question

In what/which domain(s) of life is/are microorganisms represented?

answer

Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya

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The theory of spontaneous generation was refuted by the work of

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Louis Pasteur.

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Robert Koch received the 1905 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for

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identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the causative agent of tuberculosis.

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Which structure is responsible for swimming motility in bacteria?

answer

Flagellum

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Which type of microscopy requires that samples be sliced into thin sections?

answer

Transmission electron

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Compared to large cells, small cells have ________ surface-to-volume ratios, causing ________ nutrient exchange and growth rates.

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higher / higher

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The use of the Gram stain in microbiology is important because it differentiates

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bacterial cells with different types of cell walls

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You have discovered a new coccoid-shaped microorganism with no nucleus, a rigid cell wall, and a diameter of 2 µm. Chemical tests reveal that its cell wall does NOT contain peptidoglycan. The new microorganism is

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most likely an archaeon.

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The prokaryotic transport system that involves a substrate-binding protein, a membrane-integrated transporter, and an ATP-hydrolyzing protein is

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the ABC transport system.

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What is the biological function of endospores?

answer

They enable organisms to endure extremes of temperature, drying, and nutrient depletion.

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Microorganism X is Gram-negative rod, can live either aerobically or anaerobically, and reduces NO3- to NO2- during anaerobic respiration. Microorganism X is most likely:

answer

Escherichia coli

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Which of the following would be used by a chemoorganotroph for energy?

answer

C2H3O2-

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To ensure growth of a newly discovered bacterium with unknown nutritional requirements, it would be best to begin with a ________ medium rather than a ________ medium

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complex / minimal

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If ΔG0' is negative, the reaction is

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exergonic and energy will be released

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From the standpoint of the microorganism, in glycolysis the crucial product is

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ATP; the fermentation products are waste products.

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In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is

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oxygen.

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Supercoiling is important for DNA structure, because

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it condenses the DNA so that it can fit inside the cell

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Which of the following is formed on the lagging strand during DNA synthesis?

answer

Okazaki fragments

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In the process of transcription, promoters are specific sequences of ________ that are recognized by ________.

answer

DNA / sigma factors

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Transfer RNA molecules

answer

function to transfer the correct amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

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A monophyletic group is a group that

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descended from one ancestor.

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Which feature of the 16S rDNA gene allows relationships between close relatives to be inferred?

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Variable regions

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The uptake of DNA released from a cell is ________, while transfer of DNA with cell-to-cell contact would most likely result in ________.

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transformation / conjugation

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Hfr strains of Escherichia coli

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have an integrated F factor.

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The designations Phe-, Leu-, and Ser+ refer to an organism's

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phenotype

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Which of the following methods could be used to measure the genomic mutation rate?

answer

Mutation accumulation

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What kind of mutation is a single base-pair insertion in a coding region?

answer

Frameshift

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Under genetic drift, drastic changes in allele frequency are more likely in

answer

Small populations

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Purifying selection is

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inefficient in small populations.

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Myxococcus xanthus lives

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in motile social groups

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Suppose that Bacillus subtilis carries two paralogous genes, "A1" and "A2". "A1" encodes leucine synthase, while "A2" encodes isoleucine synthase. A close relative, Bacillus cereus, has only similar gene, whose protein product is both a leucine synthase and an isoleucine synthase. "A1" and "A2" were probably maintained by

answer

subfunctionalization

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The pan genome of a species is the genomic content that is

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present in one or more strains of the same species

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The earliest stromatolites were probably formed by

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anoxygenic phototrophs.

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Oxygen did not accumulate in the early atmosphere until it reacted with reduced materials, especially ________, in the oceans

answer

ferrous iron

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Comparisons between different species of green algae can help us to understand which major evolutionary transition?

answer

Multicellularity

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Whether an organism is classified as a photoheterotroph or a photoautotroph depends on its

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carbon source

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The path of electron flow in oxygenic phototrophs is referred to as the ________ scheme

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Z

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In green sulfur bacteria, carbon fixation occurs via the

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Reverse citric acid cycle

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Frozen methane molecules are called

answer

methane hydrates

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Photosynthetic _____ account for 80% of productivity in the oceans

answer

Cyanobacteria

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Following antibiotic therapy, patients are often administered ________ to facilitate recolonizaton of normal flora

answer

probiotics

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Which of these microorganisms is MOST likely to be found in the human gut?

answer

Helicobacter pylori

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The total genetic complement of ALL cells within a microbial community is called a(n)

answer

metagenome

question

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) copies an individual gene segment in vitro with a(n) ________ primer(s)

answer

pair of DNA

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What technique(s) can be used to characterize the phylogenetic composition of a microbial community without culturing any of the members?

answer

fluorescent in situ hybridization

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The 13C/12C isotopic ratio of geological rocks of different ages has been used as evidence for or against past biological activity, because compounds of biological origin

answer

have a lower proportion of 13C that compounds of geological origin

question

Microbes are sometimes used in secondary treatment of wastewater to

answer

remove organic matter

question

Microbial immobilization is the best strategy for uranium bioremediation, because

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uranium contamination is widespread and thus difficult to physically remove

question

Capsules are particularly important for

answer

protecting bacteria from host defense mechanisms.

question

Cytolytic toxins

answer

are extracellular proteins that cause cell lysis and death by damaging the host cytoplasmic membrane

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