r and p 9 – Flashcard

biology has a role in the development of personality. Personality is atleast partly the result of inherited biological differences. Researchers find biological differences translate into differences in behavior.

.behaviorisms

.Was concerned with discovering the underlying structure of personality. Employed factor analysis to identify the basic number of what he called types or supertraits.

.you are outgoing, impulsive, and uninhibited, having many social contacts and frequently taking part in group activities. Sociable, likes parties, has many friends, needs to have people to talk to, and does not like reading or studying by himself.

.egocentric, impulsive non-conforming, aggressive, impersonal, cold, lacking empathy, impulsive, lacking concern for others, unconcerned about right & welfare of others

.they typically operate at an above-optimal cortical arousal level. These people select solitude and nonstimulating environments in an effort to keep their already high arousal level from becoming to aversive.

.biology

.introverts and extroverts differ in how certain parts of their brains respond to emotional stimuli.but that they how no difference in brain-wave activity when at rest or asleep. This simply shows that introverts are more sensitive to stimulation than extraverts. Whereas in his original theory Eysenck maintained that extraverts and introverts have different levels of cerebral cortex arousal when in a non-stimulating, resting state

.seek out and achieve pleasurable goals. Something that has a reward.They also experience more anger and frustrations when they fall short of reaching their anticipated pleasure

.biological

.researcher find the same three dimensions of personality- extraversion-introversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism- in research conducted in many different countries with different cultural backgrounds and histories. This is found with different data gathering methods.

.fearful, reluctant to get involved in social activities and uneasy in the presence of strangers. Controlled and gentle.. Cling to mom

.inherited biological temperamentsTemperament plays an important role in personality development.

.anxiety to novelty.

.allow us to deal effectively with common human problems or needs. Mechanisms that increased the chances of human survival and reproduction have been retained, and those that failed to meet the challenges to survival have not.

.All humans have a strong need to belong in groups and to be in relationships. Primitive people lived in small groups were more likely to survive/reproduce than those living alone. Isolation = injury, illness, lack of shelter, and limited resources, less able to raise offspring. Avoiding anything that might lead to exclusion from the group would help the species survive.

.a child's temperament affects how well that child does in school

.what kind of environment and procedures are most conducive to learning for this student, given his or her temperament?

.allow her to progress at her own rate, she will eventually do as well as her classmates.

.Students get higher grades and better evaluations from teachers when the students temperament matches the teachers expectations and demands.

.be aware of differences in temperament and take steps to adapt their teaching to meet students' individual styles.Allow each student to perform tasks at his or her own pace because they will eventually even out with the rest of the class if they appear to be lagging behind.

.Difference in right and left brain activity.

.1. Procedure is relatively simple and does not harm the individual in any way. 2. Participants report that the procedure is not uncomfortable 3.The EEG enables researchers to record brain activity in very quick intervals.

..more right sided activation. Previously depressed individuals may have a physiologically based vulnerability to experience bouts of depression.• Higher activation in the right hemisphere was indicative of negative moods. (p. 134-6) • Higher right hemisphere activity is associated with sadness because depression is essentially an effort to withdraw from whatever is causing the emotion. • Depressed participations in these studies show more right-side activation than nondepressed participants

.Provides a bridge between the study of personality and the discipline of biology. 2. Succeeding in identifying some realistic parameters for psychologists interested in behavior change (many thought we were a blank slate, however, our biologically inherited differences place limits on the kind of children and adults we become 3. Most of the advocates are academic psychologists with a strong interest in testing their ideas through research

.Consistency of extraversion-introversion over time. Remain fairly the same in a 45 year period. This isn't really merited because it is possible that people remain in similar environments throughout their lives or throughout the time period in which this personality trait is developed. 2. He found dame three dimensions of personality extroversion-introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism- in research conducted in many different countries. Others using differing tools than he did had the same finding. This has merit because it would have to be biological to be found across cultures. 3. Research found that genetics play an important role in determining a person's level on each of the personality dimensions. Research suggested each of us has an inherited predisposition to be introverted or extraverted. This may be merited if he had enough research to back it up; it did not say how many research articles he found.

.natural selection some members of a species posess inherited characteristics that help them meet and survive the threats from the natural environment, such as severe climate, predators, and food shortages. More able to deal with the environment to reproduce and pass along their characteristics. Evolution of species specific features. 237 Psychological mechanisms allow us to deal effectively with common human problems or needs. Mechanisms that increased the chances of human survival and reproduction have been retained, and those that failed to meet the challenges to survival have not. 237 anxiety evolved because they proved beneficial to the survival of our ancestors. Social exclusion. 238. All humans have a strong need to belong in groups and to be in relationships. Primitive people lived in small groups were more likely to survive/reproduce than those living alone. Isolation = injury, illness, lack of shelter, and limited resources, less able to raise offspring. Avoiding anything that might lead to exclusion from the group would help the species survive.