10 rads are?

answer

beneficial

question

which statement is true concerning the effects of radiation exposure? no effects occur at low rad levels damage is not passed of to offspring the body can repair most damage mutation only occurs at high exposure

answer

the body can repair most damage

question

xrays cuase biological damage to tissue by a process known as>

answer

ionization

question

what does an nonthreshold dose look like on a graph?

answer

can be any line (straight or curved) originating on the Y axis

question

what does a non-linear dose-responce graphy look like?

answer

any curved line coming off either the X or Y axis

question

before cells mature they are called what?

answer

stem, precursor, or undifferentiated

question

in 1906 bergonie and tribondeau established a lawl which states that cells are more radiosensitive if they? have a low proliferation rate are stem cells are young

answer

are stem cells, and if they are young

question

______ is a measure of the rate of energy that is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue.

answer

LET

question

the RBE of diagnostic xrays is equal to ___

answer

1

question

cataractogenosis does not occur at low levels of radiation exposure. therefore it is best expressed by what dose-responce relationship?

answer

A threshold dose-responce relationship

question

what does responce curve is the basic principle of radiation protection in medical radiography?

answer

linear,nonthreashold

question

cells are more radiosensitive when oxygenated. T or F ?

answer

TRUE

question

the amount of energy deposited by radiation per unit length of tissue being traversed is?

answer

linear energy trandfer (LET)

question

what does a linear non-threashold curve look like?

answer

a straight line that makes contact with the Y axis

question

what does a non linear threashold curve look like?

answer

any curved line that makes contact with the X axis

question

what does a linear threshold curve look like?

answer

any straight line that makes contact with the X axis

question

what are graphs called that show the relationship between dose of radiation recieved and incidence of effects?

answer

dose responce curves

question

what dose-responce relationship manes there is no safe level of radiation, and the responce to the radiation is not directly proportional to the dose recieved?

answer

nonlinear-nonthreashold effect

question

which of the following has the highest LET?

answer

alpha particles

question

LET is measured in which of the following? gray Kev/rad Kev/um rad rad/um

answer

Kev/um

question

LET is best defined as? a method of expressing radiation quality a measure of the rate at which radiation energy is transfered to soft tissue absorption of polyenergetic radiation

answer

all of the above (a method of expressing radiation quality a measure of the rate at which radiation energy is transfered to soft tissue absorption of polyenergetic radiation)

question

the skin responce to radiation exposure that appears as hair loss is known as?

answer

epilation

question

biologic material is least sensitive to irradiation under which of the following conditions? anoxic hypoxic oxygenated deoxygenated

answer

anoxic

question

diagnostic x-radiation may be correctly described as? low energy, low LET low energy, high LET high energy, low LET high energy, high LET

answer

low energy, Low LET

question

is a macromolecule has a _________ , it will break down into smaller molecules

answer

main-chain scission

question

molecular lesions of DNA are called?

answer

point mutations

question

two OH* free radicals can join to form _________ molecules

answer

hydrogen peroxide

question

OH-

answer

hydroxyl ion

question

OH*

answer

hydroxyl free radical

question

e-

answer

electron

question

H2O

answer

water molecule

question

H+

answer

hydrogen ion

question

H*

answer

hydrogen free radical

question

HOH+

answer

positive water molecule

question

HOH-

answer

negitive water molecule

question

main-chain scission _____ the size of the macromolecule and _______ the viscosity of the solution.

answer

decreases, decreases

question

irradation outside of the body is called?

answer

invitro

question

irradiation within the body is called?

answer

invivo

question

irradiation in vivo demonstrates that macromolecules are considerably ____ radiosensitive in this enviornment.

answer

more

question

name 3 principal abservable effects of DNA irradiation?

answer

main-chain scission cross-linking point lesions

question

which type of chemical can be produced by free hydroxyl radicals? water sulfahydryls hydrogen perioxide oxygen

answer

hydrogen peroxide

question

which of the following macromolecules is considered to be the most radiosensitive? proteins lipids DNA RNA

answer

DNA

question

which of the following contains all the hereditary information for a cell? pyridmidines nucleotides deoxyribonucleic acid ribonucleic acis

answer

deoxyribonucleic acid

question

irradiation of water molecules within the body, and their resulting breakdown is called?

answer

radiolysis

question

the probabilty of a hit is increased with ______ oxygen and ______ LET radiation.

answer

high, high

question

the principle radiation interaction within the human body is with ______.

answer

water

question

according to target theory, the target molecule of a cell is?

answer

the DNA in the nucleus

question

an indirect effect from ionizing radiation occurs on a __________ molecule.

answer

water

question

a hit to a target molecule can occur from a(n)_______ effect.

answer

indirect or direct

question

the principle radiation interactions within the human body are assumed to be _________ effects.

answer

indirect effects

question

the lethal effects of cell irradiation are measured by cell_______.

answer

survival

question

A ________ is an unstable molecule that loses one of its electrons and therefore becomes unbalanced and highly reative.

answer

free radical

question

free radicals are more easily produced in the presence of oxygen. T or F ?

answer

TRUE

question

when does radiolysis of water occur?

answer

when water is ionized

question

a negativley charged water molecule splits into what two components?

answer

hydrogen radical and hydroxyl ion

question

how do hydrogen and and hydroxyl radicals cause biological damage? they can destroy chemical bonds hydroxyl radical s can bond to form hydrogen peroxide hyrdogen radical can interact with molecular oxygen, forming a hydroperoxyl radical

answer

all of the above (they can destroy chemical bonds hydroxyl radical s can bond to form hydrogen peroxide hyrdogen radical can interact with molecular oxygen, forming a hydroperoxyl radical)

question

what first happens when an xray interacts with and ionizes a molecule of water?

answer

an electron is dislodged, creating an ion pair

question

what effect is responciple for producing free radicals?

answer

indirect effect

question

most of the damage to a cell occurs as a result of?

answer

indirect effect

question

cells are more readiosensitive when? fully oxygenated deoxygenated slowly dividing near the skin

answer

fully oxygenated

question

what is the name for changes in genetic code passed on to the next generation?

answer

mutations

question

what effect occurs when the target molecule is ionized?

answer

direcet effect

question

what states that each cell has a master molecule that direct all cellular activities and that, if inactivated, will result in cellular death?

answer

target theory

question

lab experiments have shown that damage caused by irradiation of macromolecules is not reversible through intracellular repair and recovery. T or F?

answer

FALSE the cell can repair and recover damage even in macromolecules

question

which type of irradiation of macromolecules have small, spur-like side structures that extend off the main chain?

answer

cross linking

question

___________ is the breaking down of nutrients into smaller molecules wiht an accompanying release of energy.

answer

catabolism

question

___________ is the production os large molecules for form and function for metabolism in the cell

answer

anabolism

question

proteins are less radiodensitive than nucleic acids. T or F?

answer

TRUE

question

most human cells that are in a normal state of proliferation have generation times of how many hours?

answer

24 hours

question

irradiation of mammalian cells with high-LET radiation follows which model? single-target, single-hit multitarget, single-hit

answer

single-target, single-hit

question

human cells are ________ radiosensitive in M phase and ______ radio resistant in late S phase of the cell cycle.

answer

most , most

question

a free radical is an uncharged molecule that contains a single unpaired electron in the outer shell. T or F?

answer

TRUE

question

according to the _________, cell death will occur only if the target molecule is inactivated.

answer

target theory

question

the form of ARS that results when the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system recieve ionizing radiation doses of 50 Gy (5000 rads) or more?

answer

central nervous system syndrome

question

radiation sickness that occurs in human begins after whole body reception of large doses of ionizing radiation (1 Gy) (100 rads) or more delivered in a short time.

answer

Acute radiation syndrome

question

during the latent period the radiation victim experiences?

answer

well being

question

the LD 50/60 is the dose of radiation to the whole body that will result in death within ___ days to ___ % of the population

answer

60 days, 50% (percent always the numerator)

question

which of the following is noe a form of acute radiation syndrome? carcinogenic syndrome hematopoietic syndrome gastrointestinal syndrome central nervous system syndrome

answer

carcinogenic syndrome

question

a whole bosy dose equivalent of 3000 rem (30 msv) would probably cause death in 4-10 days by what mechanism?

answer

gastrointestinal death

question

three days after recieving a dose of 1000 rad, physiologic alterations in the small intedtine include all of the following except? crypt cell death diarrhea epilation leakage of proteins from the intestinal lumen loss of electrolytes and water

answer

epilation

question

which of the following is not one of the stages of acute radiation syndrome? prodromal manifest latent prophase

answer

prophase

question

which of the following are symptoms associated with the prodromal stage of ARS? nausea lethargy diarrhea

answer

nasuea and diarrhea

question

a whole body dose equivlent of 1000 rads would probably cause death in 4-10 days by what mechanism?

answer

gastrointestinal death

question

the latent period is the time after exposure during which there is no sign of radiation sickness. T or F ?

answer

TRUE

question

what is the most radio resistant species?

answer

cockroach

question

a victim may experiance the manifest ilness stage, which consists of the following? hematologic gastrointestinal central nervous system

answer

all of the above (hematologic gastrointestinal central nervous system)

question

what is the mean survival time of the ccentral nervous system syndrome?

answer

0-3 days

question

which of the following populations have experianced an excessive incidence of lung cancer? radium dial watch painters uranium miners TB fluro patients atomic bomb survivors

answer

uranium miners

question

during which period of pregnancy will hihg irradiation of the embryo or fetus most likley result in congenital abnormailty?

answer

weeks 2-10

question

which population has experienced an excessive incidence of breast cancer?

answer

TB fluro patients

question

when radiation effects are termed deterministic?

answer

the severity of the responce is dose-related

question

approximately what is the threashold dose after an acute xray exposure necessary to produce cataracts?

answer

200 rad

question

what population has experianced an excessive incidence of bone cancer?

answer

radium watch dial painters

question

radiation induced cataracts appear?

answer

on the posterior pole of the lens

question

which of the following is considered a late radiotion responce? cataracts moist desquamation lymphocytic depression epilation

answer

cataracts

question

human responces to radiation exposure that are late effects are called?

answer

stachastic

question

radiation induced leukemia is considered to have a letent period of ?

answer

4-7 years

question

which of the following is considered a late radiation responce? sterility lung cancer skin erythema hematological depression

answer

lung cancer

question

what population has experianced excessive incidence of liver cancer?

answer

thoratrast (contrast) patients

question

is a disease exceeds the number of cases of which it is expected, the difference between the observed cases and the expected number would be?

answer

excessive risk

question

the theory of radiation hormesis suggest that very high doses are beneficial. T or F?

answer

FASLE, LOW doses are beneficial

question

the dose of radiation that produces twice the frequency of genetic mutations as would have been observed without the radiation is?

answer

doubling dose

question

existing data on radiation-induced genetic effects in humans ?

answer

are still inconclusive

question

radiation protection guidelines are based on?

answer

late effects of radiation

question

an epidemiological study of the late effects of very low doses of radiation requires a population of ___ people

answer

millions

question

ankylosing spondylitis patients treated with radiation showed an increased incidence of?

answer

leukemia

question

peolpe who had radiation treatment to their thymus gland as children later showed excess risk for ?

answer

thyroid cancers

question

relative risk is written as?

answer

observed cases/expected cases

question

our information on the genetic effects of radiation has come from studies on?

answer

mice and fruit flies

question

the type of dose-responce curve used to predict genetic effects is the?

answer

linear nonthreashold

question

A ____________ effect increases with incidence but not severity as the dose increases

answer

stochastic

question

BEIR stands for?

answer

biological effects of ionizing radiation

question

stochastic somatic effects are also called ?

answer

probabilistic effects

question

nonstochastic somatic effects are called?

answer

deterministic effects

question

what population has experianced an excessive incidence of leukemia?

answer

atomic bomb survivors

question

chataracts do not occur at low levels of radiation exposure. therefore it is best expressed by what dose-responce relationship?

answer

threashold

question

radiation effects that show up in the next generation are called?

answer

genetic

question

the best estimate for radiation induced life span shortening is?

answer

10 days for every rad

question

what situation will cause the greates harm from radiation exposure?

answer

large dose over a short period of time

question

what would be the most likley result of repeatedly subjecting the hands to radiation or to treatment for conditions such as ringworm and acne with high doses of low energy xrays?

answer

skin cancer

question

what dose responce curve is the basic principle of radiation protection in medical radiography based on?

answer

linear, nonthreashold

question

uranium miners in the colorado plateau who developed lung cancer years after exposure provide an extra example of what?

answer

late stochastic somatic effects

question

when a prediction is made that the number of excess cancers in a given population will increase as the natural incidence of cancer increases in that population with age, the risk is described by what term?

answer

relative

question

studies of postpartum patients treated with ionizing radiation for relief of mastitis indicate that in this group of individuals, radiation exposure to healthy breast tissue?

answer

can cause breast cancer

question

it is difficult to link cancer to radiation because it occurs ____ in the population

answer

in high proportion

question

a realtive risk of 2:1 means

answer

twice as many cases of disease as expected

question

the leakage radiatioin limit for an xray tube is less than _______ at 1 meter from the tube housing

answer

100 mR/hr

question

the xray control pannel must show?

answer

mAs used

question

the collimator light must be accurate to within ____% of the SID

answer

2%

question

the minimum requirement for filtratioin on xray equipment operating above 70 Kvp is ?

answer

2.5 mm Al equivalent

question

the output intensities of reproduced exposures should not vary more than _____ % from each other.

answer

5%

question

measuring the relationship between the output intensities of adjacent mA stations is a test of ?

answer

linearity

question

the source to skin distance must be no less than _____ cm on stationary fluroscopes.

answer

38 cm

question

the _____ is the primary protective barrier for the fluroscopic xray tube.

answer

image intensifier

question

the fluroscopic exposure control switch is always a(n) ______ type.

answer

deadman

question

the bucky slot opening in the side of the table must be automatically covered with _____ mm Pb during fluroscopy

answer

0.25 mm Pb

question

a cumulative timer is designed to ____ of fluroscopy beam on time.

answer

make the radiologist aware

question

primary radiation is ?

answer

the useful beam

question

the intensity of scatter radiation 1 meter from the patient is approximately _______ of the intensity of the incident beam at the patient.

answer

0.1%

question

at the level of the tabletop, the intesity of the fluroscopic beam should not exceed ______ for each mA of operation at 80 kVp

answer

2.1 R/min

question

a controlled area is one primarily occupied by ?

answer

radiology personnel and patients

question

a quantity that reflects both dose and volume of tissue irradiated is the ?

answer

dose area product

question

the design of an uncontrolled area in radiology is based on the NCRP recommended limit of _____ mrem/yr for the public.

answer

100 mrem/yr

question

gas-filled radiation detectors are based on the?

answer

ionization of gas

question

a geiger-muller counter is a(n) ________.

answer

gas filled detector

question

tha advantages of using thermoluminescent dosimeters are?

answer

small size and tissue equivalent responce

question

when preforming a mobile fluroscopic procedure, to reduce the radiation exposure to the patient, the radiographer must use minimal source-skin distance of _____ cm ( ___inches)

answer

30 cm (12 inches)

question

during fluroscopic examination a resettable cumulative timing device times the xray beam-on time and sounds an audible alarm of temporarily interrupts the exposure after the fluroscope has been activated for what length of time?

answer

5 minutes

question

the control pannel, where technical exposure factors are selected and seen on indicators by the equipment operator, must be located?

answer

behind a suitable protective barrier that has a radiation-absorbent window that permits observation of the patient during any procedure

question

what is another term for use factor (U)?

answer

beam direction factor

question

what is the term for the proportional amount of time during which the xray beam is energized or directed toward a particular barrier?

answer

use factor

question

________ is the radiation output weighted time the unit is actually delivering radiation during the week.

answer

workload

question

secondary radiation includes ____ radiation

answer

leakage and scatter

question

who should determine the exact shielding requirments for a particular imaging facility?

answer

medical physicist

question

the goal of the alliance for radiation saftey in pediatric imaging is to ?

answer

increase the awareness of the need to reduce patient dose for pediatric patients

question

what do film badges, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeters, pocket ionization chambers, and TLD's have in common?

answer

these devices are all use for personnel monitoring

question

what device contains an aluminium oxide detector?

answer

OSL dosimeter

question

Which of the following is not a basic component of the film badge dosimeter? radiographic film packet durable plastic film holder charged electrodes assortment of metal filters

answer

charged electrodes

question

what should be given to a radiation worker on termination of employment?

answer

a summary of an occupational exposure report

question

the OSL dosimeter is read out by using

answer

a lazer light at selected frequencies

question

health physics is concerned with minimizing radiation to ?

answer

radiation physicists, radiation workers, and public

question

exposure is measured by multiplying ______ by ____

answer

exposure rate, exposure time

question

a tenth value layer is equal to _____ half value layers.

answer

3.3

question

the dose limit for the general public is ____ the dose limit for occupational exposure.

answer

1/10

question

the use factor is based on?

answer

what percentage of time the primary xray beam will be striking a barrier

question

types of secondary barriers include?

answer

control booth walls, and mobile xray barriers

question

a controlled area is defiened as one?

answer

that is occupied by people trained in radiation saftey, and that is occupied by people who wear radiation monitors

question

any wall that the useful beam can be directed towards is called a ?

answer

primary barrier

question

which of the following locations in a hospital should have the highest occupancy? lab elevator corridor restroom waiting room

answer

lab

question

what contributes to the exposure of radiologic technologists?

answer

scatter radiation

question

in thermoluminescence dosimetery, a plot of output intensitiy versus tempurature is called?

answer

a glow curve

question

when using mobile radiographic equipmet, where should the radiographer stand in realetion to the patient and primary beam?

answer

at right angles to the xray beam scattering object (patient) line

question

how can radiographers minimixe their risk orf radiation exposure during fluroscopy?

answer

using a protective drap, bucky slot cover, and rotating personnel through the fluro department on a reguar basis

question

when considering the occupancy of rooms and areas, what does the general public refer to?

answer

patients, visitiors, and personnel that do not work with radiographic equipment

question

what are the primary protective barriers designed to protect against?

answer

primary or useful beam radiation

question

in determining barrier thickness, what does the use factor or beam direction factor represent?

answer

the fractional amount of time the primary beam is energized and directed at a barrier

question

in terms of the occupancy factor in radiation protection, parking lots, elevators, and stairways are considered to be what?

answer

uncontrolled areas

question

what is the best location for the control pannel exposure switch?

answer

either stationary onthe control pannel or on a short cord so it can be used only from within the control pannel

question

the cord on a moblie radiographic unti should allow the radiographic technologist to stand at least how far from the unit?

answer

6 feet

question

what are primary protective berriers?

answer

those at which the primary beam is directed

question

in determining barrier thickness, the amount of time an xray unit operates is referred to as what?

answer

workload factor

question

when are bucky slot covers and protective curtains used?

answer

during fluro procedures

question

how thick must lead be in the primary barrier of a radiographic room?

answer

1/16 "

question

what is the best protection from radiation?

answer

distance

question

the level of radiation activity in a room each week is called _______ and is measured in mAmin/wk

answer

workload

question

which of the following methods is used to determine if an xray tube has adequate filtration?

answer

half-value layer (HVL) measurement

question

if 2mm Al is added to an xray bean that has a HVL of 2 mm Al, how much will the exposure be reduced?

answer

50%

question

patient dose is estimated by conducting simulated xray examinations with ?

answer

human phantoms and test objects

question

the frequency of xray examinations being prefoemed is increasing inall age groups. T or F ?

answer

TRUE

question

patient dose from diagnostic xrays is most often reported in?

answer

entrance skin exposure

question

how is ESE calculated?

answer

output intensity (mR/mAs) X mAs = mR

question

acute skin effects from radiation exposure have been reported following?

answer

angiointerventional exams

question

for the average fluro exam the ESE is?

answer

4 R/min

question

an estimation of patient dose is reported as?

answer

ESE, bone marrow dose, and gonadal dose

question

bone marrow dose is measured ?

answer

as an estimate from ESE

question

the simpliest way to measure patient dose is to measure the ?

answer

ESE

question

the approximate bone marrow dose to the population of the US is?

answer

100 mR/yr

question

the genetically siginificant dose for the general public is important because of the risk of ?

answer

effects on the gene pool

question

CT is considered a low dose procedure. T or F?

answer

FALSE, it is considered a high dose procedure

question

the period of major organogenesis is during the _____ of pregnancy

answer

2-10 week

question

preforming routine xray exams without indication is acceptable?

answer

never

question

what exam does NOT have the highest repeat rates?

answer

chest xray

question

breast dose for a scoliosis exam can be minimized by using the _______.

answer

PA projection, and lead shielding

question

for diagnostic xray personnel, the highest occupational exposure occurs during _____ exams.

answer

fluro and mobile

question

personnel working in interventional radiography should be provided with?

answer

extremity monitoring

question

the lens of the eye should never recieve more than _____ per year.

answer

150 mSv (15 Rem)

question

dose limits are described as ?

answer

effective dose

question

the tissue weighting factor has a higher value for tissues with more?

answer

radiosensitivity

question

for nursing personnel present during mobile xray imaging, a personnel monitoring device is required?

answer

not at all

question

the dose limit for extermities is?

answer

500mSv/yr (50rem/yr)

question

the lowest occupational exposure of diagnostic xray personnel occurs during?

answer

CT and mammography

question

the dose limit to the general public is?

answer

1mSv/yr (100mrem/yr)

question

techs working in fluro should use the radiologist as shielding whenever possible in addition to the apron and curtains. T or F ?

answer

TRUE

question

occupational radiation monitoring is required if the individual may get ______ of the recomended dose limit.

answer

10%

question

OSL monitors are superior to thermoluminescent dosimeters in that they are ____.

answer

more sensitive to low exposure

question

during fluro the exposure to the collar is _____ times greater than exposure to the trunk of the body under the protective apron

answer

20

question

the minimum required thickness of a lead apron is?

answer

0.25 mm lead equivalent

question

the dose limit for the tech during pregnancy is?

answer

0.5mSv/mo (50 mrem/mo)

question

every radiation department should provide a radiation saftey program that includes?

answer

training new employees, periodic in-services for all employees, counseling during pregnancy

question

there are no circumstances under which a tech should be given an involuntary leave of absence due to preganacy T or F ?

answer

TRUE

question

a traditional unit of measurement for radiation exposure in air is?

answer

roentgen

question

what traditional unit of measurement is used to describe exposure recorded on a film badge?

answer

rem

question

for rad protection perposes...

answer

1 R=1rem=1rad

question

which traditional unit of radiation measurement describes patient dose?

answer

rad

question

what is the annual whole body effective dose for a technologist?

answer

5 rem (50mSv)

question

in 1994, the NRC changed the term describing maximum dosage for techs, the new correct term is?

answer

dose-limiting recommendations

question

the cumulative dose limit for an occupationally exposed worker is ?

answer

10 mSv x age

question

what is the minimum thickness of a gonadal shield for primary beam shielding in the 50-100 kvp range?

answer

1 mm lead equivalent

question

when correctly placed, gonadal shielding will reduce dose by ____ if gonads are in the primary xray field

answer

50%-90%

question

which of the protection devices must be in place before a fluroscopic procedure?

answer

bucky slot shield

question

what are SI units?

answer

coulomb per kg, Gray, Sievert

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