r and p 9 – Flashcard

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biology has a role in the development of personality. Personality is atleast partly the result of inherited biological differences. Researchers find biological differences translate into differences in behavior.
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How do personality psychologists generally view the relationship between personality and biology?
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.behaviorisms
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Compared to a few decades ago, personality psychologists today are much more likely to acknowledge the importance of biological influences on personality. This shift is partly a reflection of the declining influence of which approach to personality?
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.Was concerned with discovering the underlying structure of personality. Employed factor analysis to identify the basic number of what he called types or supertraits.
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What is the similarity of Hans Eysenck's approach to personality and Cattell's approach?
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.you are outgoing, impulsive, and uninhibited, having many social contacts and frequently taking part in group activities. Sociable, likes parties, has many friends, needs to have people to talk to, and does not like reading or studying by himself.
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According to Eysenck's original model, what is true about extraverts?
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.egocentric, impulsive non-conforming, aggressive, impersonal, cold, lacking empathy, impulsive, lacking concern for others, unconcerned about right & welfare of others
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Using factor analysis, what three characteristics did Eysenck find with people who scored high on the dimension of psychoticism?
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.they typically operate at an above-optimal cortical arousal level. These people select solitude and nonstimulating environments in an effort to keep their already high arousal level from becoming to aversive.
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According to Eysenck's original model, why do introverts often prefer to isolate themselves from others?
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.biology
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According to Eysenck, what is the major source of individual differences in personality?
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.introverts and extroverts differ in how certain parts of their brains respond to emotional stimuli.but that they how no difference in brain-wave activity when at rest or asleep. This simply shows that introverts are more sensitive to stimulation than extraverts. Whereas in his original theory Eysenck maintained that extraverts and introverts have different levels of cerebral cortex arousal when in a non-stimulating, resting state
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Recent research challenges one aspect of Eysenck's original theory, how does it suggest that extraverts and introverts differ?
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.seek out and achieve pleasurable goals. Something that has a reward.They also experience more anger and frustrations when they fall short of reaching their anticipated pleasure
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If you knew that Barnabus has a highly active BAS, what activity would you predict to be most likely to take place?
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.biological
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Cross-cultural research on Eysenck's model of personality tends to find the same three dimensions of personality across cultures. Eysenck points to this finding as evidence for what basis of personality?
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.researcher find the same three dimensions of personality- extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism- in research conducted in many different countries with different cultural backgrounds and histories. This is found with different data gathering methods.
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What does cross-cultural research on Eysenck's model of personality tend to find?
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.fearful, reluctant to get involved in social activities and uneasy in the presence of strangers. Controlled and gentle.. Cling to mom
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According to temperament researchers, give a statement that would be true about inhibited children.
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.inherited biological temperamentsTemperament plays an important role in personality development.
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Some researchers identify what they call an "inhibited" style in very young children. What can this research be used to argue?
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.anxiety to novelty.
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The form of anxiety shown by inhibited children that comes from their exposure to unfamiliar people, settings, or challenges is called ___________________________________.
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.allow us to deal effectively with common human problems or needs. Mechanisms that increased the chances of human survival and reproduction have been retained, and those that failed to meet the challenges to survival have not.
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According to evolutionary personality theory, what is the function of psychological mechanisms?
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.All humans have a strong need to belong in groups and to be in relationships. Primitive people lived in small groups were more likely to survive/reproduce than those living alone. Isolation = injury, illness, lack of shelter, and limited resources, less able to raise offspring. Avoiding anything that might lead to exclusion from the group would help the species survive.
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According to the evolutionary psychology perspective, the process of social exclusion leads to anxiety because ___________________________________.
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.a child's temperament affects how well that child does in school
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What has research on the academic performance of elementary school children found concerning how well they do in school?
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.what kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student, given his or her temperament?
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According to the "goodness of fit" model, what kind of question should educators ask?
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.allow her to progress at her own rate, she will eventually do as well as her classmates.
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Trina is slow to warm up to a new task. Rather than jumping right into a new assignment, she spends a great deal of time getting prepared and trying to understand the entire project. Because of her temperament, Trina usually falls behind the other students in her third-grade class. According to the goodness of fit model, what should Trina's teacher do?
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.Students get higher grades and better evaluations from teachers when the students temperament matches the teachers expectations and demands.
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To get higher grades and better evaluations from teachers, what can students do?
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.be aware of differences in temperament and take steps to adapt their teaching to meet students' individual styles.Allow each student to perform tasks at his or her own pace because they will eventually even out with the rest of the class if they appear to be lagging behind.
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Sarah is a grade school teacher faced with a variety of student capabilities in her class. According to good of fitness model, what would be a good teaching strategy for Sarah?
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.Difference in right and left brain activity.
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A psychologist wants to conduct research on cerebral asymmetry. What does she want to examine?
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.1. Procedure is relatively simple and does not harm the individual in any way. 2. Participants report that the procedure is not uncomfortable 3.The EEG enables researchers to record brain activity in very quick intervals.
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Give three advantages that psychologists have found from using an electroencephalograph (EEG) is their research.
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..more right sided activation. Previously depressed individuals may have a physiologically based vulnerability to experience bouts of depression.• Higher activation in the right hemisphere was indicative of negative moods. (p. 134-6) • Higher right hemisphere activity is associated with sadness because depression is essentially an effort to withdraw from whatever is causing the emotion. • Depressed participations in these studies show more right-side activation than nondepressed participants
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What have researchers found from their examining cerebral asymmetry in depressed people?
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.Provides a bridge between the study of personality and the discipline of biology. 2. Succeeding in identifying some realistic parameters for psychologists interested in behavior change (many thought we were a blank slate, however, our biologically inherited differences place limits on the kind of children and adults we become 3. Most of the advocates are academic psychologists with a strong interest in testing their ideas through research
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..List three strengths that the biological approach to personality has.
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.Consistency of extraversion-introversion over time. Remain fairly the same in a 45 year period. This isn't really merited because it is possible that people remain in similar environments throughout their lives or throughout the time period in which this personality trait is developed. 2. He found dame three dimensions of personality extroversion-introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism- in research conducted in many different countries. Others using differing tools than he did had the same finding. This has merit because it would have to be biological to be found across cultures. 3. Research found that genetics play an important role in determining a person's level on each of the personality dimensions. Research suggested each of us has an inherited predisposition to be introverted or extraverted. This may be merited if he had enough research to back it up; it did not say how many research articles he found.
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List and discuss three arguments made by Eysenck for the biological basis of personality. Do they have merit? State why or why not.
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.natural selection some members of a species posess inherited characteristics that help them meet and survive the threats from the natural environment, such as severe climate, predators, and food shortages. More able to deal with the environment to reproduce and pass along their characteristics. Evolution of species specific features. 237 Psychological mechanisms allow us to deal effectively with common human problems or needs. Mechanisms that increased the chances of human survival and reproduction have been retained, and those that failed to meet the challenges to survival have not. 237 anxiety evolved because they proved beneficial to the survival of our ancestors. Social exclusion. 238. All humans have a strong need to belong in groups and to be in relationships. Primitive people lived in small groups were more likely to survive/reproduce than those living alone. Isolation = injury, illness, lack of shelter, and limited resources, less able to raise offspring. Avoiding anything that might lead to exclusion from the group would help the species survive.
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State the basic tenets of evolutionary personality psychology by describing the role of natural selection and the psychological mechanisms that are thought to determine personality..Explain how unpleasant and problematic human characteristics like anxiety could have evolved.
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