Quiz 3: Counseling Theories and Techniques: Cognitive/Behavioral Ch. 8 – Flashcards
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Historical Context and Biographical Information
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Cognition as an important focus dates back to at least Socrates. Wundt used introspection as a method of studying humans in his first psychological laboratory.
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Historical Context and Biographical Information
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Ellis developed REBT and focused on irrational thinking. Beck developed cognitive therapy and focused on maladaptive thinking. Meichenbaum focused on inner speech and developed self instructional training.
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There are 3 key figures and streams of thought linked to the history of cognition in counseling an psychotherapy
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Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. Aaron Beck and Cognitive Therapy. Donald Meichenbaum and self instructional therapy.
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Theoretical Principles
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CBT is critically minded, empirically based treatment approach that doesn't advocate a specific treatment approach.
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In addition to classical and operant conditioning, CBT is based on two additional learning theories
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Social Learning Theory and Cognitive Appraisal Theory
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Social Learning Theory
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Albert Bandura is the key figure. Extension of operant and classical conditioning. Includes stimulus influence components (classical conditioning), consequence influence components (operant conditioning), and a cognitive mediational component.
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Cognitive Appraisal Theories
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Ellis attributes to Epictetus: "People are distributed not by things, but by the view which they take of them." Cognitive theory emphasizes the individual organism's processing of environmental stimuli as the force determining his or her specific response.
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Beck's Cognitive Theory
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Similar to Ellis's REBT. Cognition is at the core of human suffering. The therapist's job is to help clients modify distress producing thoughts.
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Social Learning Theory
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Also focuses on Observational Learning and Person stimulus reciprocity. One of the most important social learning theory concepts is self efficacy.
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Self Efficacy
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The conviction that one can successfully execute the behavior required to produce an outcome.
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The ABCDEF Cognitive Model
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A=Activating Event. B=Belief about the activating event. C=Consequent emotion and behavior linked to the belief. D=Disputation of irrational belief. E=Effect. F=Feeling.
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Components of Beck's Cognitive Theory
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Development of inaccurate/negative beliefs. Self schema. People develop systematically distorted irrational thoughts. This results in biased information processing cognitive content consistent with specific mental disorders. Modification is possible via cognitive therapy.
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Meichenbaum's Self Instructional Theory
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The focus is on internal speech or verbal mediation.
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Reciprocal Model
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Interactive relationship between the individual and the environment.
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Theory of Psychopathology
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In REBT, psychopathology is a direct function of irrational beliefs. The REBT approach to psychopathology is direct, straightforward, and sometimes offensive.
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There are 2 primary goals associated with CBT assessment
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1. Arriving at a diagnosis that best describes client symptoms. 2. Developing a tentative cognitive behavioral treatment formulation that can be used for treatment planning.
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Beck emphasized
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Cognitive Distortions, Automatic Thoughts and Core Negative Beliefs or Schema
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Beck's theory of depression consists of 3 maladaptive beliefs
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1. Negative evaluation of self. 2. Negative evaluation of the world. 3. Negative evaluation of the future.
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Assessment Procedures Include
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Collaborative Interviewing. Setting an agenda. The problem list. Self rating scales. Cognitive self monitoring. Case formulation.
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Sometimes CBT seems as simple as 1, 2, 3
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1. Access clients' irrational or maladaptive thoughts. 2. Instruct clients in more adaptive or more rational thinking. 3. Support clients as they apply these new and developing skills in their lives. Cognitive therapy requires extensive training and supervision to achieve competence.
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Cognitive Behavioral Self Monitoring
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Designed to help clients develop awareness of automatic thoughts and associated emotions and behaviors.
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Thought Record
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Date and time of the emotional response. Situation that elicited the emotional response. Behaviors the client engaged in. Emotions that were elicited. Associated thoughts that occurred during the situation. Any other related responses.
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There are at least 3 types of Psychoeducation
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1. Psychoeducation for CBT rationale. 2. Psychoeducation about client problems. 3. Psychoeducation for CBT rationale, client problems, and CBT procedures.
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Vertical Descent (AKA: the Downward Arrow)
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Uncovering underlying core beliefs. Chasing cognitive distortions.
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Conducting a cost benefit analysis
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Applying the double standard technique.
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Case Formulation
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Creating a problem list. Identifying mechanisms underlying or causing disorders and problems. Identifying precipitants equal activating current client problems. Consideration of the origins of the client's current problems.
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Methods for Exploring and Identifying Automatic Thoughts and Core Beliefs
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CBT work often focuses on helping clients develop an awareness of their automatic thoughts and core beliefs. Many techniques exist for helping clients become more tuned into their cognitions.
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Specific Therapy Techniques
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Vigorous and forceful disputing is a favorite technique from Albert Ellis. Stress inocculation training (Meichenbaum) includes three phases: Conceptualization, Skills acquisition and rehearsal, Application and follow through.
